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YESWe Can!
CHANGEWe Must! Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
The Potential of Biomass in Malaysia as a Fuel For Electricity Generation
Istana Hotel, Kuala Lumpur27-28 April 2010
Badrol bin Ahmad
Abdul Halim Shamsudin
MIGHT Partnership Exchange EU- Biomass Stakeholders Forum
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Slide No. 2Slide No. 2
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Outline
• Background• Biomass potential• Biomass for electricity generation• Issues
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Slide No. 3Slide No. 3
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
BACKGROUND
• Malaysia’s energy resources are dominated by fossil fuels.
• Biomass, solar and mini hydro hold great promise as complementary energy resources.
– They are plentiful– They provide potential for the reduction of GHG emissions
• Successful utilization these resources depends on
– Favourable energy policy– Technology availability– Access to supplies
• This presentation focuses on biomass and its potential for electricity generation
YESWe Can!
CHANGEWe Must!
Slide No. 4Slide No. 4
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Generation Fuel Mix in Peninsular Malaysia (2008)
Gas 64
Coal 29
Hydro 7
Fuel %
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CHANGEWe Must!
Slide No. 5Slide No. 5
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Malaysia Agricultural
– Remains an important sector of Malaysia’s economy• Contributes 12% to national GDP
• 3 main crops dominate agricultural export: – Rubber– palm oil– Cocoa
• Rice and sugarcane are grown for domestic consumption.
YESWe Can!
CHANGEWe Must!
Slide No. 6Slide No. 6
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Biomass
• Biomass are organic matters that are derived from– plants (agriculture and timber industries)– livestock waste– garbage
• They represent ‘new energy resources’ that opens up opportunities for economic activities and employment
YESWe Can!
CHANGEWe Must!
Slide No. 7Slide No. 7
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Sources of biomass
Animals Waste Plant
• municipal waste
• manure • field residues
• process residue
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CHANGEWe Must!
Slide No. 8Slide No. 8
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Biomass: availability and utilization
• Biomass are plentiful but their utilization as fuel for electricity generation is currently limited.
• In the near term, interest will mainly be on biomass that are associated with the major crops
– Oil palm– Rice– Sugar– Cocoa
• In the longer term, other sources may be feasible– Banana– Bamboo– Dedicated energy crops– etc
YESWe Can!
CHANGEWe Must!
Slide No. 9Slide No. 9
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Palm oil industry
• Malaysia is one of the biggest producers and exporter of palm oil and palm oil products
• At present the industry is the most developed among the agricultural industries in Malaysia.
• This commodity accounts for:– 41 % of world palm oil production – 47% of world exports– 11% and 25% of the world's total production and exports of oils
and fats.
YESWe Can!
CHANGEWe Must!
Slide No. 10Slide No. 10
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Oil Palm Life Cycle
Cultivation
Pruning
Harvesting
Felling
(Palm
fro
nds)
(Fresh fruit bunches)
(Tre
e tr
unks
Fron
ds)
Extraction
Image:CIRAD
EFB, etc Oil
POME
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Slide No. 11Slide No. 11
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Oil Palm Biomass
Biomass Qty/ Moisture CV/ Main mil. tonnes content / % kj/kg uses
Fibre 9.66 37.00 19 068 Fuel
Shell 5.20 12.00 20108 Fuel
Empty fruit bunch 17.08 67.00 18838 Mulch
Palm kernel 2.11 3.00 18900 Animal feed
Expeller
Source: A.B. Nasrin et al
YESWe Can!
CHANGEWe Must!
Slide No. 12Slide No. 12
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Paddy cultivation and production
Harvested area 680 672 692(T ha)Yield 2769 3161 2941(kg/ha)Production 1884 2127 2036(T t)Import 330 427 -(T t)
1990 1995 2000
Source: FAO
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Slide No. 13Slide No. 13
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
States 2006 2007 2008
Area / ha Production/ tonnes
Area / ha Production/ tonnes
Area/ ha Production/ tonnes
Johor 2 405 5 739 2 639 9 221 2 154 8 128
Kedah 210 824 776 490 211 644 911 295 211 044 867 335
Kelantan 72 266 238 433 73 514 249 440 6 8598 232 309
Melaka 1 769 8 640 2 032 7 225 1 731 4 158
N. Sembilan 1 495 6 864 1 105 5 091 1 196 5 437
Pahang 7 762 22 282 7 415 22 673 6 331 21 384
Perak 82 286 23 3923 81 027 25 9081 80 724 28 0237
Perlis 51 905 17 0542 52 188 19 8025 52 180 23 3144
P. Pinang 25 564 114 488 25 513 120 286 25 564 120 074
Selangor 37 473 176 794 37 135 186 951 37 221 177 444
Terengganu 16 538 59 671 17 277 62 253 16 547 63 490
Penininsular M’sia
510 247 1 813 867 511 489 2 031 541 503 290 2 031 142
Sabah 38 498 33 858 41 443 134 384 37 447 133 138
Sarawak 127 247 239 794 123 179 209 679 115 865 206 753
Malaysia 676 034 2 187 519 676 111 2 375 604 659 602 2 353 032
YESWe Can!
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Slide No. 14Slide No. 14
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Paddy biomass
• Paddy is harvested and processed in the mill to produce rice.
• The residue from the harvests and subsequent processing includes– Straw
• Concentrated on farms
– Husk • 23 % of the paddy processed
• 13 % moisture content
• Concentrated in mills
YESWe Can!
CHANGEWe Must!
Slide No. 15Slide No. 15
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Sugarcane cultivation and sugar production
• Sugarcane flourishes in dry region of Malaysia.• Its cultivation, therefore, is concentrated mainly in
Perlis and Kedah.• Johor and Sarawak are potential states identified as
suitable for sugarcane cultivation • Cultivated areas are estimated to be 20 000 to 40 000
hectares producing 1.3 to 1.6 million tonnes annually .
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Slide No. 16Slide No. 16
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Sugar production
• Sugar cane are processed to produce raw and refined sugar, exclusively for domestic consumption.
• The processing is carried out in facilities located in in the plantations in Kedah &Perlis.
• Facilities in Penang and Selangor are refineries that produces refined sugar.
YESWe Can!
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Slide No. 17Slide No. 17
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Sugarcane biomass
• Sugarcane biomass
– Bagasse• Residue of sugarcane processing
• 300 kg of bagasse /100 000 kg sugarcane
• Annual bagasse production is estimated at 300 million.
– Leaves and cane tops• From sugarcane harvesting
• About 0.7 of the dry weight of cane
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Slide No. 18Slide No. 18
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Rubber biomass
• Rubber biomass– Rubber wood
• Available during replanting
• Estimated at 3.4 million kg / year
• Utilization– Materials for furniture– Energy
YESWe Can!
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Slide No. 19Slide No. 19
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Cocoa cultivation
• Once a major commercial crop in Malaysia.• Cultivated areas show definite decline
– Peninsular and Sabah
• However, bean production continue to increase in tonnage.
• Cocoa biomass – Pruning activities
• 25 000 kg dry organic matter/ 10 000 m2/year.
YESWe Can!
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Slide No. 20Slide No. 20
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Year Peninsular Malaysia
Cultivated area / ha
Ground cocoa
beans / tonnes
Sabah
Cultivated area / ha
Estate Small_
holding
Total Estate Small_
holding
Total
1980 37 713 19632 57 345 6 000 39 761 18 233 57 984
1985 45 798 61 134 106 932 27 000 131 909 40 804 172 713
1990 47 124 90 807 137 931 70 000 143 827 35 821 179 648
1995 15 014 32 690 47 704 103 540 81 639 32 652 113 691
2000 2 717 12 425 15 142 139 443 19 722 32 088 51 810
2008 756 6 097 6 853 323 653 2 857 5 728 8 585
Cocoa: Cultivated Areas Source: Cocoa Board, Malaysia
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Slide No. 21Slide No. 21
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Coconut
States 2006 2007 2008
Area / ha
Production/ tonnes
Area / ha Production/ tonnes
Area/ ha Production/ tonnes
Johor 20 810 108 214 20 810 97 181 19 781 115 325
Perak 14057 63 272 14 057 63 272 6 914 47 209
Selangor 19 419 77 752 19 419 74 683 16 761 75 994
Penininsular M’sia
77 255 344 145 77 491 339 824 65 931 321 566
Sabah 18 245 78 451 18 225 78 451 20 021 82 130
Sarawak 23 380 87 119 23 380 81 982 25 352 48 684
Malaysia
Planted areas and coconut production
Source: Department of Agriculture, Malaysia
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Slide No. 22Slide No. 22
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Biomass as fuel for electricity generation
• Green energy is becoming an important feature of electricity supply industry.
• This trend is supported by favourable climate– energy policies– incentives– continued supply of biomass– technology
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Slide No. 23Slide No. 23
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Biomass electricity generation potential in Malaysia
• The available biomass has an equivalent generation capacity of more than 3 000 MW of electricity.
• Oil palm biomass has practical advantage– Concentrated in large plantations– A number of plants are already in operations – Active research activities
• MPOB
• Universities
• Research institutions
YESWe Can!
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Slide No. 24Slide No. 24
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
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Slide No. 25Slide No. 25
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Sector Quantity / Ktonne/year
Annual generation potential MW
Maximum energy potential/MW
EFB 16 700 28 000 3 150
Fruit Fibres 12 200
Palm shell 4 900
Palm oil mill effluent
38 900 2 800 320
Wood chips 2 200 600 70
Rice husks 400 300 30
Bagasse 300 200 25
Total 58 500 31 900 3595
(Halim, 2010)
Biomass energy potential
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Slide No. 26Slide No. 26
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Fuel Properties
SourceEFB Fruit Shell Bagasse Thrash Husk StrawFibre
14.6 14.8 19.0
19.7 20.7 18.8 17.9 18.1 15.4 15.2
1
2
1. Shamsuddin (1985) & (1995), Hussain (2006): dry basis2. Turn et al (1997): HHV
Calorific Values of Biomass
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Slide No. 27Slide No. 27
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Biomass electricity generation projects
• Co-gen in the mills • EC-ASEAN Co-gen(1990,s)
• 5 full-scale demonstration projects using wood wastes
• Approved Small RE Projects (SREP)– EFB : 165.9 MW
– Wood wastes: 6.6 MW
– Rice Husk : 12.0 MW
– MSW : 5.0 MW
– Mixed fuels : 19.2 MW
• FELDA-J-Power-TNB Biomass Power Plant– 10 MW
• Jana Landfill Sdn. Bhd– 2 MW
YESWe Can!
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Slide No. 28Slide No. 28
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Biomass electricity generation projects
• TSH Bioenergy Sdn. Bhd. (Sabah)– Grid connected with 14 MW capacity
• 2 MW : internal consumption
• 10 MW : supplied to grid
• BioGen FSM Projects– MHES Asia Sdn. Bhd. (10 MW)
• EFB
– FELDA Serting Hilir (1.0 MW)• Biogas
YESWe Can!
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Slide No. 29Slide No. 29
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Experience
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Slide No. 30Slide No. 30
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Issues and Challenges
• Resource availability
• Long term supply
• Operational optimisation
• Technology management
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Slide No. 31Slide No. 31
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Resource availability
• Resources are available within the plantations and mills• But not all are available for electricity generation
– Biomass to be returned to soil policy– Competing use
• Product manufacture– Furniture– Mattress– Composite materials– Fertilizers– Etc
• Policy on biomass utilizations is required??
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Slide No. 32Slide No. 32
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Long term supply
• Power plants are designed for a service life of more than 25 years.
• Supply must be assured over this period of time– Supply agreement
• Quantity
• Quality
• Ability of supplier to meet power operators– Production capacity
• Raw biomass
• Pelletised biomass
YESWe Can!
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Slide No. 33Slide No. 33
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Biomass supply chain
Plantation
Smallholders
Power plant
Mills, refineries,
etc
Processed
biomass e.g
pelletsQuality
Quantity
Delivery
Storage
Storage
transportation
transporta-
tion
transportation
transportation
YESWe Can!
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Slide No. 34Slide No. 34
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Operational optimization
• Storage capacity• Combustion efficiency
– Characteristics of fuel• Energy content
• Compositions
• Heat transfer efficiency• Plant availability
– Scheduled outage – Forced outage
• Maintenance & inspection practices– Effective– Meets regulatory requirements
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Slide No. 35Slide No. 35
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Technology Management
• Design requirements– Technical specifications
• Selection of appropriate technology– Economics– Reliability
• Long term performance• Skills and expertise
– In-house– Out-source
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Slide No. 36Slide No. 36
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Technology
• Conventional steam plant– Maximum theoretical thermal efficiency is limited by max and
min temperatures of the cycle.
• Better cycle efficiency is possible with combined cycle– Biomass converted to gas– Gas power gas turbine– Gas turbine exhaust is recovered to generate steam in boiler
and power in steam turbine.
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CHANGEWe Must!
Slide No. 37Slide No. 37
Copyright © 2009 TNB ResearchCopyright © 2009 TNB Research
Thank you