Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 22 1 THE RESPITORY SYSTEM PART A CHAPTER 22 Read...

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 22 1

THE RESPITORY SYSTEM

PART A

CHAPTER 22

Read pages: 804-819


Respiration 2

• Function: Supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

• Involves both the respiratory and the circulatory systems

• Four processes that supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2


Respiration 3

• Pulmonary ventilation (breathing):movement of air into and outof the lungs

• External respiration: O2 and CO2

exchange between the lungsand the blood

• Transport: O2 and CO2

in the blood

• Internal respiration: O2 and CO2

exchange between systemic bloodvessels and tissues

Respiratorysystem

Circulatorysystem


Respiratory System: Functional Anatomy 4

• Major organs

• Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi and their branches

• Lungs and alveoli

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.1

Nasal cavity

NostrilOral cavityPharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Carina of trachea

Left main(primary) bronchus

Right main (primary) bronchusRight lung

Left lung

Diaphragm

Fig. 22.1 pg: 805


Functional Anatomy 6

• Respiratory zone: site of gas exchange

• Microscopic structures: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

• Conducting zone: conduits to gas exchange sites

• Includes all other respiratory structures

• Respiratory muscles: diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation

PLAYPLAY Animation: Rotatable face


The Nose 7

• Functions

• Provides an airway for respiration

• Moistens and warms the entering air

• Filters and cleans inspired air

• Serves as a resonating chamber for speech

• Houses olfactory receptors


The Nose 8

• Two regions: external nose and nasal cavity

1. External nose: root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex

• Nostrils (nares): bounded laterally by the alae

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.2a

Epicranius,frontal belly

Ala of nose

Root and bridge of nose

Dorsum nasi

Apex of nose

Philtrum

Naris (nostril)

(a) Surface anatomy

9. Fig. 22a pg: 806

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.2b

Frontal bone

Nasal bone

Septal cartilage

Maxillary bone(frontal process)Lateral process ofseptal cartilageMinor alar cartilages

Major alarcartilages

Dense fibrousconnective tissue

(b) External skeletal framework

10. Fig 22b pg: 806


The Nose 11

2. Nasal cavity: in and posterior to the external nose

• Divided by a midline nasal septum

• Posterior nasal apertures (choanae) open into the nasal pharynx koe.an’.e/funnel

• Roof: ethmoid and sphenoid bones

• Floor: hard and soft palates


Nasal Cavity 12

• Vestibule: nasal cavity superior to the nostrils

• Hairs filter coarse particles from inspired air

• Olfactory mucosa

• Lines the superior nasal cavity

• Contains smell receptors


Nasal Cavity 13

• Respiratory mucosa

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

• Mucous and serous secretions contain lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme) and defensins (natural antibiotic)

• Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat

• Inspired air is warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins

• Sensory nerve endings triggers sneezing

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.3c

Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus

Nasal meatuses(superior, middle,and inferior)

Nasopharynx

Uvula

Palatine tonsilIsthmus of thefauces

Posterior nasalaperture

Opening ofpharyngotympanictube

Pharyngeal tonsil

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Vocal fold

Esophagus

(c) Illustration

Nasal conchae(superior, middle and inferior)

Nasal vestibuleNostril

Nasal cavity

Hard palate

Soft palate

Tongue

Lingual tonsil

Epiglottis

Hyoid boneLarynx

Thyroid cartilageVestibular fold

Cricoid cartilage

Thyroid glandTrachea

Cribriform plateof ethmoid bone

Fig. 22.3c

Pg: 808

14


Nasal Cavity 15

• Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

(Kong’.ke)

• Protrude from the lateral walls

• Increase mucosal area

• Enhance air turbulence


Functions of the Nasal Mucosa and 16 Conchae

• During inhalation, the conchae and nasal mucosa

• Filter, heat, and moisten air

• During exhalation these structures

• Reclaim heat and moisture


Paranasal Sinuses 17

• In frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

• Lighten the skull and help to warm and moisten the air


Pharynx 18

• Muscular tube that connects to the

• Nasal cavity and mouth superiorly

• Larynx and esophagus inferiorly

• From the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra


Pharynx

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

(b) Regions of the pharynx

Fig. 22.3 pg. 808


Nasopharynx 20

• Air passageway posterior to the nasal cavity

• Lining: pseudostratified columnar epithelium

• Soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing

• Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) on posterior wall

• Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes open into the lateral walls


Oropharynx 21

• Passageway for food and air from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis

• Lining of stratified squamous epithelium

• Palatine tonsils in the lateral walls of fauces

• Lingual tonsil on the posterior surface of the tongue


Laryngopharynx 22

• Passageway for food and air

• Posterior to the upright epiglottis

• Extends to the larynx, where it is also continuous with the esophagus


Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus

Nasal meatuses(superior, middle,and inferior)

Nasopharynx

Uvula

Palatine tonsilIsthmus of thefauces

Posterior nasalaperture

Opening ofpharyngotympanictube

Pharyngeal tonsil

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Vocal fold

Esophagus

(c) Illustration

Nasal conchae(superior, middle and inferior)

Nasal vestibuleNostril

Nasal cavity

Hard palate

Soft palate

Tongue

Lingual tonsil

Epiglottis

Hyoid boneLarynx

Thyroid cartilageVestibular fold

Cricoid cartilage

Thyroid glandTrachea

Cribriform plateof ethmoid bone

Fig. 22.3c

Pg. 808


Larynx 24

• Attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx

• Continuous with the trachea

• Functions

1. Provides a patent airway

2. Routes air and food into proper channels

3. Voice production


Larynx 25

• Cartilages of the larynx

• Hyaline cartilage except for the epiglottis

• Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)

• Epiglottis: elastic cartilage; covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing


Larynx 26

• Vocal ligaments

• Contain elastic fibers

• Form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords)

• Opening between them is the glottis

• Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs


Larynx 27

• Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)

• Superior to the vocal folds

• No part in sound production

• Help to close the glottis during swallowing


(a) Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis

(b) Vocal folds in open position; open glottis

Base of tongue

Epiglottis

Vestibular fold(false vocal cord) Vocal fold(true vocal cord)

Glottis

Inner lining of trachea

Cuneiform cartilage

Corniculate cartilage

Fig. 22.5 a&b pg. 811


Voice Production 29

• Speech: intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis

• Pitch is determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords

• Loudness depends upon the force of air

• Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities amplify and enhance sound quality

• Sound is “shaped” into language by muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips


Larynx 30

• Vocal folds may act as a sphincter to prevent air passage

• Example: Valsalva’s maneuver

• Glottis closes to prevent exhalation

• Abdominal muscles contract

• Intra-abdominal pressure rises

• Helps to empty the rectum or stabilizes the trunk during heavy lifting


Trachea 31

• Windpipe: from the larynx into the mediastinum

• Wall composed of three layers

1. Mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

2. Submucosa: connective tissue with seromucous glands

3. Adventitia: outermost layer made of connective tissue that encases the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage


Trachea 32

• Trachealis muscle

• Connects posterior parts of cartilage rings

• Contracts during coughing to expel mucus

• Carina

• Last tracheal cartilage

• Point where trachea branches into two bronchi


(a) Cross section of the trachea and esophagus

Hyaline cartilage

Submucosa

Mucosa

Seromucous glandin submucosa

Posterior

Lumen of trachea

Anterior

Esophagus

Trachealismuscle

Adventitia

Fig: 22.6a Pg. 812


(b) Photomicrograph of the tracheal wall (320x)

Hyaline cartilage

• Lamina propria (connective tissue)Submucosa

Mucosa

Seromucous glandin submucosa

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Fig: 22.6b Pg. 812


Bronchi and Subdivisions 35

• Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching

• Branching pattern called the bronchial (respiratory) tree


Conducting Zone Structures 36

• Trachea right and left main (primary) bronchi

• Each main bronchus enters the hilum of one lung

• Each main bronchus branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi (three right, two left)

• Each lobar bronchus supplies one lobe



• Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi

• Segmental bronchi divide repeatedly

• Bronchioles are less than 1 mm in diameter

• Terminal bronchioles are the smallest, less than 0.5 mm diameter


Trachea

Superior lobe of right lung

Middle lobe of right lung

Inferior lobe of right lung

Superior lobe of left lung

Left main(primary) bronchusLobar (secondary)bronchusSegmental (tertiary)bronchus

Inferior lobeof left lung

Fig: 22.7 pg. 813



• From bronchi through bronchioles, structural changes occur

• Cartilage rings give way to plates; cartilage is absent from bronchioles

• Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to cuboidal; cilia and goblet cells become sparse

• Relative amount of smooth muscle increases


Respiratory Zone 40

• Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs (clusters of alveoli)

• ~300 million alveoli account for most of the lungs’ volume and are the main site for gas exchange


(a)

Alveolar duct

Alveolar ductAlveoli

Alveolarsac

Respiratory bronchioles

Terminalbronchiole

Fig: 22.8a pg. 814


(b)

Alveolarpores

Alveolarduct

Respiratorybronchiole

Alveoli

Alveolarsac

Fig: 22.8b pg. 814

Emphysema/Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease


Respiratory Membrane 43

• ~0.5-m-thick air-blood barrier

• Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

• Alveolar walls

• Single layer of squamous epithelium (type I cells)

• Scattered type II cuboidal cells secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins


Elasticfibers

(a) Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships

Smoothmuscle

Alveolus

Capillaries

Terminal bronchiole

Respiratory bronchiole

44 Fig. 22.9a pg. 816


45 Fig. 22.9b pg. 816


Alveoli 46

• Surrounded by fine elastic fibers

• Contain open pores that

• Connect adjacent alveoli

• Allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized

• House alveolar macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces sterile


Capillary

Type II (surfactant-secreting) cell

Type I cellof alveolar wall

Endothelial cell nucleusMacrophage

Alveoli (gas-filledair spaces)

Red blood cellin capillary

Alveolar pores

Capillary endothelium

Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epitheliumand the capillary endothelium

Alveolar epithelium

Respiratorymembrane

Red blood cell

O2

AlveolusCO2

Capillary

Alveolus

Nucleus of type I(squamousepithelial) cell

(c) Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane

47 Fig. 22.9c pg. 816


Lungs 48

• Occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum

• Root: site of vascular and bronchial attachments

• Costal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces


Esophagus(in mediastinum)

Right lung

Parietal pleuraVisceralpleura Pleural cavityPericardial membranesSternum

Anterior

Posterior

Root of lungat hilum

Left lung

Thoracic wall

Pulmonary trunk

Heart (in mediastinum)Anterior mediastinum

(c) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.

• Left main bronchus• Left pulmonary artery• Left pulmonary vein

Vertebra

49 Fig. 22.10c pg 817


Lungs 50

• Apex: superior tip

• Base: inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm

• Hilum: on mediastinal surface; site for attachment of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

• Cardiac notch of left lung: concavity that accommodates the heart


Lungs 51

• Left lung is smaller, separated into two lobes by an oblique fissure

• Right lung has three lobes separated by oblique and horizontal fissures

• Bronchopulmonary segments (10 right, 8–9 left)

• Lobules are the smallest subdivisions; served by bronchioles and their branches


Trachea

Apex of lung

Thymus

Right superior lobeHorizontal fissure

Right middle lobeOblique fissureRight inferior lobe

Heart(in mediastinum)

DiaphragmBase of lung

Leftsuperior lobe

Cardiac notch

ObliquefissureLeft inferiorlobe

Lung Pleural cavityParietal pleuraRib

Intercostal muscle

Visceral pleura

(a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.

52 Fig: 22.10c

pg. 817


Rightsuperiorlobe (3segments)

Rightmiddlelobe (2segments)

Rightinferior lobe (5 segments)

Left superiorlobe(4 segments)

Left inferiorlobe (5 segments)

Right lung Left lung

53

Fig. 22.11

Pg. 818


Blood Supply 54

• Pulmonary circulation (low pressure, high volume)

• Pulmonary arteries deliver systemic venous blood

• Branch profusely, along with bronchi

• Feed into the pulmonary capillary networks

• Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart


Blood Supply 55

• Systemic circulation (high pressure, low volume)

• Bronchial arteries provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue

• Arise from aorta and enter the lungs at the hilum

• Supply all lung tissue except the alveoli

• Pulmonary veins carry most venous blood back to the heart


Pleurae 56

• Thin, double-layered serosa

• Parietal pleura on thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm

• Visceral pleura on external lung surface

• Pleural fluid fills the slitlike pleural cavity

• Provides lubrication and surface tension


Esophagus(in mediastinum)

Right lung

Parietal pleuraVisceralpleura Pleural cavityPericardial membranesSternum

Anterior

Posterior

Root of lungat hilum

Left lung

Thoracic wall

Pulmonary trunk

Heart (in mediastinum)Anterior mediastinum

(c) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.

• Left main bronchus• Left pulmonary artery• Left pulmonary vein

Vertebra

57 Fig: 22.10c pg. 817


Mechanics of Breathing 58

• Pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases

1. Inspiration: gases flow into the lungs

2.Expiration: gases exit the lungs

3. Inspiration/expiration

4.Cellular Respiration

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 22 1 THE RESPITORY SYSTEM PART A CHAPTER 22 Read...

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