Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4 From Cells to Organ Systems Tissues Anatomical...

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 4From Cells to Organ Systems

Tissues

Anatomical terms

Integumentary system- Skin


Tissues

Groups of cells with a common function

Four primary tissues Epithelia

Connective tissues

Muscle

Nervous


Epithelial Tissues

Line body cavities and cover surfaces


Epithelial Tissues: Classification

Shape Squamous: flattened cells; line vessels, part

of lungs, body surface

Cuboidal: cube shaped; form lining of tubules, glandular tissue

Columnar: column shaped; line respiratory, digestive, reproductive tracts


Epithelial Tissues: Classification

Number of layers Simple/single–layered: adapted for diffusion

across cell barriers; line glands, and respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems

Stratified/multiple–layered: provide protection, as in the skin surface


Connective Tissue Supports and Connects Body Parts: Basement Membrane

Fibrous connective tissue Loose: surrounds many organs, lines

cavities around blood vessels

Dense: forms tendons, ligaments, deeper layers of skin


Connective Tissue Supports and Connects Body Parts (cont.)

Special connective tissue Cartilage: produced by chondroblasts; found

in lacunae; no blood vessels; high collagen content

Bone: inorganic matrix with calcium salts for hardness

Blood: fluid matrix of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Adipose tissue: fat cells; function in insulation, protection, and energy storage


Fibrous Connective Tissue (cont.)

Figure 4.3


Muscle Tissue: Contracts for Movement

Skeletal muscle Moves body parts

Voluntary, multinucleated

Cardiac muscle Functions in the heart

Involuntary, single nucleus

Smooth muscle Surrounds hollow structures

Involuntary, single nucleus


Nervous Tissue: Transmits Impulses

Neuron: specialized nervous system cell Structural components: cell body, dendrites,

axon

Glial cells support neurons


Organs and Organ Systems Perform Complex Functions

Organ systems Groups of organs that perform a common

function

Examples

Digestive system: mouth, throat, stomach, intestines, and liver

Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen


Body Cavities

Figure 4.8


Anatomical Position or Direction

Figure 4.9

Superior(closer to the head or upper part of a structure)

Proximal(nearer to the trunk)

Posterior(at or near the back)

Distal(farther away from the trunk)

Frontalplane

Transverseplane

Midsagittalplane

Inferior(farther from the head or toward the lower part of a structure)

Anterior(at or near the front)


Skin: Integumentary System

Figure 4.10


Skin: Integumentary System

Functions: prevents dehydration, protects from injury, serves as defense against microorganisms, regulates body temperature, makes vitamin D, provides sensation

Structure Epidermis: outer layer, stratified squamous

epithelial cells, no blood vessels, specialized keratinocytes and melanocytes

Dermis: deeper layer, support tissues, fibers


Accessory Structures of Dermis

Hair: shaft, follicle

Smooth muscle: attached to hair follicle, raises hair to upright position

Oil glands/sebaceous glands: secretion moistens and softens skin


Accessory Structures of Dermis (cont.)

Sweat glands: secrete sweat, help in temperature regulation

Blood vessels: supply nutrients, remove waste, assist in temperature regulation

Sensory nerve endings: detect heat, cold, touch, deep pressure, vibration


Homeostasis

Maintenance of relative constancy of the conditions of the internal environment

Mechanisms Negative feedback: deviations from normal

detected and counteracted

Components: controlled variable, sensor, control center, effector

Positive feedback: amplifies original change:

Rarely found in organisms

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 4 From Cells to Organ Systems Tissues Anatomical...

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