Controls: climate
description
Transcript of Controls: climate
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Controls: climate
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Controls: soils, parent material
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Controls: topography
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Controls: disturbance
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<0.01% of pre-settlement prairie in Illinois remains
Self-scouring, steel-bladed plow
Controls: humans
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Controls: herbivory
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Controls: microclimate
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Controls are not constant; they have changed through time
For example:
• Continental drift• Mountain building and rain shadows• Climate change• Human alteration to land cover; greenhouse gas
emissions
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Biomes during last glacial maximum
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Trees following last glacial maximum
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Latitudinal movement of the solar equator causes seasons
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Solar equator moves seasonally
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Seasonal cycles in temperate lakes
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clockwise
counter-clockwise
upwelling
Variation in temperature generates winds.
Winds drive ocean currents, which redistribute heat and moisture.
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Upwelling currents bring cold, nutrient-rich water to the surface & lead to high productivity
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Effects of El Niño on climate
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Effects of El Niño on crop production
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Stronger El Niño events in recent decades
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Fundamental niches and climatic envelopes for hypothetical 20th- and 21st-century climates
Williams et al. 2007. PNAS.
• Shifts in distributions (1-3)
• Communitydisaggregation (1 & 3)
• New communities (2 & 3)
• Extinction (4)
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Maps of novel 21st-century climates and disappearing 20th-century climates
Assumes no dispersal limitation; w/ disperal limitation the %s approx. double
12-39%
10-48%
4-20%
4-20%
Williams et al. 2007. PNAS.
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Summary
• Ecosystems are complex, resulting from many interacting factors
• Ecosystems and their controls are not constant; they have changed through time
• Humans now have a dominant influence on Earth’s climate and ecosystems
• The present helps us interpret the past and anticipate future changes