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RENÉ DESCARTES
Historia de la Filosofía Tomo IV
Frederick Copleston
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2
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sueño y la vigilia es equivalente a la abstención de afirmar y utilizar,
dentro de la estructura del sistema filosófico, las proposiciones de que
Dios existe y de que existen las cosas materiales, mientras no hayan
sido probadas según el orden reclamado por la ratio cognoscendi. Así,en las Notas contra un programa, Descartes afirma: "Yo propuse, al
comienzo de mis Meditaciones, considerar como dudosas todas las
doctrinas que no me debían su descubrimiento original sino que habían
sido denunciadas hace mucho tiempo por los escépticos. ¿Qué podría
ser más injusto que atribuir a un autor opiniones que enuncia solamente
con la finalidad de poder refutarlas?; ¿qué más insensato que imaginar que, por haber sido propuestas esas falsas opiniones antes de su
refutación, el autor se comprometa con ellas?... ¿Hay alguien lo
bastante obtuso para pensar que el hombre que compiló ese libro
ignorase, mientras escribía las primeras páginas del mismo, lo que
había propuesto probar en las siguientes?" Descartes alega, pues, que
su modo de proceder no implica que dudase de la existencia de Dios
antes de formular las pruebas de que Dios existe, más de lo que el
hecho de que cualquier otro escritor se proponga probar la misma
proposición implica que antes dudase verdaderamente de ésta. Pero es
cierto que Descartes exigió la duda sistemática de todo aquello de lo
que se pudiera dudar, mientras que filósofos como santo Tomás y
Escoto no lo habían hecho. La cuestión verdaderamente pertinente es
la de en qué sentido preciso debe entenderse la duda cartesiana. Y no
me parece que el propio Descartes ofrezca un análisis muy claro y
consistente del significado que él asigna al término "duda". Todo lo que
podemos hacer es tratar de interpretar lo que dice en el Discurso del
Método, en las Meditaciones y en los Principios de Filosofía, a la luz de
sus réplicas a preguntas y críticas hostiles,
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sacar la conclusión de que Dios es el único agente causal directo No
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sacar la conclusión de que Dios es el único agente causal directo. No
pretendo sugerir que el propio Descartes afirmase una teoría
ocasionalista, pues como hemos visto, él mantuvo la realidad de la
interacción. Pero es comprensible que su modo de tratar el temacondujese a la afirmación de una teoría ocasionalista, ofrecida en parte
como explicación de lo que realmente habría que entender por"
interacción", por aquellos pensadores que mantuvieron la posición
general de Descartes a propósito de la naturaleza y posición de la
mente.
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que no está sujeta a morir con él". Y en carta al marqués de Newcastle
alude a Montaigne y Charron el primero de los cuales comparó al
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alude a Montaigne y Charron, el primero de los cuales comparó al
hombre con los animales, con desventaja para el hombre, mientras que
el segundo, al decir que el sabio difiere del hombre común tanto como
el hombre común difiere de las bestias, daba a entender que hombres y
animales difieren solamente en grado, sin que haya entre ellos
diferencia radical alguna.
Por otra parte, la interpretación cartesiana de los animales como
máquinas, por cruda que pueda ser, está de acuerdo con la separación
originaria que estableció entre los dos mundos del espíritu y la materia.Eso representa o presagia el intento de reducir las ciencias a física, y en
la física, dice Descartes, él no acepta ni desea otros principios que los
de la geometría o la matemática abstracta. La totalidad del mundo
material puede tratarse como un sistema mecánico y no hay necesidad
alguna de introducir o considerar otra dase de causas que las
eficientes. La causalidad final es una concepción teológica y, por
verdadera que pueda ser, no tiene ningún lugar en la física. La
explicación por medio de causas finales, de "almas", de principios vita-
les ocultos y de formas substanciales no hace nada para promover el
progreso de la ciencia física. Y en el caso de los cuerpos vivientes
deben ser aplicados los mismos principios explicativos que se emplean
con relación a los cuerpos inanimados.
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