Copyright © 2014 American College of Sports Medicine Chapter 1 Introduction.

Copyright © 2014 American College of Sports Medicine

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Introduction


A look ahead…A look ahead…

Chapter 1 will discuss

• Defining health-related physical fitness (HRPF)

• The importance of measuring HRPF

• Fundamental principles of assessment

• The physical fitness professional


Defining Health-Related Physical FitnessDefining Health-Related Physical Fitness

What Is Physical Fitness?

• Many definitions, but clarity is important.

• The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provided a standard in 1985, defining physical fitness as

“a set of attributes or characteristics that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity.”


Defining Health-Related Physical Fitness—(cont.)


Types of Physical Fitness• Health related (HRPF)—”those specific components of

physical fitness that have a relationship to good health” (President’s Council of Physical Fitness)

• Sport/skill related—includes specialized components such as agility, speed, power, balance, coordination, and reaction time




Physical activity—”any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that results in a substantial increase over resting energy expenditure” (CDC)

Exercise—”a subcategory of physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive and purposive in the sense that improvement or maintenance of one or more components of physical fitness is objective” (CDC)

Achieving Physical Fitness

• HRPF includes the components of each, which leads to good health.




Optimal physical fitness

=

Ideal genetics + Maximized exercise training




Components of Health-Related Physical Fitness

Cardiorespiratory endurance

The ability of the circulatory and respiratory system to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity

Body composition The relative amounts or percentage of different body tissue (bone, muscle, fat) that are related to health

Muscular strength The ability to perform activities that require high levels of muscular force

Muscular endurance

The ability of a muscle group to execute repeated contractions over a period of time sufficient to cause muscular fatigue or to maintain a specific percentage of maximum voluntary contraction for a prolonged period of time

Flexibility The ability to move a joint through its complete range of movement




C ardio-R espiratory

Fitness

B odyC om position

M uscularStrength

M uscularEndurance

Flexib ility

H ealth-R elated Physical F itness

HRPF should be viewed as the sum of its components:

FIGURE 1.1. Health-related physical fitness is not a single entity, but rather a sum of five measurable components.


The Importance of Measuring HRPFThe Importance of Measuring HRPF

The Relationship of Physical Fitness to Health

• Relationship recognized throughout history

• Ancient Chinese and Greek evidence of understanding

• Systematic investigation began in late 1960s

• Firm establishment of link


The Importance of Measuring HRPF—(cont.)



Dose-Response Relationship

• Dose—the amount of physical activity and/or exercise

– Dose determined by the frequency, duration, and intensity

• Response—the resultant health outcome

Clear evidence links exercise doses with health benefit responses, but no minimum dose to achieve benefit has been established.




The Relationship of Physical Fitness to HealthPhysical Activity Guidelines for Americans

• Avoid inactivity.

• Both aerobic (endurance) and muscle strengthening (resistance) are beneficial.

• For substantial benefit: 2.5 h of moderate intensity or 1.25 h of vigorous intensity per week

• For more extensive benefit: 5 h moderate intensity or 2.5 h of vigorous intensity per week

• Do muscle strengthening activities 2 or more days per week. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services




Reasons to Measure HRPF• Educate participants about health status.

• Individualize exercise programs.

• Evaluate exercise program progress.

• Motivate participants by establishing reasonable and attainable fitness goals.




Relationship of Physical Fitness and FunctionLeisure and everyday activities require HRPF components, for

example:

• Landscaping—muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility

• Hiking—cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular endurance, body composition


Fundamental Principles of AssessmentFundamental Principles of Assessment

A Specific Assessment Objective

• Gives a focus and purpose

• Understood by participant and professional

• Aids in selection of the most appropriate assessment procedure


Fundamental Principles of Assessment—(cont.)


The Gold Standard (True Measure)• Ideally the one test of the true measure

• May not be a perfect test but the best possible for a given variable

• May not always be feasible due to circumstances like

– Expense

– Time

– Availability of trained personnel

– Client risk levels




• Errors occur when gold standard can’t be applied.

• Express error range

– ± 1 Standard deviation from mean

– In terms of SEE for prediction equations (see figure)

Standard Error of Estimate

FIGURE 1.4. The characteristics of the normal bell curve.




Equipment Calibration

• Dependent on equipment

– For example, a wall mounted stadiometer is stable and accurate over time.

– Weight scale may require calibration prior to each session.

• Calibrate based on equipment standard to ensure accuracy.




Standardization

Standardized procedures minimize sources of variability.

• Pretest instructions (up to 24 h prior)

• Equipment and facility conditions




Interpretation Issues and Standards• Lack of national interpretation standards

• Two basic types of standards exist.

– Criterion-referenced standards—a set of scores that classify the result as desirable (or above or below desirable) based on some external criteria, such as the betterment of health

– Normative standards (norms)—based on the past performance of groups of individuals with similar characteristics (e.g., age, gender)


The Physical Fitness ProfessionalThe Physical Fitness Professional

Profession—a calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long and extensive academic training

Professional—one who conforms to the technical and ethical standards of his or her profession

• Standardized licensure and certification are not yet broadly in place for HRPF professionals.

• Some states are pursuing legislature.

• Employers have voluntarily set standards for individuals they hire to perform assessments or supervise programs.


The Physical Fitness Professional—(cont.)The Physical Fitness Professional—(cont.)

Academic Training• Many universities offer exercise-focused degrees.

• Titles and curriculum vary by university.

• The American College of Sports Medicine has become a leader in initiating efforts to support accreditation of academic degree programs in Exercise Science.


The Physical Fitness Professional—(cont.)The Physical Fitness Professional—(cont.)

Credentials• Certification is currently from within professional

organizations.

• The ACSM provides the most widely recognized certification programs.

Copyright © 2014 American College of Sports Medicine Chapter 1 Introduction.

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