Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Carl P. Gabbard...

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Carl P. GabbardPowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation revised by

Alberto Cordova, University of Texas at San Antonio

Chapter 3Chapter 3Physical Growth Changes


Overview of Physical Growth and Development Overview of Physical Growth and Development

• Growth during the prenatal stage

• Changes through the first year

• Growth spurt in early adulthood

• Regression in later adulthood

Figure 1.2


Physical Anthropology

The study of the nature, distribution, and significance of biological various in humans

Anthropometry

The study of biological growth and body measurement

General Terminology General Terminology


Distance Curves for Change in Height Distance Curves for Change in Height

Figure 3.1


Velocity Curve for Height Velocity Curve for Height

Figure 3.2


• The prenatal period presents the greatest variation in human growth and development.

• Conception

• Germinal Period

• Embryonic Period

• Fetal Period

Prenatal Development Prenatal Development

Table 3.1


• The pubescent growth spurt represents the life span’s most dramatic period of biological change.

• Females 10 –13 years (menarche)

• Males 12 – 15 years

The Pubescent (Adolescent) Growth SpurtThe Pubescent (Adolescent) Growth Spurt

Figure 3.3


• Physical maturation and growth

• Motor performance

• Gender differences

Females mature earlier

Height and weight

Shoulder and hip width

Body fat

• Sexual maturation

The Pubescent (Adolescent) Growth SpurtThe Pubescent (Adolescent) Growth Spurt


• Pituitary (produces GH)

• Thyroid (throxine)

• Pancreas (insulin)

• Adrenal

• Sex glands

Ovaries/testes

Hormonal Influence Hormonal Influence

Figure 3.4


Hormonal Influence on the Body at PubertyHormonal Influence on the Body at Puberty

Figure 3.5

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.6

Changes of Testosterone and Estrogen Levels Changes of Testosterone and Estrogen Levels with Agewith Age


• Growth is relative to head size.

• At birth, the head is about ¼ the total length of the body.

Body Proportion Changes Body Proportion Changes

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8


Table 3.3


Head Circumference for Boys

Figure 3.9


Head Circumference for Girls

Figure 3.10


Measuring Sitting Height

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.11


Body Proportion Changes Body Proportion Changes

Table 3.14

Table 3.13


Shoulder and Hip Width Ratios

Figure 3.15


Somatotype

A person’s body build

Endomorphy

• Soft and round in contour

Mesomorphy

• Well-defined muscularity and balanced body

Ectomorphy

• Leanest body type

Physique Physique


Height• Average length is 20 inches

at birth

• Average of 50% increase in the first year

• Growth accelerates before and during puberty.

• Females complete peak growth before males do.

Structural DevelopmentStructural Development

Figure 3.18


Measuring LengthMeasuring Length \\

Figure 3.16

Figure 3.17


Distance Curves for StatureDistance Curves for Stature

Figure 3.19


Stature-for-Age Charts Stature-for-Age Charts (boys left, girls right)(boys left, girls right)

Figure 3.21

Figure 3.20


Height Change in Men and Women

Figure 3.24


Dark areas denote ossified portions and spaces between cartilage models

Fetal Skeleton at 18 WeeksFetal Skeleton at 18 Weeks

Figure 3.22


Skeletal GrowthSkeletal Growth

Figure 3.23


Ossification (bone development)

mesoderm cell cartilage bone

• 800 ossification centers at birth

• Epiphyseal plate, growth plate

• Osteoblasts

• Osteocytes

• Modeling resorption

Skeletal GrowthSkeletal Growth


• Bone loss in women begins slowly during the third decade and can increase shortly before or after menopause.

• The total bone loss by age 70 is approx. 25–30%.

• Bone loss estimates for men at age 70 are about half of what women experience (12–15% by age 70).

Bone LossBone Loss


Age Changes in Width of Cortical Bone Age Changes in Width of Cortical Bone (2nd (2nd Metacarpal)Metacarpal)

Figure 3.25


Loss of Bone Density in FemalesLoss of Bone Density in Females

Figure 3.26


Body weight• Total body mass (all tissue components)

Body composition

• Tissues

• Lean body mass (muscle tissue, fat-free)

• Body fat

Body MassBody Mass


Body Weight-Distance CurveBody Weight-Distance Curve

Figure 3.27


Weight Charts Weight Charts (boys left, girls right)(boys left, girls right)

Figure 3.29

Figure 3.28


BMI Charts BMI Charts (boys left, girls right)(boys left, girls right)

Figure 3.31

Figure 3.30


Body CompositionBody Composition

• Body Fat Growth

• Skeletal Muscle

Hyperplasia / Hypertrophy


Body Composition Change as a Function of Body Composition Change as a Function of AgeAge

Figure 3.32


Body FatBody Fat

Figure 3.33


Body FatBody Fat

Figure 3.34


• After the 16th week of fetal development, the first muscle fibers can be identified.

• Fiber Type (at birth):

Type I (slow-twitch) 50%

Type II (fast-twitch) 25%

Transitional Fibers 25%

Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle


Sexual DevelopmentSexual Development

Table 3.36

Table 3.35


• Chronological Age

• Biological Age

• Morphological Age

• Dental Age

• Sexual Age

• Skeletal Age

• Best indicator of maturity

Maturity EstimatesMaturity Estimates


Figure 3.37

Figure 3.38

Male hand at 156 monthsFemale hand at 128 months

Male hand at 48 monthsFemale hand at 37 months

X Ray of the HandX Ray of the Hand


• Biological clock

• Early maturers / late maturers

• Secular trend

Maturity VariationsMaturity Variations


Comparison of generations

• Faster rate of maturation

• Negative trend: children have more body fat and are less active

Figure 3.39

Secular Trend for MenarcheSecular Trend for Menarche


• Body length and weight at birth: walking

• Body fat: locomotor performance

• Somatotype: strength performance

• Gender differences

Implications for Motor PerformanceImplications for Motor Performance


SummarySummary

• The Developmental Continuum includes all changes from conception to death, “Although the first two decades of life are a period of significant growth increases, marked changes also occur during later stages of the aging process. In comparison to the other developmental stages of life, the prenatal period represents the greatest variation in human growth and development.” (Gabbard)

• In the later years of life, as we get older, people generally get shorter (bone mass) and lose muscle mass.

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