Copepod biodiversity in four different coastal ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca F. M. Yusoff...

Copepod biodiversity in four different coastal ecosystems along

the Straits of Malacca

F. M. Yusoff & H. Matias-PeraltaF. M. Yusoff & H. Matias-PeraltaInstitute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra

Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, SelangorMalaysia, 43400 Serdang, SelangorJSPS Meeting, Malacca, 19 & 20JSPS Meeting, Malacca, 19 & 20thth May May

20082008JSPS UPM

UPM- JSPS ProjectsUPM- JSPS Projects 2001 – 2005:2001 – 2005:

Copepod biodiversity in an estuarine ecosystem, Copepod biodiversity in an estuarine ecosystem, Langat River, MalaysiaLangat River, Malaysia

2006 – 2010:2006 – 2010:

Copepod species composition & abundance in Copepod species composition & abundance in coastal ecosystems, the Straits of Malacca:coastal ecosystems, the Straits of Malacca:

Sea-grass, cage-culture, off shrimp farm, off Sea-grass, cage-culture, off shrimp farm, off mangrove forest mangrove forest

Copepod composition in polluted vs non-polluted Copepod composition in polluted vs non-polluted environmentenvironment

November 2005 – rainfall (amount in mm)

Northeast monsoon Sea grass

Shrimp farm

Cages

Mangroves

March 2006 – rainfall (amount in mm)

Inter- monsoon

May 2006 – rainfall (amount in mm)

Southwest monsoon

Monsoon seasons in MalaysiaMonsoon seasons in Malaysia

Monsoon seasonMonsoon season MonthsMonths

NortheastNortheast November to November to FebruaryFebruary

Inter-monsoonInter-monsoon March to AprilMarch to April

SouthwestSouthwest May to AugustMay to August

Inter-monsoonInter-monsoon September to September to OctoberOctober

Source: http://www.met.gov.my/english/publication/mwb.html Malaysian Meteorological Department

1. 01’ 19.947N 103’

35.909E

2. 01’ 20.220N 103’

36.104E

3. 01’ 19.748N 103’

35.211E

Sea Grass Bed

1. 03’ 00.665N 101’ 16.267E

2. 03’ 00.634N 101’ 16.274E

3. 03’ 00.607N 101’ 16.259E

Marine Cage Aquaculture

1. N 03°15.105’ E 101°17.790’

2. N 03°15.712’ E 101°16.673’

3. N 03°16.083’ E 101°16.345’

Off shrimp farms

1. N 04°49.246’ E 100°32.976’

2. N 04°49.031’ E 100°32.979’

3. N 04°48.515’ E 100°32.728’

Off mangrove areas

SamplingSampling

• from four ecosystems along the Straits from four ecosystems along the Straits of Malaccaof Malacca

• 3 points in each site; triplicates from 3 points in each site; triplicates from each point each point

• 6X/bi-monthly6X/bi-monthly

• Field preservationField preservation

• Lab. Processes Lab. Processes

• Water quality analysesWater quality analyses

• Identification & enumerationIdentification & enumeration

Sample collectionSample collection

SampleSample EquipmentEquipment MethodMethodCopepodCopepod 100µm mesh size 100µm mesh size

(50cm dia x (50cm dia x 100cm length)100cm length)

Vertical towsVertical tows

Water (D.O., Water (D.O., pH, Temp, Sal. pH, Temp, Sal. Cond. TDS, Cond. TDS, Turb.)Turb.)

Hydrolab Hydrolab Surveyor (4A)Surveyor (4A)

Every 1 meter Every 1 meter depthdepth

Water Water (nutrients: (nutrients: TAN, nitrite-N, TAN, nitrite-N, TN, SRP and TN, SRP and TP)TP)

VanDorn water VanDorn water samplersampler

Pooled sample Pooled sample (Surface & (Surface & bottom) bottom)

5% buffered (pH 5% buffered (pH 8.0-8.2) formalin8.0-8.2) formalin

Copepod Copepod (identification, (identification, enumeration and enumeration and biomass)biomass)

Sample Sample processingprocessing

Samples (3 bottles)

Split samples with Folsom plankton

splitter

sorting, identification &

enumeration

sorting, biomass

Wet weightWet weightDry weightDry weightAsh-free dry Ash-free dry

weightweight

Dissecting microscope Compound microscope

GroupGroup Seagrass Seagrass bedbed

Coastal Coastal waters off a waters off a mangrove mangrove forest reserve forest reserve

Coastal Coastal waters off waters off a shrimp a shrimp farmfarm

Cage Cage culture culture areaarea

CopepodsCopepods 72.2472.24 65.3765.37 63.6263.62 68.4968.49

NaupliiNauplii 7.547.54 8.068.06 7.947.94 10.4810.48

CopepodidsCopepodids 1.751.75 12.8812.88 13.3213.32 12.2912.29

CalanoidsCalanoids 45.8445.84 30.1430.14 29.4829.48 26.1126.11

CyclopoidsCyclopoids 12.7112.71 11.4911.49 9.239.23 16.3116.31

HarpacticoidsHarpacticoids 3.693.69 2.672.67 2.992.99 2.522.52

PoecilostomatoidsPoecilostomatoids 0.710.71 0.130.13 0.660.66 0.780.78

Non-copepodNon-copepod 27.7627.76 34.6334.63 36.3836.38 31.5131.51

% of copepod and non-copepod groups from different coastal zone ecosystems in the Malacca Straits

Copepod density (x10Copepod density (x1044 ind/m ind/m33) in 4 coastal ecosystems ) in 4 coastal ecosystems along the Malacca Straitsalong the Malacca Straits

0.00

15.00

30.00

45.00

60.00

75.00

90.00

105.00

120.00

135.00

150.00

Coastal w aters off ashrimp aquaculture

farm

Coastal w aters off amangrove forest

reserve

Cage culture area Seagrass area

De

nsi

ty (

x104

ind

v/m

3) a

a

bb

Copepod density (x10Copepod density (x1044 ind/m ind/m33) in 4 coastal ecosystems ) in 4 coastal ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca, in different seasonsalong the Straits of Malacca, in different seasons

0.020.040.060.080.0

100.0120.0140.0160.0180.0200.0

Nov(NE)

Jan(NE)

March(Pre-SW)

May(SW)

July(SW)

Sept(Post-SW)

Den

sity

(x1

04 i

nd

v/m

3 )

Coastal waters off ashrimp aquaculture farm

Coastal waters off amangrove forest reserve

Cage culture area

Seagrass area

Natural ecosystems

Density (x 10Density (x 1044 ind/m ind/m33) of copepod vs non-copepod at ) of copepod vs non-copepod at different monsoon season in the different monsoon season in the seagrass areaseagrass area (significant difference within the seasons)(significant difference within the seasons)

0.05.0

10.015.020.025.030.035.040.045.050.055.060.0

Intermonsoon 1 SW Intermonsoon 2 NE

Monsoon season

De

ns

ity

(x

10

4 ind

/m3 ) Copepod Non-copepods

cb

c

a

c cb

a

Density (x 10Density (x 1033 ind/m ind/m33) of copepods vs non-copepods in ) of copepods vs non-copepods in diff. monsoon seasons in diff. monsoon seasons in cage aquaculture areacage aquaculture area

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0


De

ns

ity

(x1

03 in

dv/

m3 )

Copepod Non-copepods

a

b

aa

b

a

bb

Density (x 10Density (x 1044 ind/m ind/m33) of copepod vs non-copepod ) of copepod vs non-copepod in different monsoon seasons in the coastal in different monsoon seasons in the coastal waters off a waters off a shrimp aquaculture farmshrimp aquaculture farm ( (no significant no significant difference between seasonsdifference between seasons))

0.015.030.045.060.075.090.0

105.0120.0135.0150.0165.0180.0

Intermonsoon1 SW Intermonsoon 2 NE

De

nsi

ty (

x 10

4 ind

v/m

3 )Copepod Non Copepod

a

b

a

b

a

b

a

b

Density (x 10Density (x 1044 ind/m ind/m33) of copepod vs non-copepod at ) of copepod vs non-copepod at different monsoon season in the coastal waters off different monsoon season in the coastal waters off mangrove area mangrove area

0.025.050.075.0

100.0125.0150.0175.0200.0225.0250.0

Intermonsoon1

SW Intermonsoon2

NE

Monsoon season

Den

sity

(x10

4 ind

/m3 ) Copepod Non Copepod

a

a

aa

b ab

b

Copepod biomass (mg/mCopepod biomass (mg/m33) in 4 different coastal ) in 4 different coastal ecosystems along the Malacca Straitsecosystems along the Malacca Straits

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

Coastal watersoff a shrimpaquaculture

farm

Coastal watersoff a mangroveforest reserved

Cage culturearea

Seagrass area

Bio

mas

s (m

g/m

3) a

b

c c

Copepod biomass (mg/mCopepod biomass (mg/m33) in four different coastal ) in four different coastal ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in different seasonsecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in different seasons

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

Nov (NE) Jan (NE) March(Pre-SW)

May(SW)

July(SW)

Sept(Post-SW)

Season

Bio

ma

ss (

mg

/m3 )

Coastal waters off ashrimp aquaculture farm

Coastal waters off amangrove forest reserved

Cage culture area

Seagrass area

Abundance (x 10Abundance (x 1044 ind/m ind/m33) of common copepod species in ) of common copepod species in different size fractions (mm) in 4 coastal ecosystems along different size fractions (mm) in 4 coastal ecosystems along Malacca StraitsMalacca Straits

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

Coastal w aters off a shrimpaquacuture farm

Coastal w aters off amangrove forest reserve

Cage culture area Seagrass area

Coastal ecosystems

De

ns

ity

(x10

4 in

d/m

3)

< 0.5 0.5 - 1.0 > 1.0

aa

b

aa

b a a a aa b

Abundance of common copepod species (x 10Abundance of common copepod species (x 1033 ind/m ind/m33) ) in different size fractions (mm) in diff. monsoon seasons in different size fractions (mm) in diff. monsoon seasons in in seagrass areaseagrass area

0.025.050.075.0

100.0125.0150.0175.0200.0225.0250.0275.0300.0


Monsoon season

De

ns

ity

(x1

03 in

d/m

3 )

< 0.5 0.5 - 1.0 > 1.0

a aa a

b a a

a

a

b

Abundance of common copepod species (x 10Abundance of common copepod species (x 1033 ind/mind/m33) in different size fractions (mm)in different ) in different size fractions (mm)in different monsoon seasons in the cage aquaculture area monsoon seasons in the cage aquaculture area (significant difference within size fractions exist (significant difference within size fractions exist depending on the season)depending on the season)

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

20.0


Monsoon season

De

ns

ity

(x1

03 in

dv/

m3 )

< 0.5 0.5 - 1.0 > 1.0

a

b

c

a a

a

a

b

c

a

a

b

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0


Monsoon season

De

ns

ity

(x1

04 i

nd

v/m

3 )< 0.5 0.5 - 1.0 > 1.0

Abundance of common copepod species (x 10Abundance of common copepod species (x 104 4 ind/mind/m33) ) in different size fractions (mm) in diff. seasons in waters in different size fractions (mm) in diff. seasons in waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm.off a shrimp aquaculture farm.

a a

b

a a

b

a a

b

a

a

b

Copepod densityCopepod density (x 10(x 1033 ind/m ind/m33) in different size ) in different size fractions (mm) in diff. monsoon seasons in fractions (mm) in diff. monsoon seasons in coastal waters off mangrove forest (lowest coastal waters off mangrove forest (lowest (p<0.05) density for bigger size copepod)(p<0.05) density for bigger size copepod)

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0


Monsoon season

De

ns

ity

(x1

04 i

nd

/m3 )

< 0.5 0.5 - 1.0 > 1.0

a

a

b

a a

b

a

a

b

aa

b

Copepod species in different size fractions (mm)Copepod species in different size fractions (mm)

Size category (mm)

<0.50 0.5-1.0 >1.0

Nauplii,

copepodites,

Oithona rigida

O.simplex

Euterpina

acutifrons

Oncaea sp.

Clausocalanus

minor

Paracalanus aculateus, P. crassirostris, P. elegans, P. parvus, Acartia pacifica,

Acartia sp 1,

Acrocalanus gibber,

Oithona sp.1,

Microsetella norwegica

Nannocalanus sp., Acartia erythraea, Candacia discauda,

Candacia catula, Tortanus forcipatus,

Tortanus sp.1

Centropages furcatus

Eucalanus crassus E. subcrassus,

E. subtenuis,

Labidocera acuta

Tortanus barbatus

Temora stylifera

Temora turbinate

Species diversity index (H’), evenness (J’) and Species diversity index (H’), evenness (J’) and species richness in 4 ecosystems in Malacca species richness in 4 ecosystems in Malacca Straits in diff. seasonsStraits in diff. seasons

IndexIndex Seagrass Seagrass bedbed

Coastal Coastal waters off a waters off a mangrove mangrove forest reserve forest reserve

Coastal Coastal waters off waters off a shrimp a shrimp farmfarm

Cage Cage culture culture areaarea

H’ (species H’ (species diversity indexdiversity index

3.24± 0.03

2.82±0.02

2.90± 0.03

3.49 ±0.02

J’ Species J’ Species evennessevenness

0.90 ±0.01

0.83±0.01

0.81± 0.01

0.88 ±0.01

d (species d (species richness)richness)

4.97 ±0.1

3.45±0.06

4.15± 0.06

7.64 ±0.26

Copepod diversity indices from different coastal zone ecosystems in the Malacca Straits

# Genera # Species H’

30 67

Seagrass 20 48 3.24± 0.03

Cage Aquac 24 59 3.49 ±0.02

Shrimp farm

16 44 2.90± 0.03

Mangroves

14 35 2.82±0.02

Dendograms of 4 ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca.

Coastal Waters

Specific Ecosystems

Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling of four different coastal ecosystems along Malacca Straits

Shrimp FShrimp Farm

Seagrass Bed

Cage Aquac

Mangroves

Seagrass Seagrass bedbed

MangroveMangrove Shrimp Shrimp farmfarm

CageCage

Temp (ºC)Temp (ºC) 29.88±0.2129.88±0.21 29.92±0.2229.92±0.22 29.94±0.2529.94±0.25 30.06±0.3630.06±0.36

Salinity (ppt)Salinity (ppt) 30.86±0.5930.86±0.59 30.79±0.6430.79±0.64 30.79±0.6430.79±0.64 30.68±0.7130.68±0.71

pHpH 7.88±0.057.88±0.05 7.83±0.047.83±0.04 7.84± 0.047.84± 0.04 7.88± 0.017.88± 0.01

Diss.ODiss.O22 (mg/L) (mg/L) 4.68±0.264.68±0.26 4.73±0.294.73±0.29 4.96±0.274.96±0.27 4.48±0.184.48±0.18

Conductivity Conductivity (µS/cm)(µS/cm)

47.32±0.8047.32±0.80 47.27±0.8047.27±0.80 47.32±0.8347.32±0.83 47.08±0.9747.08±0.97

Turbidity Turbidity (NTU)(NTU)

11.58±2.6511.58±2.65 13.52±3.7113.52±3.71 16.05±2.9416.05±2.94 9.12±0.619.12±0.61

TDS (mg/L)TDS (mg/L) 30.36±0.5630.36±0.56 29.28±0.9929.28±0.99 30.34±0.5030.34±0.50 30.13±0.6230.13±0.62

In situ water quality parameter in different coastal zone ecosystems in the Malacca Straits.

Changes in SRP concentrations (µg/L) in 4 coastal Changes in SRP concentrations (µg/L) in 4 coastal ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasonsecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasons

0.025.050.075.0

100.0125.0150.0175.0200.0225.0250.0

Nov (NE) Jan (NE) March (Pre-SW)

May (SW) July (SW) Sept (Post-SW)

Season

Cage culture area

coastal waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm

Seagrass area

coastal waters off a mangrove forest reserve

SR

P c

on

ce

ntr

ati

on

s (

µg

/L)

Changes in Total P conc.(µg/L) in 4 coastal ecosystems Changes in Total P conc.(µg/L) in 4 coastal ecosystems

along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasonsalong the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasons

50.0

75.0

100.0

125.0

150.0

175.0

200.0

225.0

250.0

Nov (NE) Jan (NE) March(Pre-SW)


Cage culture area


Seagrass area


To

tal

P c

on

ce

ntr

ati

on

s (

µg

/L)

Changes in total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations Changes in total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations (µg/L) in 4 coastal ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca (µg/L) in 4 coastal ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca

in diff. seasonsin diff. seasons

0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0

100.0110.0120.0



Cage culture area


Seagrass area


TA

N c

on

ce

ntr

ati

on

s (

µg

/L)

Changes in nitrite nitrogen concentrations (µg/L) in 4 Changes in nitrite nitrogen concentrations (µg/L) in 4

ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasonsecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasons

0.0012.0024.0036.0048.0060.0072.0084.0096.00

108.00120.00



Cage culture area


Seagrass area


Nit

rite

-N c

on

ce

ntr

ati

on

s (

µg

/L)

Changes in total nitrogen concentrations (µg/L) in 4 coastal Changes in total nitrogen concentrations (µg/L) in 4 coastal

ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasonsecosystems along the Straits of Malacca in diff. seasons

140.0

170.0

200.0

230.0

260.0

290.0

320.0



Cage culture area


Seagrass area


To

tal

nit

rog

en

co

nc

en

tra

tio

ns

(µ

g/L

)

GroupsGroups Seagrass Seagrass areaarea

Cage culture Cage culture areaarea

Coastal Coastal waters off a waters off a shrimp aqua shrimp aqua farmfarm

Coastal Coastal waters off waters off mangrovesmangroves

CalanoidsCalanoids Paracalanus Paracalanus sppspp

Paracalanus Paracalanus sppspp

ParacalanusParacalanus sppspp

Paracalanus Paracalanus sppspp

ClausocalanusClausocalanus sppspp

AcartiaAcartia spp spp AcartiaAcartia spp spp

AcartiaAcartia spp spp

CyclopoidsCyclopoids OithonaOithona spp spp

The most dominant copepod genera from different coastal zone ecosystems along the Malacca Straits

OithonaOithona spp sppOithonaOithona spp spp

List of copepod species from 4 ecosystems (seagrass = S; coastal List of copepod species from 4 ecosystems (seagrass = S; coastal waters off a mangrove forest reserve = M; coastal waters off a waters off a mangrove forest reserve = M; coastal waters off a shrimp aquaculture farm = SF and cage culture area = C) in the shrimp aquaculture farm = SF and cage culture area = C) in the Straits of Malacca. Straits of Malacca.

Group/Family Genera Number of species

S M SF C

Calanoid

Acartidae Acartia 3 3 3 3

Calanidae Canthocalanus 1 - - 1

Nannocalanus 1 - - 1

Undinula 1 - - -

Candacidae Candacia - - 3 3

Centropagidae Centropages 4 - - 4

Clausocalanus 3 - 3 3

Eucalanidae Eucalanus - 3 3 3

Euchaetidae Euchaeta - - - 2

Group/Family Genera No. of species

S M SF C

Calanoid

Metridinidae Pleuromamma - - - 1

Pontellidae Calanopia - - - 3

Labidocera 6 6 6 6

Pontella - - - 1

Pontellopsis 1 - - -

Paracalanidae Acrocalanus 3 2 3 3

Paracalanus 4 4 4 4

Pseudodiaptomidae Pseudodiaptomus - - 2 -

Temoridae Temora 3 3 3 2

Tortaridae Tortanus 3 3 3 3

Sub-Total 33 24 33 43

Cyclopoid

Oithonidae Oithona 4 6 5 6

Sub-Total 4 6 5 6

Family Genera Number of species

S M SF C

Harpacticoid

Clytemnestridae Clytemnestra 1 1 - 1

Ectinosomatidae Microsetella 1 1 1 1

Euterpinidae Euterpina 1 1 1 1

Miraciidae Macrosetella - - 1 -

Miracia 1 - - -

Sub-Total 4 3 3 3

Poecilostomatoid

Corycaecidae Corycaeus 4 - 2 4

Oncaeidae Oncaea 1 1 1 1

Sapphirinidae Copilia 2 1 - 2

Sub-Total 7 2 3 7

Grand Total 48 35 44 59

Conclusions• Dominance

– Copepods dominated: ~70% vs. 30%

– Amongst copepods:

•Calanoid dominated: 26-46%, followed by cyclopoids

• Densities & Biomass

– Coastal waters (mangroves & shrimps) higher than specific areas (sea-grass beds & cages); both densities & biomass

– Higher densities during NE monsoon in sea-grass & off-mangrove areas

– Biomass relatively constant throughout

Conclusions - Cont• Size distribution

– All ecosystems dominated by small-medium species; <1.0 mm

– Similar trends throughout seasons, small % of big copepods, >1.0 mm

– In sea-grass area, higher density of medium sized copepods (0.5 – 1.0 mm), esp. in NE monsoon

– In other areas, small copepods (<0.5 mm) dominate

• Clustering

– 2 distinct areas:

•off-shore mangroves and shrimp farm areas

•In specific areas: seagrass & cages: with high fish larvae – high predation? – difficult without adequate data

Conclusions - Cont• Species Diversity

– Higher species diversity in areas in sea-grass bed & cage culture area (in low density areas)

– Mainly due to differences in richness

Controlling factor?– medium predation? Keep density low, and Biodiversity high

Higher nutrients in shrimp and mangrove areas – higher density

More datasets required to explain observations

Copepod biodiversity in four different coastal ecosystems along the Straits of Malacca F. M. Yusoff...

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