Credit seminarCredit seminarSUBMITTED BY :-SUBMITTED BY :- SMIT R. LENDESMIT R. LENDEDept. of Dept. of

Aquaculture Aquaculture

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Aquaculture Global production of food fish from aquaculture,

reached 60 million tonnes in 2010 with estimated total value total value of US$ 119 billion (FAO, 2012).

Contribution of aquaculture to the total production of capture fisheries and aquaculture continued to grow, rising from 34.5 percent in 2006 to 36.9 percent in 2008.

More than 46 percent of the total global aquaculture production in 2008 was dependent upon the supply of external feed inputs.

• Protein is the most expensive part of fish feed.• Proteins are formed by linkages of individual amino

acids.• The 10 essential amino acids that must be supplied

by the diet are: methionine, arginine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, valine and phenylalanine..

first investigated in the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by Delong, et al, (1958).

• Protein levels (Craig,2002) 32-38% Tilapia

18-20% Marine shrimp

28-32% Catfish

38-42% Hybrid striped bass

• Major fed fish and crustacean speciesGlobal Fed freshwater fishesFed diadromous fishesFed marine fishesFed freshwater crustaceans

Total global production of fed fish and crustacean species by major FAO species grouping,1980-2008

• Estimated that the total global production of commercial aquaculture feeds was 29.2 million tonnes in 2008, including: Carp feeds - 9.1 million tonnes, or 31.3 percent total Marine shrimp feeds -5.1 million tonnes, or 17.3 percent Tilapia feeds -3.9 million tonnes, or 13.5 percent Catfish feeds -2.9 million tonnes, or 10.0 percent Marine fish feeds -2.4 million tonnes, or 8.3 percent Salmon feeds -2.0 million tonnes, or 7.0 percent Freshwater crustacean feeds -1.3 million tonnes, or 4.5 percent Trout feeds -880 000 tonnes, or 3.0 percent Milkfish feeds -568 000 tonnes, or 2.0 percent Eel feeds -403 000 tonnes, or 1.4 percent Miscellaneous freshwater fish feeds - 480 000 tonnes, or 1.6 percent

• Fish meal1. Marine shrimp – 27.2%2. Marine fish – 18.8 %3. Salmons-13.7%4. Fed carp – 7.4%5. Freshwater crustaceans -6.4%6. Trouts - 5.9%7. Catfishes – 5.5%8. Tilapia – 5.3%9. Eels -5.2%e10.Freshwater fishes - 3.9%11.Milkfish – 0.8%

• fish oil1. Marine shrimp – 12.9%2. Marine fish – 24.7 %3. Salmons-36.6%4. Fed carp – 0.0%5. Freshwater crustaceans -2.6%6. Trouts - 16.9%7. Catfishes – 0.0%8. Tilapia – 0.0%9. Eels -2.6%10.Freshwater fishes - 3.1%11.Milkfish – 0.7%

(FAO-2012)

• Source – FAO 2012

• Source- FAO 2012

Fish meal is the major protein source in aqua feeds

The total use of fishmeal by the aquaculture sector is expected to decrease in the long term.

The price of fish meal increased significantly to over US$ 1600 per metric ton in 2012 (FAO, 2012).

Urgent need to find alternative protein sources to make up for the shortage of fish meal

Alternatives for replacing fish meal

Protein sources

Animal nutrient sources

Plant nutrient sources

Microbial nutrient sources

Aquatic

Fish silage

Crustacean meals

Zooplankton meals and oils

Aquatic weeds

Terrestrial

Meat by-product meals and fats

Poultry by-product meal,

Blood meals

Earthworm mill

Oilcake and meals

soybean , corn gluten

rapeseed/canola, cottonseed

,sunflower seed, groundnut/peanut ,

mustard oil cake,lupin kernel meal broad bean

meal

Cereal products

Rice, wheat,corn,sorghum,

millets

Pulses and protein concentrate meals

Peas , lupine

Total global production of cereals by commodity,1995-2009

Top cereal producers countries by commodity,2009

Global production of major plant oilseed cropGlobal production of major plant oilseed crop

Microbial-derived feed ingredient sources for aquafeed include

Algae, Yeasts, Fungi,Bacteria and/or mixed bacterial/microbial single-cell protein sources.

Economical vibrant feed.Use of conventional protein sources for replacing fishmeal.Research need.

• Reduce country dependence upon imported feed ingredient sources• Select feed ingredients that can be sustainably

produced and grow with the sector• Minimize environmental and ecosystem

impact of feeds and feeding regimes• Give special attention to small-scale farmers

using farm -made/semi-commercial aquafeeds