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PROGRESS REPORT:

Bald Eagle Nesting and Reproductive SuccessAlong the Pacific Coast of the Alaska Peninsula

Cape Kubugakli to American Bay,9 Nay-28 July, 1990

by

Donna A. Dewhurst

!P.

Key Words: Alaska Peninsula, paliaeetus leucocephalus,Becharof, productivity, Oil Spill, Pacific Coast, baldeagle, Aniakchak, Alaska Maritime

U. S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceAlaska Peninsula/Becharof-National Wildlife Refuge

P, 0. Bo4 277King Salmon, Alaska 99613

-November 1990

ABSTRACT

Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nesting success wasexamined along the Pacific Coast of the Alaska Peninsula, fromCape Kubugakli to American Bay, during the summer of 1990. Atotal of is were recorded, with productivi ty monitored on

117 nests. e mean clutch size was 1.78 eggs , with 35 nestscontaining 3 eggs. Hatching success was low at 44%, while broodrearing success was 82%, with pair productivity at 0.35

fledglings/egg laid. Nesting success (55%) and nest productivity(0.81-0.90 fledglings/occupied and/or active nest) closelyparalleled that recorded in 1989.

Habitat use also paralleled 1989 results with nearshoreislands/islets used more frequently for nests than otheravailable habitat types. Fifty-four percent of the 1989 nestsites were reused in 1990.

INTRODUCTION

Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) are abundant along thewaters of the Pacific Ocean throughout Alaska (Murie 1959, Kinget al. 1972); however, baseline information on relativeabundance, distribution and production is lacking for the AlaskaPeninsula (Sowl 1982). Within the last decade, surveys have beenconducted to determine distribution and abundance on thePeninsula (Sowl 1982, Hodges 1983, Payne 1987, Payne 1988)indicating highest densities along the Pacific coast.

In March 1989, the 11-million gallon Exxon Valdez Oil Spillimpacted 1170 km (725 mi) of Pacific shoreline (Cape Kubugakli toAmerican Bay) contained within the Alaska Peninsula/BecharofNational Wildlife Refuges and 100+ nearshore islands and isletsmanaged as the Alaska Peninsula Unit of the Alaska MaritimeNational Wildlife Refuge. Bald eagle surveys conducted as partof the Refuges' Wildlife Inventory Plan formed basis for oilspill damage assessment studies. These pre-oil surveys includedan aerial random plot survey of eagle density conducted in 1983(Payne 1988) and a coastal nest survey conducted in 1987 (Payne1987).

In May 1989, a bald eagle (oil spill) damage assessment study wasinitiated along the Pacific Coast, from Cape Kubugakli to CapeKumnik. The objectives of the study included: a) determine thelocation and distributi on of eagle nests along the AlaskaPeninsula shoreline impacted by oil, b) monitor reproductivesuccess from egg to fledging, c) document any direct signs of oilimpact on nesting eagles, and 40 collect abandoned eggs forhydrocarbon analysis.

1

In May 1990, this study was expanded 209 km (130 mi) south toAmerican Bay to include data from Becharof, Alaska Peninsula, andAlaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuges, and Aniakchak NationalMonument and Preserve.

METHODS AND STUDY AREA

For this year's surveys, the study area covered from CapeKubugakli south to American Bay, along the Pacific Coast of theAlaska Peninsula, including nearshore islands (Fig. 1). The areaconsists of 1,330 km (825 mi) of rugged shoreline formed by thejunction of the Aleutian Mountain Range and the Pacific Ocean.Kodiak Island is located 48 km (30 mi) east from the peninsulaseparated by the Shelikof Strait. Study area boundaries were theKatmai National Park and Preserve to the north and the PavlofUnit of the Alaska Peninsula Refuge (managed by Izembek NationalWildlife Refuge) to the south.

Aerial nest surveys were flown using a chartered Bell 206 Jet-Ranger helicopter. The same primary observer (author) wasmaintained on all surveys, with alternating second observers. Onthe initial survey, active nest locations were marked on 1:63,360series topography maps. Active nests were those possessing twoor more of the following items: fresh nesting materials, 1-2adult eagles actively defending nest, adult eagle in incubatingposture, egg(s) present, or young present.

Helicopter use was necessary during the later surveys, to gainfoot access to nests. Nests determined as active on initialsurveys, and not on later surveys, were examined for signs ofoil, predation, disturbance or any egg/young remains. Apparentabandoned eggs (those not protected or tended by adults), werecollected for hydrocarbon testing.

Survey data was recorded on a Word Perfect data file (AppendixI). Nest sites were classified by habitat type (Appendix I).Nests located from Kujulik Bay south to American Bay weresurveyed only one time, and this was during the incubating/earlyhatchling period. Nests from Cape Kumliun north to CapeKubugakli were surveyed three times; during incubation (May),downy hatchling stage (late June) and late fledgling stage (lateJuly). During each nest visit, we recorded the number ofadults/eggs/young present and the age class of the eaglets(Carpenter 1990).

Upon trying to compare our eagle reproduction results withsimilar studies in Alaska, it became clear that the termproductivity had multiple usage in bald eagle literature,depending on survey methodology. Generally, observers were not

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able to record the number of eggs in nests, so the standarddefinition "productivity = fledglings/eggs laid" was rarely used.More commonly, eagle productivity was defined as the quantity offledglings produced per nest. Yet, the term "nest" has been usedto represent different things such as occupied nest, active nestand successful nest (see Appendix I for definitions). Forpurposes of clarity in this report, productivity was divided intotwo categories: pair productivity (# fledglings/egg laid) andnest productivity (# fledglings/nest). Additionally, separatecalculations were made based on the different definitions of"nest."

Using the larger study area and sample size this year, I decidedthat the Sherrod et al. (1977) habitat classification system,used in 1989, was inadequate for the Alaska Peninsula. Theoriginal eagle habitat classification system was designed for theAleutian Islands, where the island aspect was taken for granted.Along the Pacific Coast of the Alaska Peninsula, it was importantto distinguish islands from the mainland, yet maintain theintegrity of the original system. So, I decided to create a sub-class under the island/islet heading allowing for all originalhabitat types to still be differentiated. The key at the end ofAppendix I provides definitions and new organization of habitatcategories used in this study.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Nest Sites

In total, 245 bald eagle nest sites were recorded during thisyear's survey, from Cape Kubugakli to American Bay. Nestdistribution was not equal among the different land managementunits (Table 1). So, data gathered by land management unitshould not be used to format trends for the entire AlaskaPeninsula.

Habitat use by nesting eagles in 1990 paralleled that of 1989(Dewhurst 1989) (Table 2), for the comparable northern study area(Cape Kubugakli to Cape Kumnik). No direct relationships werefound between habitat selection and nesting success (Table 2).

Expanding the study area in 1990 tripled the nest sample size,providing a more comprehensive study of habitat preferences alongthe Alaska Peninsula (Table 1). Islands and islets were by farthe most used nesting habitat (Table 1, Fig. 2). By striatingthe data and examining only the island/islet nests, sea stacksand hillsides became the most used habitat types (Fig. 3).Thus the most preferred habitat, in the study area, was seastacks adjacent to islands.

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Table 1. Bald eagle nesting habitat preferences in the 1990expanded study area of Cape Kubugakli to American Bay,subdivided into the respective management units.

Habitat Types° 4 Active NestsBecharofRefuge

UgashikUnit

ChignikUnit

MaritimeRefuge

AniakchakMonument

Sea stacks 8 10 14 0 5

Coastal 1 0 26 0 2Ridges

III) Connected 0 1 14 0 3Stacks

IV) Islets/Islands-I Sea Stacks 0 0 0 32 0-II Ridges 0 1 0 5 0-III Conn. Stack 0 0 0 9 0-IV Smaller Islet 0 0 0 1 0-Va Hilltops 0 0 3 17 0-Vb Hillsides 0 2 5 25 0

Va) Hilltops 3 7 27 0 5Vb) Hillsides 2 0 10 0 3

Totals 14 26 99 89 17

°Habitat types are defined in Appendix I

5

Hillsides (5.6%)Sea Stacks (15.2%)

Hilltops (19.3%)

Ridges (11.9%)

Conn.(7

StacksA%)

Islets (40.3%)

Sea Stacks (32.7%)Hillsides (31.6%)

Ridges (6.1%)

Figure 2. Distribution of 1990 bald eagle nests among availablehabitat types along the Pacific Coast of the Alaska Peninsula,Alaska, included nearshore islands (N=245 nests).

Hilltops (19.4%) Conn. Stacks (9.2%)

Islets (1.0%)

Figure 3. Bald eagle nest habitat selection on nearshore islandsof the Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, May-July 1990 (N=100).

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Table 2. A comparison of bald eagle nest site selection and

success rate among differing habitat types, from Cape Kubugakli

to Cape Kunmik, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, May-July 1989 and 1990.

Habitat Types° 1989 # Nests % Successb

1990# Nests % Success

Sea Stack 15 73% 19 47%

Coastal Ridge 6 50% 3 0

Connected Stack 4 50% 1 0

Islets 38 56% 40 58%

(V) Hillsides 9 25% 15 60%

Total 72 55% 78 53%

8 Habitat types are defined in Appendix I

b # Nests with fledglings/# Active Nests

6

Bald eagle habitat selection along the Alaska Peninsula coast mayrelate to nest access by land-based predators, namely brown bears(Ursus horribilis), red foxes (Vulpes fulva), and the introducedarctic foxes (Alopex lagopus). The higher preference for islandsmay have some basis on islands providing protection frompredators. Arctic foxes were introduced to nearby islands forfox farming, except for Sutwik Island (Bailey, in prep), but bythe 1950's, most had died or were removed by trapping. Red foxeshave been documented only on Titcliff Island in Wide Bay (Baileyand Faust 1984). Brown bears are common only on Sutwik and theWide . Bay Islands, but visit all of the Peninsular islands. Somammalian predators are less common on islands than on themainland, but whether or not this was a selective factor is onlytheory and subject to debate. For example, some of the highestdensities of both bears and nesting eagles for the AlaskaPeninsula, exist on Sutwik and the Wide Bay Islands.

Of the 72 nest sites surveyed in 1989, 54% were used again in1990. Nest movement to nearby sites was recorded in 22 cases(Appendix III), with the mean distance between nesting sitesbeing 1.2 km (0.7 mi). The yearly shifting of nest sites wasexamined to look for habitat preference patterns. In 63% of themoves, the nesting eagles built on the same habitat type as theoriginal nest (Appendix III). Twenty-five nest sites used in1989 or 1990 could not be reconciled as definite nest movementdue to larger distances between sites. Eleven of the 1989 nestsites were abandoned in 1990, while 14 new nest sites were foundin 1990 (Appendix III). Islands/islets were the most commonhabitat type in both the abandoned and the new sites.

pair Productivity

All of the 245 active nests were initially checked for eggs,downy chicks or incubating adults. In 37 cases, incubatingadults did not permit observation of nest contents. Of the 154nests where nest contents were observed, clutch size frequencieswere: 0 eggs-22, 1 egg-24, 2 eggs-73, and 3 eggs-35, producing amean clutch size of 1.78 eggs.

Determining the overall pair productivity (# fledglings/eggslaid) was impossible due to the significant number of nests withinitial contents unknown. Tallying only nests with knowncontents, 192 eggs yielded 85 downy (classes 1 and 2) eaglets and70 fledglings (class 3). Pair productivity was 0.36 or onefledgling per every three eggs laid. Hatching success wassurprisingly low (85 hatchlings/192 eggs = 44%), while broodrearing success was relatively high (70 fledglings/85 hatchlings= 82%). Brood rearing success was very comparable to 1989results (57 fledglings/68 hatchlings = 84%).

8

Nest Productivity

Nest productivity in 1990 closely paralleled that of 1989 with0.81-0.90 fledglings/occupied and/or active nest (Table 3). Nestproductivity on the Alaska Peninsula was also very comparablewith other bald eagle populations outside of Prince WilliamSound. Over the same study period (1989-1990), nest productivityon Kodiak Island was 1.63-1.66 (fledglings/successful nest), onthe Upper Copper River was 1.61-1.72, and in Southeast Alaska was1.39-1.52 (Schempf et al. 1990).

Nesting Success/Failure

Bald eagle nesting success closely paralleled than of 1989, with53-55% of the nesting pairs successfully rearing eaglets tofledging (Table 3).

Determining the stage of nest failure was dependent on being ableto observe nest contents on all surveys conducted. This waspossible on 66% of the 50 failed active nests. Most nestfailures occurred during incubation/hatching with 23 nests losingall eggs laid. Only ten nests failed during brood rearing.

The causes of nest failure were generally unknown, but brownbears (Ursus horribilis) were confirmed of destroying five nests,surprisingly all on islands: Wide Bay - # 90020,90021; AiugnakColumns - # 90076, 90077; Chiginagak Bay - # 90052). In thesedocumented cases, a bear was observed on the respective islandsand nests were physically destroyed. All surveyed nest siteswere within range of brown bears, with access limited only bysevere topography (narrow sea stacks, remote ledges).

Attempts to collect addled eggs for hydrocarbon analysis werefutile this year. During the second survey (late June) only fiveeggs were observed, contrasting to the 12 eggs similarly sightedin 1989 (Dewhurst 1989). Of the five eggs observed, all wereactively defended by at least one adult, so no collection wasattempted. On the third survey (late July), only one eggremained, but the collection attempt was abandoned due tohazardous landing conditions. The other four eggs observed onthe second survey were absent and presumed failed.

Observability of Nests/Younq

Using a consistent primary observer (author) throughout the 1990surveys eliminated the problem of nest location marking errorsobserved in 1989.

Incubating adult eagles flushed more often in this year's study,permitted observations of eggs and initial nest contents.

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b

Table 3. A comparison of 1989 and 1990 bald eagle nest occupancyand productivity along the Pacific Coast of the Alaska Peninsula,Alaska.

Cane Kubuaakli to Cape Kunmik8 1989 1990

Total # Nests Surveyedb 72 106

# - Occupied and/or Active Nests 72 78

# Successful Nests 40 41

% Nesting Success` 55% 53%

# Fledglings 62 70

# Fledglings/ Occupied-Active Nest 0.86 0.90

# Fledglings/ Successful Nest 1.55 1.71

Total 1990 Productivity Survey Area (Cape Kubuaakli to Cape Kumlikl 1990

Total # Nests Surveyed 145

# Occupied and/or Active Nests 117

# Successful Nests 60

% Nesting Success 55%

# Fledglings 95

# Fledglings/ Occupied-Active Nest 0.81

# Fledglings/ Successful Nest 1.58

a Data from Cape Providence and Aiugnak Columns was onlycollected in 1990 and was not included in calculations.

Includes "empty" nests. Note empty nests were note recordedduring the 1989 survey. During the 1990 survey, empty nestswere those occupied in 1989 but not in 1990. Other abandonednests (w/out fresh nesting material) were not documented dueto problems with distinguishing bald eagle nests from thosebuilt by gyrfalcons, rough-legged hawks and common ravens.

Nests discovered during the later surveys were not includedin this calculation for either 1989 or 1990.

10

Use of helicopters throughout all the 1990 surveys improvedobserver accuracy, even in the fledgling stages (class 3).Unique observation problems were documented for each stage ofproductivity monitoring (Dewhurst 1989). Helicopter use improvedaccuracy in all survey stages by providing the ability to groundtruth when nest contents were suspect.

Increasing the survey's scope in 1990 to include the Chignik Unitof the Alaska Peninsula Refuge, permitted further testing ofhelicopter use in treeless, mountainous, coastal terrain. In theChignik Unit, more tall brush (Alders (Alnus spp.) and willows(WIN spp.)] were encountered reducing nest visibility. Also,the combination of steeper terrain and low ceilings restrictedsurvey periods and possibly caused higher altitude nests to bemissed. The highest altitude nests were documented at 162 m (500ft) in Kuiukta Bay and 327 m (1,000 ft) on Karpa Island.Comparing 1990 results with a similar study conducted by Payne(1987) using a Cessna 206 fixed-wing aircraft, 102 more nestswere sighted this year than in 1987, using the same study areabounds (Cape Kubugakli to American Bay, excluding islands andAniakchak National Monument). Based on these related facts,helicopter use was a more accurate and reliable method ofcensusing bald eagle nests along the Alaska Peninsula coast.

CONCLUSIONS

Expanding the study area in 1990, adding from Cape Kumnik toAmerican Bay, yielded observations of 245 nests. Nesting habitatselection paralleled that of 1989. Nesting success andproductivity also paralleled 1989 levels, and were consistentwith other eagle populations surveyed outside of Prince WilliamSound. The ability to observe more eggs this year allowed fordetermination of mean clutch sizes and hatching success, notpossible last year. Continuing observations were made of nestdestruction by brown bears.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Revise the Alaska Peninsula/Becharof Refuges' WildlifeInventory Procedure for bald eagles to include replication ofnest surveys of the Pacific coast. To reduce expenses,surveys could be annually alternated between the BecharofRefuge/Ugashik Unit and the Chignik Unit. Preferably twoseries of flights would by conducted annually, during theincubation stage and the fledgling stage.

All future coastal bald eagle nesting surveys should beconducted by helicopter only, to maintain survey accuracy andsafety.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Numerous persons participated in 1990 surveys as the second or"back-seat" observer. The observer list included: BiologicalTechnicians Greg Thomson and Kent Hankins, Volunteers LynnSchwartz, Patrick Opay, Gregor Yanega, and Bill Stahl, ActingKatmai National Park Superintendent James Ryan, and National ParkService Ranger Harvey Sorenson. Much credit is also due theexcellent helicopter pilots that flew the "roller-coaster"surveys: Jack Gordon (Trans-Alaska Helicopters) and Keith Briggs(Kenai Helicopters). Administrative support was provided byAlaska Peninsula/Becharof Refuge Manager Ronald Hood, RaptorManagement Co-ordinator Phillip Schempf and the Regional officeoil spill staff of Paul Gertler, Jill Parker, Mary Portner andBud Oliviera. Additionally, Biologist Tim Bowman of the CordovaRaptor Office, provided the necessary technical advise and co-ordination to maintain survey consistency throughout the oilspill area.

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LITERATURE CITED

Bailey, E. P and N. H. Faust. 1981. Distribution and abundanceof marine birds breeding between Amber and Kamishak Bays,Alaska, with notes on interactions with bears. WesternBirds. 15:161-174.

Bailey, E. P. (In Preparation). Fox introductions on Alaskaislands - history, impacts on avifauna and eradication. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Homer, Ak.

Bortolotti, G. R. 1986. Evolution of growth rates ineagles: sibling competition vs. energy considerations.Ecology. A7(1)182-194.

Bowman, T. 1990. Guidelines for standardization of bald eagleproductivity surveys, 1990. U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv.,Admin. Memo., Cordova, Ak. (Unpubl). 8pp.

Carpenter, G. P. 1990. An illustrated guide for identifyingdevelopmental stages of bald eagle nestlings in the field.San Francisco Zoo. Soc., San Francisco, Ca. ?pp.

Dewhurst, D. A. 1988. 1988 raptor study; the breeding baldeagle population, Amchitka Island, Alaska. U. S. Fish &Wildl. Serv., Prog. Rep., Adak, Ak. (Unpubl). llpp.

. 1989. Bald eagle nesting and reproductive success alongthe Pacific Coast of the Alaska Peninsula/Becharof NationalWildlife Refuge, Cape Kubugakli to Cape Kunmik, 10 May-25July, 1989. U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Admin. Rep., KingSalmon, Ak. (Unpubl). 15pp.

Grier, J. W., J. M. Gerrard, G. D. Hamilton, P. A. Gray. 1981.Aerial-visibility bias and survey techniques for nestingbald eagles in Northwestern Ontario. J. Wildl. Manage.45(1):83-92.

King, J. G., F. C. Robards, and C. J. Lensink. 1972. Census ofbald eagle breeding population of southeast Alaska. J.Wildl. Manage. 48:61-69.

Murie, 0. J. 1959. Fauna of the Aleutian Islands and the Alaskapeninsula. U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., N. Amer. Fauna No. 61.U. S. Govt. Print. Office, Wash., D. C. 406pp.

Payne, J. 1987. Initial bald eagle inventory along PacificCoast. U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Admin. Rep., King Salmon,Ak. (Unpubl). 4pp.

13

Payne, J. 1988. Bald eagle population surveyinventory, Alaska Peninsula/Becharof Natl.Refuge. U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Admin.Ak. (Unpubl). 4pp.

Schempf, P. F., T. Bowman, J. Bernatoowicz, and T. Schumacher.1990. Assessing the.effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill onbald eagles. U. S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Admin. Rep., Juneau,Ak. (Unpubl). 48pp.

Sherrod, S. K., C. M. White, and F. S. L. Williamson. 1977.Biology of the bald eagle on Amchitka Island, Alaska. LivingBird. ,15:143-182.

Sowl, L. W. 1982. A reconnaissance of the breeding distributionof colonial nesting of seabirds on the south coast of theAlaska Peninsula, May 30- June 19, 1973. U. S. Fish &Wildl. Serv., Admin. Rep. (Unpubl). 46pp.

and nestingWildl.Rep., King Salmon,

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39

Appendix II (Continued). Bald eagle nest locations observed May-July 1989 and 1990, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska. Label numberscorrespond to nest reference numbers used in Appendix I.

All

I.

t

Appendix II (Continued). Bald eagle nest locations observed May-July 1989 and 1990, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska. Label numberscorrespond to nest reference numbers used in Appendix I.

41

Appendix III. Record of new, abandoned and moved bald eaglenests between 1989 and 1990 nesting season, Cape Kubugakli toCape Kumnik, Alaska peninsula, Alaska.

1989Nest

1990# Nest #

Distancebetween nestskm (mi)

1989HabitatType

1990HabitatType

8902 90003 0.8 (0.5) I8905 90006 2.2 (1.4) I8914 90244 0.8 (0.51 IV-Va IV -Vb8913 90013 2.2 (1.41 Va Va8919 90021 0.6 (0.4) IV-Va IV-Va8924 90025 0.4 (0.2) IV-Va IV-Va8925 90027 0.2 (0.1) IV-Vb IV-I8926 90029 0.2 (0.1) IV-I IV-I8929 90233 2.0 (1.2) III Va8930 90031 0.2 (0.11 IV-Va IV-I8932 90033 1.3 (0.81 I Va8939 90036 1.6 (1.0) IV-Va IV -Va8940 90037 2.4 (1.51 Vb IV -Va8942 90039 2.4 (1.51 Vb IV-I8945 90041 0.6 (0.4) IV-Vb8951 90046 0,/ (0.1) T Va8956 90245 0.5 (0.3) Va IV-Va8962 90063 0.3 (0.21 IV-Vb8963 90064 1.6 (1.01 IV-II IV-Va8966 90061 1.2 (0.8) IV-Vb Va8968 90071 2.7 (1.7) Vb Va8972 90073 0.2 (0.11 II IV -Vb

Mean Distance 1.2 (0.7)8907 78914 IV-Vb8915 Va8918 I8933 II8935 IV-Va8936 IV-Va8938 7 IV-Va8946 IV-Va8950 Vb11955 7 TV -Va

90005 I90016 I90019 Va9002090022 IV-Vb

42

Appendix III (Continued). Record of new, abandoned and movedbald eagle nests between 1989 and 1990 nesting season, CapeKubugakli to Cape Kumnik, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska.

1989 1990 Distance 1989 1990Nest # Nest # between nests Habitat Habitat

km (mi) Type Type

? 90026 IV-I ? 90049 Va ? 90051 IV -Vb7 90057 IV -Vb? 90059 IV -Va? 90061 Va ? 90065 IV -Vb? 90066 IV -Vb? 90068 IV -Vb

43