Convergence of technologies
Click here to load reader
-
Upload
indhumathicvm -
Category
Education
-
view
9.774 -
download
0
Transcript of Convergence of technologies
![Page 1: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Basics of Information Technology
Convergence Technologies
Computer, Communication and
content technologies.
![Page 2: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Development of Computers
![Page 3: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Development of Computers
Mechanical Calculating
Devices
Manual Calculating
Devices
Semi Automatic Calculating
Devices
Electromechanical Calculating
DeviceElectronic Computers
![Page 4: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Abacus
![Page 5: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Long, Long Ago
• beads on rods to count and calculate• still widely used in Asia!• Used for Addition, Subtraction,
Multiplication and Division
![Page 6: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Napier Bones or Slide Rule
![Page 7: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Slide Rule 1630• For Multiplication,
Division and Square Roots
• Based on Napier’s rules for logarithms
• Used until 1970s
![Page 8: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Semi Automatic Calculating Devices
![Page 9: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Pascal’s Adding MachineInvented By
![Page 10: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The "Pascaline",
![Page 11: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Pascal’s Adding Machine• Developed by Blaise Pascal• Originally called a "numerical
wheel calculator" • Developed on 1642• Having 8 movable Dials• Wheels numbered from 0 to 9• Adds sums upto 8 digit long
Draw Back:Limitation of Addition
![Page 12: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Leibnitz Machine Invented By
![Page 13: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Leibnitz Machine
![Page 14: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Leibnitz Machine He is a German Mathematician
and Philosopher
It’s a improved version of Pascaline
It will do Addition Subtraction, Multiplication and Division
Used SHIFT mechanism
![Page 15: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Invented By
Jacquard Loom - 1801
Joseph Jacquard
![Page 16: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
19th Century
• first stored program - metal cards
• first computer manufacturing
• still in use today in weaving!
![Page 17: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Invented By
Difference Engine
Charles Babbage
![Page 18: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
built in early 1800’s Special purpose calculator Naval navigation charts Babbage’s first computer
Difference Engine
![Page 19: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Babbage’s Second Computer
Analytical Engine
![Page 20: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Babbage’s second computer• Analytical engine
general-purpose used binary system punched cards as input branch on result of previous instruction Ada Lovelace (first programmer) machined parts not accurate enough never quite completed
analytical engine, 1834
![Page 21: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Invented By
Punched Card
Herman Hollerith (US)
![Page 22: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Punched card
![Page 23: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Electro Mechanical Calculating Device
![Page 24: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Invented By
Howard H. Aiken
MARK I (1937 – 1944)
![Page 25: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
MARK I (1937 – 1944) In 1944, the Mark I was "switched" on. Aiken's colossal machine spanned 51 feet in length and 8 feet in height. 500 meters of wiring were required to connect each component. Referred as Electronic Relay Computer
![Page 27: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Electronic Computers
![Page 28: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ABC (Atanasoff
Berry Computer)
![Page 29: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
ATANASOFF BERRY
Invented By
ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer
![Page 30: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)
![Page 31: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)
• First Fully Electronic Computer
• Used Electronic Vacuum Tubes
• It is a special purpose computer
• Developed at the time of second world
war
![Page 32: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Z3 Computer
![Page 33: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Invented ByZ3 Computer
Konard Zuse
![Page 34: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Z3 Computer
![Page 35: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Z3 Computer
• Developed by Konard Zuse
• German Engineer
• To design Air Planes and missiles
![Page 36: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
First Generation Computers
(1946 – 1958)
![Page 37: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Electrical Numerical Integrator
And Computer
(ENIAC)
![Page 38: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Invented ByENIAC
John PresperW. Mauchly
![Page 39: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
ENIAC
![Page 40: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• An early computer
• Developed at UPenn
• Size: 30’ x 50’ room
• 18,000 vacuum tubes
• 1500 relays
• 70, 000 Resistors
• 5 Million Soldered joints
• Consumed 160 kilowatts
• 1000 times faster than Mark I
• weighed 30 tons
• Designers John Mauchly J. Presper Eckert
ENIAC
![Page 41: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
EDSAC
![Page 42: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Computer
(EDSAC)
![Page 43: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Invented ByEDSAC
Prof. M. Wilkes
![Page 44: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
EDSAC
![Page 45: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
EDSAC
• Program was fed in to Paper Tape
• Slightly Faster than ENIAC
• First Stored program electronic computer
• It was not Binary
![Page 46: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
EDVAC
![Page 47: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Electronic DiscreteVariable
Automatic Computer
(EDVAC)
![Page 48: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Invented By
EDVAC
Von Neuman
![Page 49: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
EDVAC
![Page 50: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
EDVAC
• Had memory to hold both a Stored Program & Data
• Key Element – Control Processing Unit
• All Functions ------ Coordinated through Single
source
![Page 51: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
UNIVAC
![Page 52: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
UNIVersal Automatic Computer - I
(UNIVAC I)
![Page 53: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Invented By
UNIVAC
Remington Rand
![Page 54: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
UNIVAC
![Page 55: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
UNIVAC
• First Commercially available computers
• Owned by US Census Bureau & the
General Electrics
![Page 56: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Grace Hopper• Programmed UNIVAC• Recipient of Computer
Science’s first “Man of the Year Award”
![Page 57: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
First Generation – Sum Up
• Used Vacuum tubes and Magnetic drum for storage
• Instructions only for Specific task
• Each computer had different binary coded program (Machine language)
![Page 58: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Magnetic Drum
![Page 59: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Second Generation 1965-1963
![Page 60: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
• 1956 – Computers began to incorporate Transistors
• Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors
• Replaced Machine language (Binary Codes) with Assembly
Language
• Used Components are :
Printers , Tape Storage, Memory, Operating System, and
stored Programs
• EX Computer languages: FORTRAN COBOL
• Ex Second Generation Computers
UNIVAC III, 400 and 800 Series, B 5000, CDC 1604
Second Generation
![Page 61: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
First Transistor
• Uses Silicon• developed in 1948• won a Nobel prize• on-off switch
• Second Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956
![Page 62: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Third Generation – 1964-1971
• 1964-1971
• Integrated Circuit
• Operating System
• Getting smaller, cheaper
![Page 63: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Integrated Circuits
![Page 64: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
• Third Generation Computers used Integrated
Circuits (chips).
• Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and
capacitors integrated together into a single “chip”
![Page 65: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Operating System• Software – Instructions for
Computer• Operating system is set of
instructions loaded each time a computer is started
• Program is instructions loaded when needed
![Page 66: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
The First Microprocessor – 1971
• The 4004 had 2,250 transistors• four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)• 108Khz• Called “Microchip”
![Page 67: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
4th Generation – 1971-present
• MICROCHIPS!
• Getting smaller and smaller, but we are still using microchip technology
![Page 68: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
What is a Microchip?
• Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC)– Transistors, resistors, and
capacitors• 4004 had 2,250 transistors• Pentium IV has 42 MILLION
transistors– Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6
meters)
![Page 69: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Birth of Personal Computers - 1975• 256 byte memory (not Kilobytes or
Megabytes)• 2 MHz Intel 8080 chips• Just a box with flashing lights• cost $395 kit, $495 assembled.
![Page 70: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Generations of Electronic Computers First
Generation Second Gen.
Third Gen.
Fourth Gen.
Technology Vacuum Tubes
Transistors Integrated Circuits (multiple transistors)
Microchips (millions of transistors)
Size Filled Whole Buildings
Filled half a room
Smaller Tiny - Palm Pilot is as powerful as old building sized computer
![Page 71: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Evolution of Electronics
Vacuum Tube
Transistor
Integrated Circuit
Microchip (VLSIC)
![Page 72: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
IBM PC - 1981• IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint
venture• First wide-selling personal
computer used in business• 8088 Microchip - 29,000
transistors– 4.77 Mhz processing speed
• 256 K RAM (Random Access Memory) standard
• One or two floppy disk drives
![Page 73: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Apple Computers• Founded 1977• Apple II released 1977– widely used in schools
• Macintosh (left)– released in 1984,
Motorola 68000 Microchip processor
– first commercial computer with graphical user interface (GUI) and pointing device (mouse)
![Page 74: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Computers Progress UNIVAC
(1951-1970) (1968 vers.)
Mits Altair (1975)
IBM PC (1981)
Macintosh (1984)
Pentium IV
Circuits
Integrated Circuits
2 Intel 8080 Microchip
Intel 8088 Microchip - 29,000 Transistors
Motorola 68000
Intel P-IV Microchip - 7.5 million transistors
RAM Memory
512 K 265 Bytes 256 KB 256 MB
Speed 1.3 MHz 2 KHz 4.77 MHz 3200 MHz = 3.2 GHz
Storage 100 MB Hard Drive
8” Floppy Drive
Floppy Drive
Floppy Drives
Hard Drive, Floppy, CD-Rom
Size Whole Room
Briefcase (no monitor)
Briefcase + Monitor
Two shoeboxes (integrated monitor)
Small Tower
Cost $1.6 million $750 $1595 ~$4000 $1000 - $2000
![Page 75: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
1990s: Pentiums and Power Macs
• Early 1990s began penetration of computers into every niche: every desk, most homes, etc.
• Faster, less expensive computers paved way for this
• Windows 95 was first decent GUI for “PCs”• Macs became more PC compatible - easy file
transfers• Prices have plummeted
– $2000 for entry level to $500– $6000 for top of line to $1500
![Page 76: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
21st Century Computing• Great increases in speed,
storage, and memory• Increased networking, speed in
Internet• Widespread use of CD-RW• PDAs• Cell Phone/PDA• WIRELESS!!!
![Page 77: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Evolution of Dr. U’s Computer1990 2004 Factor
Speed 16 MHz 2 GHz 125x
Storage 20 MB 120 GB 6000x
Memory 1 MB 1 GB MB 1000x
Cost $2250 $750 .33x
![Page 78: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
-ByE. INDHUMATHI MCA., M.PHILDEPT. OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
CHETTINAD VIDYA MANDIRKARUR
![Page 79: Convergence of technologies](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102319/55494a9fb4c905144d8b5a81/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)