Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 10 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

CHAPTER 10

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM


Structure and Function

• Functions of the cardiovascular system– Transports nutrients and oxygen to the

body – Transports waste products from the

cells to the kidneys for excretion – Distributes hormones and antibodies

throughout the body – Helps control body temperature and

maintain electrolyte balance


Heart

• Two-sided, double pump • Weighs less than a pound• Little bigger than a fist • Located between the lungs in the

thoracic cavity• Positioned partially to the left of

the sternum


Tissue Layers of the Heart

• Endocardium– Smooth layer of cells lining the inside of the

heart and forming the valves

• Myocardium– The thickest layer, consisting of muscle

tissue

• Pericardium – Double membrane that covers the outside

of the heart, providing lubrication between the heart and surrounding structures to prevent tissue damage


Tissues layers of the Heart


Blood Vessels • Arteries and arterioles

– Carry blood away from the heart – The aorta is the largest artery in the body

• Veins and venuoles– Carry blood back to the heart – The superior and inferior vena cava are the largest

veins

• Capillaries – Microscopic vessels that carry blood between

the arterial and venous vessels; where the gaseous exchanges take place


Figure 10-4 Blood Vessels


The Aorta and major Arteries


Anatomy of the Heart• Heart- (cardi/o; coron/o)• It is a two-sided double pump;

– Rt side of heart send O2 deficient blood to lungs where the blood picks up O2 and releases CO2

– O2 rich blood returns to left side of heart and left side of heart pumps blood to rest of the body

• Four Chambers:– Two upper chambers called atrium– Two lower chambers called ventricles (ventricul/o) – Septum- divides the right side of the heart from the left

side; wall or portion within heart


Heart Valves

• Four Valves; (valvul/o; vavl/o) –cusps or flaps of valves– Tricuspid- b/w rt atrium and rt ventricle– Pulmonary- b/w rt ventricle and pulmonary

artery– Mitral- b/w left atrium and left ventricle– Aortic- prevents return of aortic blood to left

ventricle• Patent= to open


Figure 10-2A Structures of the Heart


Pulmonary circulation

• Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

• Right Atrium• Tricuspid Valve• Right Ventricle

• Pulmonary Valve• Pulmonary Artery• Lungs• Pulmonary Vein• Left Atrium• Mitral Valve• Left Ventricle• Aortic Valve• Aorta (aort/o)• To body


Systemic Circulation

• O2 rich blood leaves heart thru the aorta the largest artery in the body

• Ascending aorta• Descending aorta• Arteries• Arterioles• Tissue Capillaries• Venules• Veins• Superior and Inferior Vena Cava


Physiology of Heart

• Heartbeat (2 phases)1. Diastole= relaxation

Diastole= short period of rest as the heart fills

2.Systole= contraction phase of heart

Systole occurs and blood is pumped away from the heart


Phases of the Heartbeat


Physiology of heart

• Diastole-Systole Cycle– 70-80 times per minute– 5 quarts of blood per minute– 75 gallons per hour– 2000 gallons per day

“murmur”= abnormal heart sound


Physiology of the Heart

• Conduction System– Sinoatrial Node (SA node)= pacemaker of the

heart; sensitive tissue in the rt atrium wall that begins the heart beat

• Posterior of rt atrium

• Electrical impulse

• Atria contracts and force blood into the ventricle


Conduction of Heart

P wave= spread of excitation over atria before contractionQRS wave= spread of excitation over ventricles as contraction occursT wave= electrical recovery and relaxation of ventricles


Assessment Techniques

• Measuring pulse and blood pressure• Listening to heart sounds• Determining cardiac output • Measuring muscle activity with

electrocardiography • Inserting a cardiac catheter • Using echocardiography


Blood Pressure• Blood pressure= force that the blood exerts on the

arterial walls– Sphygmomanometer- a device to measure blood

pressure (sphygm/o=pulse)– First sound= systolic pressure (pressure in the artery

when the left ventricle is contracting to force the blood into the aorta); pumping blood to the body

– Second sound= diastolic blood pressure (pressure in the artery when the ventricles are relaxing and the heart is filling); when the heart relaxes

– Written as a fraction: 120/80= systolic/diastolic


Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (continued)• Cardiovascular disease

– A general term for the combined effects of arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, and related conditions called coronary artery disease

• Congenital heart disease – A group of disorders that affect about 25,000

newborns each year in the united states– Tetraology of Fallot – 4 separate heart defects

• Congestive heart failure– The inability of the heart to pump blood

adequately to meet the body’s needs


Blood vessel pathology• Embolus- floating blood clot or other material in the

vessel

• Atherosclerosis- hardening of the arteries caused by fatty or calcium deposits in the artery walls causing them to thicken

- HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) good

- LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) bad


Pathological Conditions• Ischemia- can lead to a Myocardial Infarction (MI); blood

held from an area and can be caused by thrombotic occlusion of a blood vessel

• Arrhythmia- abnormal heart rhythms• Aneurysm- An area of a blood vessel that bulges

because of a weakness in the wall• Hypertension -High blood pressure• Myocardial infarction- Known as a heart attack• Phlebitis -An inflammation of a vein, often with formation of a

clot


Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (continued)• Rheumatic heart disease

– A condition in which the heart muscle and valves are damaged by a recurrent bacterial infection that usually begins in the throat

• Varicose veins– A condition in which veins

become enlarged and ineffective

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.originmedical.co.uk/client_files/default/Varicose-Veins-legs.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.originmedical.co.uk/varicose-veins/&usg=__fr-WzQm27WkP0N74AQ9wfZvlzJI=&h=486&w=500&sz=51&hl=en&start=3&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=RsCRkAMYE4PGyM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvaricose%2Bveins%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us%26tbs%3Disch:1


Rheumatic heart


Issues and Innovations

• Heart replacement– First artificial heart, Jarvik-7– Heart transplants

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/content/vol80/issue2/images/small/04005272.745.gr2.gif&imgrefurl=http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/figsearch%3Ffulltext%3Djarvik%26resourcetype%3D3&usg=__dnNBi_5o0nu2crqVlNgRWLQR5MQ=&h=200&w=200&sz=36&hl=en&start=7&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=0an5C9831wwhmM:&tbnh=104&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3Djarvik%2Bheart%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us%26tbs%3Disch:1

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asktheholisticdoctor.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/artificial-heart-blog.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.asktheholisticdoctor.com/blog/&usg=__od4oClWdLkiLnEPZikuU2sz-Hks=&h=198&w=201&sz=45&hl=en&start=14&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=l_T8vf2wQE7XtM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=104&prev=/images%3Fq%3Djarvik%2Bheart%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us%26tbs%3Disch:1

Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 10 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

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Transcript of Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 10 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.