Converging Cultures

First Contact

MigrationNative AmericanAfricaEuropeColumbian Exchange

Sections

Explain why scientists believe that the earliest Americans migrated from Asia.

Summarize the role the agricultural revolution played in the development of the first civilizations in the Americas.

Describe the early civilizations of MesoAmerica and the early cultures of North America.

Migration

TimeArcheological techniques

1. DNA2. Radiocarbon dating

Era of timeBeringianomads

Asian Migration

Agricultural revolution1. Maize2. Result3. Civilization

MesoAmerican Civilizations1. Olmec

a. 1500-1200 BCb. Art

2. Mayan3. Toltec4. Aztec

a. Tenochtitlanb. Military power

Early Civilizations of MesoAmerica

Spread of agricultural technologyHohokamAnasazi

1. “ancient ones”2. Kivas3. Pueblos

Adena & HopewellMississippian

North American Cultures

How do scientists know who the first Americans were and when and how they came to America?

How did the agricultural revolution change the societies of early Americans?

How did the agricultural technology of MesoAmerica spread to the North American cultures?

Migration Questions

Differentiate Native American groups in the West based on their environment.

Identify which technologies created by the Far North Indians helped them to adapt to their region.

Describe the agricultural techniques of the Woodlands Native Americans.

Native American Cultures

Primary factor in shaping Native American culture is environment

Southwest1. Pueblo people2. Long taproot3. Kachina cult

Pacific Coast1. Permanent villages2. Lumber & fish3. Pomo

Great Plains1. Sioux2. Horses3. “counting coup”

West

Inuit & AluetHuntingTechnologies

1. Harpoon2. Kayak3. Dogsled4. lamps

Far North

LandscapeLanguages

1. Algonquian2. Iroquoian

Slash & burn agricultureDwelling

1. Longhouses2. Wigwams

WampumIroquois League

1. Kinship groups2. Purpose

Eastern Woodlands

CherokeeCreek

1. Red sticks2. White sticks

Southeast

How did Native American groups adapt to the environments of the West?

How were the Native Americans of the Far North able to live in their harsh environment?

How did the Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands meet their need for food, shelter, and clothing?

Native American Cultures

Analyze the geographical features of West Africa and its impact on the development the continent’s cultures.

Describe the culture of early West African kingdoms.

Explain the lifestyles of the Forest and Central African peoples.

Evaluate the introduction of inter-slavery to the African continent

Africa

CommoditiesSahara

1. Savannah2. Trade3. Trans-Sahara travel

IslamGold

West Africa

Location, location, location!Ghana

1. Soninke2. exhaustion

Mali1. Malinke2. upper Niger river3. Mansa Musa and Mansa Sulayman

Songhai1. Sorko2. middle Niger river3. Sonni Ali4. Askiya Muhammed5. Timbuktu

Empires of West Africa

Yoruba and Edo people1. surplus food2. Oba3. Portuguese

Central Kingdoms1. Kongo2. matrinlineal3. Zaire River

Forest and Central Kingdoms

Intra-slavery1. captured in war2. upward mobility

IslamGoldSugar

1. climate2. manual labor3. man stealing

Slavery

Why were camels important to the growth of trade across the Sahara?

Why were the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires wealthy and powerful?

Why were the Yoruba and Edo able to produce a surplus of food?

What was the basis of many Central African societies?

Contrast how enslaved Africans were treated by other African tribes and Muslim and European societies.

Africa Cultures Questions

Discuss the impact of the Crusades on Europe’s contact with the Middle East.

Explain the transfer of goods between Europe and China and its impact on the global economy.

Analyze the impact of the Renaissance on European exploration.

Describe Portugal’s role in tracing trade routes to Asia.

European Cultures

Crusades1. Pope Urban II2. Dark Ages

Political systemEconomic system

1. Nobles2. Serfs

Improving economy1. 1000 a.d.2. Innovations3. Towns

Institution of stability and order

European Society

Bringing Western Europeans into contact with Muslim and Byzantine civilizations of eastern Europe and the Middle East.

Middle menPaymentMongol EmpireDesire for a new route

Expanding Horizons

MotivationDecline of feudalism

1. Trade2. Towns3. New social class

RenaissanceNew technologies

1. Astrolabe2. Lateen sails3. caravel

New States, New Technology

Henry the Navigator (1419)Bartholomeu Dias (1488)Vasco da Gama (1497)

Portugal

What was feudalism?How did the Crusades help change western

European society?What political developments and new

technologies made it possible for Europeans to search for a water route to China?

How did Henry the Navigator help Portuguese exploration?

Questions

Describe Viking and Spanish exploration of North America.

Summarize Columbus’s journey and their impact on Native Americans and Europeans.

Columbian Exchange

ScandinaviaLongboatsLeif Ericsson

Vikings

Geography (1475)Al-Idrisi“the end of Spain and the beginning of India

are not far apart… it is known that this sea is navigable in a few days time with favoring wind.”

San Salvador IslandTitlesFour voyages

1. Santo Domingo2. “died a hopeless and penniless man”

Columbus

Treaty of Tordesillas1. Line of demarcation2. Pope Alexander VI

Amerigo VespucciJuan Ponce de LeonVasco de BalboaFerdinand Magellan

European Exploration

CropsAnimalsTechnologyDisease

Columbian Exchange

Who were the first Europeans to explore the Americas?

What did Columbus discover on his voyage to the Americas?

How was Spain able to officially claim the Americas?

What kinds of interchanges were part of the Columbian Exchange?

Questions