French Absolutism, Enlightenment, & Revolution! Outcome: The Enlightenment.
Copyright 2001 © Prentice Hall, Inc. World History: Connections to Today The Enlightenment and the...
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Transcript of Copyright 2001 © Prentice Hall, Inc. World History: Connections to Today The Enlightenment and the...
Copyright 2001 © Prentice Hall, Inc.Copyright 2001 © Prentice Hall, Inc.
World History:Connections to Today
The Enlightenment and the American Revolution (1715–1800)
The Enlightenment and the American Revolution
The Enlightenment
Natural Laws
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Social Contract
Natural rights
Philosophe
Montesquieu
Rousseau
Lassiez-faire
The Enlightenment and the American Revolution
Adam SmithFree marketCensorshipSalonEnlightened despotBaroque
Thomas Jefferson
Constitutional government
Popular sovereignty
Federal Republic
The Enlightenment and the American Revolution (1715–1800)
SECTION 1Philosophy in the Age of Reason
SECTION 2Enlightenment Ideas Spread
SECTION 3 Birth of the American Republic
Chapter 1Chapter 1
The Enlightenment and the American Revolution
By the 1700s, some thinkers were beginning to fight against superstition, ignorance, intolerance, and tyranny
This movement became known as the Enlightenment.
The Enlightenment and the American Revolution
The goal of the Enlightenment was to shed the “light” of reason on traditional ideas about government and society
Reason
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
The Enlightenment grew out of the Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600sScientific discoveries in the fields of medicine, chemistry, and astronomy gave people confidence in the power of reason
Air Pump
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
Enlightenment thinkers called philosophes believed that they could use reason to find natural laws to govern human nature.Natural laws are rules discoverable by reasonThese laws could be used to solve social, political, and economic problems.
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
Thomas Hobbes wrote the Leviathan
He believed that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish
He thought that life was “Nasty, Brutish, and Short” in the state of nature
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
Hobbes argued that people entered into a Social Contract in which they gave up the state of nature for an organized societyHobbes’ views supported the role of KingsHobbes supported an absolute monarchy
The Leviathan
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
John Locke agreed with Hobbes that people give up absolute freedom in exchange for the benefits of living in a governed society
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
However, he argued that the government has an obligation to those it governs
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
Locke argued that all humans had natural rights, or rights that belong to all humans from birth
These rights included the right to life, liberty, and property
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
Locke wrote a book titled Two Treatises of Government
In his book, Locke argued that people formed govt. to protect their natural rights
The best govt., he said, had limited power and was accepted by all citizens
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
According to Locke; if the government fails to protect or violates the natural rights of citizens…
Then the people have a right to overthrow that government
Locke’s ideas supported the idea that, in a reasonable society, power lies with the people and not the government
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
French thinker, Baron de Montesquieu, studied the governments of Europe.
He admired how the British protected themselves against tyranny by dividing the government into three branches
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
Legislative, executive, and judiciary
•Thus creating Thus creating checks and balanceschecks and balances
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that people were basically goodHe thought that people were corrupted by society and the unequal distribution of wealthHe thought people should give up their self-interest to a government that supported the common good
In 1762, Rousseau wrote The Social ContractRousseau felt that controls were necessary but should be kept minimalSupported the good of the community as a whole
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
The Enlightenment slogan “free and equal” did not apply to women
Philosophes believed women had natural rights, but their rights were limited to the home and family
By mid 1700’s, a small group of women protested this view
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
Mary Wollstonecraft was a well-known British social criticIn 1792, she published A Vindication of the Rights of WomanShe argued for equal education and participation in govt. for women
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
The enlightenment thinkers were called Philisophes, or “lovers of wisdom”
Their ideas would later be used to justify revolutions and inspire people who rejected government regulation in favor of laissez-faire economics
Laissez-faire economics says that businesses should operate with little or no government involvement
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
British economist Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations.
S E C T I O N 1
Philosophy in the Age of Reason
He argued that the Free Market, natural forces of supply and demand, should be used to regulate business
S E C T I O N 2
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
As Enlightenment ideas spread, Europeans began to challenge the following long-held traditions
divine-right rule
a strict class system
The belief in heavenly reward for earthly suffering
Chapter 1, Section 2Chapter 1, Section 2
S E C T I O N 2
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
The government and church authorities felt they had a sacred duty to defend the old orderThey turned to censorship, or the controlling/limiting of informationMany books were banned or burned and writers were imprisoned
S E C T I O N 2
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
Despite persecution, people throughout Europe continued to discuss the new literature, art, science, and philosophy at salons
Salons were informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas
S E C T I O N 2
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
Some absolute monarchs accepted Enlightenment ideas and used their power to bring about social and political change.
An absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change is an Enlightened despot
S E C T I O N 2
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
Frederick the Great Frederick the Great (King of Prussia)(King of Prussia)saw himself as the “first servant of the state”Allowed people to choose their own religion
S E C T I O N 2
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
Catherine the Great of RussiaCatherine the Great of Russia experimented with enlightenment ideas but had no intention of giving up any of her power
Joseph II (Austrian Hapsburg Emperor)Joseph II (Austrian Hapsburg Emperor) Traveled in disguise to learn of people’s problemsTolerated Jews and ProtestantsEnded censorshipChose talented middle-class people to run departments
S E C T I O N 2
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
Art was very grand in the age of Enlightenment
The Grand and complex style of Baroque became the popular form of art, architecture, and music
The Death of Socrates – Jacques Louis David, 1787
S E C T I O N 2
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
Bach, Handel, and Mozart created structured music that fit the age of reason
Bach Handel Mozart
S E C T I O N 2
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
The rise of the middle class led to more widespread novels such as Robinson Crusoe
S E C T I O N 2
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
A growing number joined the new middle class
However, most Europeans remained peasants who lived in small rural villages
Most were untouched by Enlightenment ideas.
Isaac Blessing Jacob –1642
Gerbrand van den Eeckhout
Peasants Dancing – 1651Johannes Lingelbach
S E C T I O N 2
Enlightenment Ideas Spread
Peasants in the West were more prosperous than those in the EastIn Russia and Eastern Europe, peasants were Serfs and considered property
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
Britain’s rose to world power, in part, due to its:
island location
colonial possessions
favorable business climate
powerful navy
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
Britain merged with Scotland reducing internal tension
British took over and oppressed the Irish
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
Britain developed three new political institutions:political partiesthe cabinetthe office of prime minister.
Britain had developed a constitutional government, or a government whose power is defined and limited by law
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
The British constitution is made up of all acts of law over the centuries
The cabinet was formed when George I of Germany became King of England
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
Despite the growing influence of Parliament and the cabinet..
most political and economic power in Britain was held by a ruling class of landowning aristocrats.
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
King George III wanted to reestablish the power of the monarchyHe dissolved the cabinet and in 1775 He made colonist in North America pay for their own defenseHis failure to handle the American situation would eventually give most authority back to the Parliament
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
The British controlled 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America
Colonists had control over much of their own affairs
Many began to believe that the U.S. should break away from Britain
Chapter 1, Section 4Chapter 1, Section 4
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
The Seven Years War and the French and Indian War (British vs. French) drained the British treasury (no $$$)
The king believe that colonist should help pay for the debt
Parliament passed the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act in 1765
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
Settlers in the 13 English colonies protested British taxes and trade restrictions as an attack on their rights as British citizens
The saying “no taxation without representation” became the popular saying
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
The Americans were especially upset since they had no representation in Parliament.
In Common Sense Tom Paine, an immigrant from England, argued the themes of the Enlightenment
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
In 1770, British soldiers opened fire on protesters who had been pelting them with snowballs (Boston Massacre)
In 1773, colonist destroyed tea to protest British taxes (Boston Tea Party)
In April 1775 the conflict exploded into WAR!
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
In 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal,……that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights,……that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness……That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.”
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
The Declaration included another of Locke’s ideas:
people had the right “to alter or to abolish” unjust governments- a right to revolt
Jefferson also included the idea of popular sovereignty which states that all government power comes from the people
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
Britain had many advantages
Britain had professional soldiers, more money, and a superior navy
One third of the colonists were loyal to the King
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
The Colonists had some things on their side
They were fighting at home
In 1777 the French joined on the side of the Americans
the Netherlands and Spain also joined the Americans
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
In 1781, General Washington forced the surrender of the British at Yorktown
Two years later, the Treaty of Paris ended the war which recognized U.S. independence
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
The Mississippi River became the new nation’s western frontier
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
America was governed by The Articles of Confederation for several years, but they were too weak to govern
The authors of the Constitution were inspired by Enlightenment ideas such as:
separation of powers
checks and balances
natural rights
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
During the summer of 1787, a new constitution was created and the new document established a government run by the people, for the people
Although there were numerous representatives working on the constitution, James Madison is credited with being the “Father of the Constitution”
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
The Constitution absorbed many ideas of Locke, Motesquieu, and Rousseau
The Constitution created a federal republic, with power divided between the federal, or national, government and the states
Created three branches of government legislative, executive, and judicial (from Montesquieu)
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
The Bill of Rights (the first amendments to the Constitution) recognized the ideas that people had basic rights that the govt. must protect, such as
freedom of religion
Freedom of speech
Freedom of the press
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
The Constitution became the supreme law of the land and has remained for over 200 years
It has served as an example for many other countries around the world
S E C T I O N 3
Birth of the American Republic
The United States Constitution would serve as a model for other democratic nationsA Bill of Rights included certain basic rights the government must protect
The National Archives