Cop en Hag en Climate Change Summit
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Transcript of Cop en Hag en Climate Change Summit
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Copenhagen Summit
Presentation By
Vimal Mohan P
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Copenhagen
Copenhagen is the capital and largest city of Denmark
It was singled out as theMost Liveable City in the Worldby
international lifestyle magazineMonocle on theirTop 25 Most
Liveable Cities 2008 list.
It is also considered one of the world's most environmentally
friendly cities.
Since the turn of the millennium, Copenhagen has seen a
strong urban and cultural development and has been described
as a boom town.
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Location of
Copenhagen in
Denmark
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Copenhagen
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What is the Copenhagen Earth Summit?
From December 7 2009 environment ministers and officials
met in Copenhagen for the United Nations climate conference
to thrash out a successor to the Kyoto protocol. The conference, held at the modern Bella Centre, ran for two
weeks.
The talks are the latest in an annual series of UN meetings thattrace their origins to the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio, which
aimed at coordinating international action against climate
change.
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Purpose
Creating international awareness of the importance of the
Copenhagen UN Climate Summit and the successor treaty to
the Kyoto Protocol.
Promoting constructive dialogue between government,
business, and science.
Inspiring global business leaders by demonstrating that
tackling climate change also has the potential to create huge
opportunities for innovation and economic growth.
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Kyoto Protocol Adopted for use in 2005, The Kyoto Protocol is an international
environmental treaty under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that established legally
binding guidelines for the reduction of four greenhouse gasses.
Industrialized countries that ratified, or agreed to, the protocol
committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% over 1990s
emission rate. As of January 2009, there were 183 participating
countries working to reduce their emissions.
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What does COP15 stand for?
COP15 is the official name of the Copenhagen climate change
summit the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP) under the
United NationsF
ramework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC).
The COP is the highest body of the UNFCCC and consists of
environment ministers who meet once a year to discussdevelopments in the convention.
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One hundred and ninety-two countries signed the
climate change convention.
More than 15,000 officials, advisers, diplomats,
campaigners and journalists attended COP15, joined by
heads of state and government.
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Developing countries, including China and India, believe it is
the responsibility of wealthy industrialised nations to set a
clear example on cutting carbon emissions.
US has rejected the 1997 Kyoto protocol
COP15's chances of success have been improved by President
Barack Obama's stated intention to achieve an 80% reduction
of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
Denmark's minister for climate and energy, Connie
Hedegaard, has warned that American leadership on climate
change will be undermined if the Obama administration does
not pass laws swiftly to reduce carbon pollution.
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What were the discussions put in
Agree on a new climate treaty as a successor to the Kyoto protocol,
the first phase of which expires in 2012.
1 How much are industrialised countries willing to reduce their
emissions of greenhouse gases?
2 How much are major developing countries such as China and India
willing to do to limit the growth of their emissions?
3 How is the help needed by developing countries to engage in
reducing their emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate
change going to be financed?
4 How is that money going to be managed?
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What were the sticking points?
The main issue is that of "burden-sharing". Climate scientists say
that the world must stop the growth in greenhouse gas emissions
and start making them fall from around 2015 to 2020. By 2050 they
estimate the world must cut its emissions by 80% compared with
1990 levels to limit global warming.
Decisions on which countries must make the cuts and by how large
should they be?
The Chinese government argues that it has a moral right to develop
and grow its economy carbon emissions will inevitably grow with
it.
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What were the sticking points?
There is also the issue of industrialised nations effectively
outsourcing carbon emissions to developing nations such as China.
Problems such as these had cast doubts on whether COP15 can
succeed. There were also concerns about whether any action we take
now to prevent climate change may be too little too late. A Guardian
poll revealed almost nine out of 10 climate scientists do not believe
political efforts to restrict global warming to an additional 2C the
level the EU defines as "dangerous" will succeed.
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After 10 days of tough negotiations, ministers
and other high-level officials from 160 countries
reached agreement on a legally binding Protocol
under which industrialized countries will reduce their
collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2%. The
agreement aims to lower overall emissions from agroup of six greenhouse gases by 200812, calculated
as an average over these five years.
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An aspirational goal of limiting glob
al temperature increase to2 degrees Celsius.
A process for countries to enter their specific mitigation
pledges by January 31, 2010.
Broad terms for the reporting and verification of countries
actions.
A collective commitment by developed countries for $30
billion in new and additional resources in 2010-2012 to help
developing countries reduce emissions, preserve forests, and
adapt to climate change.
Key elements of the Copenhagen Accord
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A goal of mobilizing $100 billion a year in public and private
finance by 2020 to address developing countries needs.
The accord also calls for the establishment of a Copenhagen
Green Climate Fund, a High Level Panel to examine ways of
meeting the 2020 finance goal, a new Technology Mechanism,
and a mechanism to channel incentives for reduced
deforestation.
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Cuts in the three most important gases carbondioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O)
will be measured against a base year of 1990. Cuts in
three long-lived industrial gases - hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs),
and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) can be measured
against either a 1990 or 1995 baseline."
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If the enforcement branch determines that a country is
not in compliance with its emissions limitation, then that
country is required to make up the difference plus an
additional 30%. In addition, that country will be
suspended from making transfers under an emissions
trading program.
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Do these outcomes amount to
failure or success?
On the one hand, the conference failed to produce any
legally binding agreement on the key issues which wereto be addressed at the conference, and the emotive
rhetoric and procedural battles witnessed at the
conference suggest that a continuation of working group
processes over the next 12 months will be no more
productive
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On the other hand, the conference managed to produce aform of political agreement to continue processes of
negotiation towards a binding agreement in a years time
at COP16 in Mexico.
Ministers, who ordinarily attend only the final days of
the annual COP, arrived in the first week hoping to
progress discussions and, by its closing days, the
conference had attracted 119 heads of state and
government.
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ConclusionLets close this with the observations from the
representatives of a few of the member countries.
This was a chaotic process dogged by procedural
games. The procedural wrangling was, in fact, acover for points of serious, substantive disagreement.We did not get an agreement on 50 Percent reductionsin Global Emissions by 2050 or an 80 percentreduction by Developed countries. Both were vetoedby China, despite the support of a coalition ofdeveloped and the vast Majority of Developingcountries. Britains climate secretary Ed Miliband(The Guardian News Paper)
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THANK YOU