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77

Design of Work Systems

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Explain the importance of work design. Briefly describe the two basic approaches to job

design. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of

specialization. Explain the term knowledge-based pay. Explain the purpose of methods analysis and

describe how methods studies are performed. Describe four commonly used techniques for

motion study.

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Discuss the impact of working conditions on job design.

Define a standard time. Describe and compare time study methods

and perform calculations. Describe work sampling and perform

calculations. Compare stopwatch time study and work

sampling. Contrast time and output pay systems.

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Job design involves specifying the content and methods of a job What will be done Who will do the job How the job will be done Where the job will be done Ergonomics: Incorporation of human factors

in the design of the workplace

Job DesignJob Design

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Design of Work SystemsDesign of Work Systems

Specialization

Behavioral approaches to job design

Motivations

Teams

Methods analysis

Motions study

Working conditions

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Job Design SuccessJob Design Success

Successful job design must be: Carried out by experienced personnel

with the necessary training and background

Consistent with the goals of the organization

In written form Understood and agreed to by both

management and employees

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Specialization in Business: AdvantagesSpecialization in Business: Advantages

Low education andskill requirements

responsibilities

Little mental effort

For Management:

1. Simplifies training

2. High productivity

3. Low wage costs

For Labor:

1.

2. Minimum

3. needed

Table 7.1

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Specialization in Business: DisadvantagesSpecialization in Business: Disadvantages

1. Monotonous work

2. Limited opportunitiesfor advancement

3. Little control over work

4. Little opportunity for

For Management:

1. Difficult to motivatequality

2. Worker dissatisfaction,possibly resulting inabsenteeism, highturnover, disruptivetactics, poor attentionto quality

For Labor:

self-fulfillment

Table 7.1

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Behavioral Approaches to Behavioral Approaches to Job DesignJob Design

Job Enlargement Giving a worker a larger portion of the total

task by horizontal loading

Job Rotation Workers periodically exchange jobs

Job Enrichment Increasing responsibility for planning and

coordination tasks, by vertical loading

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Motivation and TrustMotivation and Trust

Motivation Influences quality and productivity Contributes to work environment

Trust Influences productivity and employee-

management relations

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TeamsTeams

Benefits of teams Higher quality Higher productivity Greater worker satisfaction

Self-directed teams Groups are empowered to make certain

changes in their work process

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Methods AnalysisMethods Analysis

Methods analysis Analyzing how a job gets done Begins with overall analysis Moves to specific details

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Methods AnalysisMethods Analysis

Changes in tools and equipment

Changes in product designor new products

Changes in materials or procedures

Other factors (e.g. accidents, quality problems)

The need for methods analysis can come from a number of different sources:

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Methods Analysis ProcedureMethods Analysis Procedure

1. Identify the operation to be studied2. Get employee input3. Study and document current

method4. Analyze the job5. Propose new methods6. Install new methods7. Follow-up to ensure improvements

have been achieved

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Selecting an OperationSelecting an Operation

Selecting a job to study: High labor content Done frequently Unsafe Tiring Unpleasant Noisy Designated problem

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Analyzing the JobAnalyzing the Job

Flow process chart Chart used to examine the overall

sequence of an operation by focusing on movements of the operator or flow of materials

Worker-machine chart Chart used to determine portions of a

work cycle during which an operator and equipment are busy or idle

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Mo

vem

ent

In

spec

tio

n

FLOW PROCESS CHARTJob Requisition of petty cash

Details of MethodRequisition made by department headPut in “pick-up” basketTo accounting departmentAccount and signature verifiedAmount approved by treasurerAmount counted by cashierAmount recorded by bookkeeperPetty cash sealed in envelopePetty cash carried to departmentPetty cash checked against requisitionReceipt signedPetty cash stored in safety box

ANALYST D. Kolb

PAGE1 of 2

Op

erat

ion

Del

ay

Sto

rag

e

Figure 7.2

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Motion StudyMotion Study

Motion study is the systematic

study of the human motions used

to perform an operation.

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Motion Study TechniquesMotion Study Techniques

Motion study principles: guidelines for designing motion-efficient work procedures

Analysis of therbligs: basic elemental motions into which a job can be broken down

Micromotion study: use of motion pictures and slow motion to study motions that otherwise would be too rapid to analyze

Charts

Therbligs

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1. Eliminate unnecessary motions

2. Combine activities

3. Reduce fatigue

4. Improve the arrangement of the workplace

5. Improve the design of tools and equipment

Developing Work MethodsDeveloping Work Methods

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TherbligsTherbligs

Therbligs: Basic elemental motions that make up a job. Search Select Grasp Hold Transport load Release load

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Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

T e m p e r a t u r e &H u m i d i t y

V e n t i l a t i o n

I l l u m i n a t i o n C o l o r

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Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

Noise & Vibration

Causes of AccidentsSafety

Work Breaks

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Work MeasurementWork Measurement

Work measurement: Determining how long it should take to do a job.

Standard time

Stopwatch time study

Historical times

Predetermined data

Work sampling

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Standard timeStandard time

Standard time: Standard time: The amount of time it should take a qualified The amount of time it should take a qualified worker to complete a specific task, working at a worker to complete a specific task, working at a sustainable rate, using given methods, tools and sustainable rate, using given methods, tools and equipment, raw materials, and workplace equipment, raw materials, and workplace arrangement.arrangement.

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Stopwatch Time StudyStopwatch Time Study

Stopwatch time study: Development of a time standard based on observations of one worker taken over a number of cycles.

The basic steps in a time study:1. Define the task to be studied

2. Determine the number of cycles to observe

3. Time the job

4. Compute the standard time

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Standard Elemental TimesStandard Elemental Times

Standard elemental times: Time standards derived from a firm’s historical data.

Steps for standard elemental times1. Analyze the job

2. Check file for historical times

3. Modify file times if necessary

4. Sum elemental times to get normal time

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Predetermined Time StandardsPredetermined Time Standards

Predetermined time standards: Published data based on extensive research to determine standard elemental times.

Advantages:1. Based on large number of workers under

controlled conditions

2. Analyst not requires to rate performance

3. No disruption of the operation

4. Standards can be established

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Work SamplingWork Sampling

Work sampling: technique for estimating the proportion of time that a worker or machine spends on various activities and idle time.

Work sampling involves making brief observations of a worker or machine at random intervals

Work sampling does not require timing an activity continuous observation of an activity

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CompensationCompensation

Time-based system Compensation based on time an

employee has worked during a pay period

Output-based (incentive) system Compensation based on the amount of

output an employee produces during a pay period

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Incentive PlanIncentive Plan

Characteristics of good plan: Accurate

Easy to apply

Consistent

Easy to understand

Fair

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CompensationCompensation

Individual incentive plans

Group incentive plans

Knowledge-based pay system

Management compensation