Controlling WeedsThere are a range of techniques and products that areeffective in controlling weeds. These techniques can begrouped as either a ‘non chemical’ or ‘chemical’ treatment,as listed on the following pages.

Appropriate non-chemical techniques should be consideredas alternatives to the more traditional approach of chemicalapplication. Chemical controls can have negative impactson the surrounding environment if applied incorrectly, andcan kill non-target species.

When choosing a chemical control method, observe thefollowing to minimise the impact on the environment:

• Identify the weed correctly.

• Choose an appropriate chemical for the target species.

• Choose the chemical that minimises damage tosurrounding plants.

• Follow the directions specified on the label.

• Take appropriate precautions when using chemicalsto protect yourself and others.

• Check to see if the chemical requires an AgriculturalChemical Users Permit.

• Do not spray on windy days, in high temperatures, orif rain is forecast within 24 hours.

• Apply chemical when plants are actively growing, oras otherwise specified.

• Do not apply excessive amounts of chemicals to plants.

• Follow label instructions on dilution and applicationrates.

• Contact the Department of Primary Industries for furtherinformation.

Methods of control NON CHEMICAL METHODS

HAND PULLINGHand pulling is a low impact, environmentally friendly

method of weed control, and is very effective for controllingsmall infestations, or seedlings. It is important to ensure thatall root matter has been removed, particularly if the plant iscapable of reproducing vegetatively.

SOLARISATIONAnother environmentally friendly method, that involves

covering the area with black plastic sheeting to block light,which will heat or ‘cook’ the weeds. Edges of the plastic sheetshould be buried and left in place for at least four weeks, andlater removed.

SMOTHERING/MULCHINGThis method involves using a thick layer of mulch to

cover the weed species, limiting the light to the plants, whichreduces germination and makes it difficult for them to penetratethe surface. It can also benefit any revegetation works thatmay follow weed control by retaining moisture. Care needs tobe taken when using mulch in some situations, as it mayincrease nutrient levels, which can favour some weed species.

PASTURE IMPROVEMENTThis technique increases the competition with weed

species through good grazing management and by addressingsoil fertility.

REVEGETATIONThis method can be applied to natural areas by densely

planting locally indigenous species to increase competitionwith weed species.

MECHANICALMechanical control of weeds is useful for the removal

of large infestations of woody weeds. This is achieved throughthe use of heavy machinery, including chainsaws, but emphasismust be on minimising soil disturbance.Slashing and mowing can be useful in delaying seedproduction and providing space for more desirable species tobecome established. This method is generally only a temporarysolution but can be used until more permanent controlmethods can be undertaken. If native species are present, theslashed material should be removed to prevent smothering ofthe desirable plants. Ensure that the machinery is clean priorto and following use to prevent further spreading of weeds.

BURNINGControlled burning across a site, or by using a weed

burner can reduce seed set and kill some weed species withappropriate timing, depending upon the plant’s ecology. Firemay initially encourage some weed species’ seed to germinate,and so further burns, or other control measures may need tobe employed.

Methods of controlCHEMICAL METHODS

For further information on appropriate chemicalscontact the Department of Primary Industries, oryour local supplier. Ensure the most environmentallyfriendly option is chosen, and follow the guidelinesfor use on the label. Use caution near water bodiesto ensure water is not contaminated and aquaticlife is not harmed.

CHEMICAL SPRAYINGAn appropriate herbicide is sprayed onto the surface

of the weeds. Wherever possible a selective herbicide shouldbe used. Check herbicide type and timing eg. when plantsreproduce from bulbs.

CUT AND PAINTSuitable for woody plants. Involves cutting off the plant

close to the ground, and immediately applying herbicide tothe stem.

DRILL AND FILLAn angled drill hole, or frill made with an axe or

tomahawk is made in the trunk of a woody weed close to thebase. Herbicide is applied immediately to the exposed stem.

SCRAPE AND PAINTSuitable for large woody, and vine-like weeds. Similar

to the cut and paint method, the outside bark is removed witha knife and the inner tissue immediately painted with herbicide.

Methods of Weed DispersalE Animals (external)

I Animals, other than birds (internal)

B Birds (internal)

A Ants

H Water

W Wind

V Vegetatively

S Soil

African Box-thornLycium ferocissimum

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Dense shrub to 3m with spines on branches andsmall fleshy green leaves. Round red berries in Autumn-Winter.Poisonous.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative - root suckering, stem fragments(promoted by mechanical disturbance).Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades a wide variety of vegetation types from riparianenvironments to dry forests.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South Africa. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, S, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures: es: es: es: es:

AgapanthusAgapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Perennial fleshy green leafy clumps with large blue-purple or white flower heads to 1m tall in Summer.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative - growth of rhizomes orfragments. Cut off seed heads after flowering.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Bushland, roadsides and coastal environments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South AfricaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: E, I, S, V, W.Control Measures:

Alligator WeedAlternanthera philoxeroides

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Dark green, opposite leaves on hollow stemsforming thick floating mats. Small, white flowers on stems inSpring-Autumn. Contains moderate levels of poison.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Vegetative - creeping stems (stolons); seeds (rare).Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Highly invasive in waterways or other seasonally moistenvironments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South AmericaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: A, H, S, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures: es: es: es: es:

Angled Onion/ Three-corner GarlicAllium triquetrum

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Strap-like leaves with drooping white flowers. Growsfrom bulbs in Autumn and has a strong onion aroma.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative - bulbil.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Bushland, waterways and drainage lines.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Western MediterraneanDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Annual Veldt GrassEhrharta longiflora

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Vigorous, erect annual, 30-70cm high, leaf bladesdark green, rough, 8-15cm long. Inflorescence is loose, narrowand often one-sided. Seeds form through Spring.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Most vegetation types, including: native grasslands,woodlands, heathlands, riparian areas, roadsides.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South AfricaDispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: B, H, I, S, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Apple of SodomSolanum linnaeanum

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Shrub to 1m with spines on branches and irregularlyshaped leaves. Purple to white flowers in Winter-Spring. Globularberries, green to yellow when ripe. Fruit is poisonous to humansand stock.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Bushland, roadsides and waste areas.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South Africa; MediterraneanDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, E, I, S, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures: es: es: es: es:

Asparagus FernAsparagus scandens

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Highly invasive climbing plant with small fern-likeleaves. White to pink flowers in Spring, with orange to red berriesfollowing. Forms dense mats, smothering herbaceous plants.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetatively - tuberous roots.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Bushland, dominating the ground-layer and lowercanopy.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South AfricaDispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: B, I, S, V.Control Measures:

Banana Passion-fruitPassiflora mollissima

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Climbing plant with large, pink star-shaped flowers inJan-March. Many edible, green to yellow, oblong fruit apparent inAutumn-Winter. Roots, and unripe fruit are suspected to be toxic.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetatively - stem layering.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Bushland, particularly moist areas in sunny locations;riparian areas.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South America; AfricaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Berry-flower HeathErica baccans

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Erect woody shrub to 2m. Clustered white to pinkflowers on the ends of side branches. 3mm capsules containingmany dust-like seeds.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: High rainfall, heathlands, woodlands, forests andriparian environments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South AfricaDispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: H.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

BindweedsConvolvulus spp.

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Prostrate twining perennial herb up to 2m long.Alternate 2-5cm leaves. White to pink funnel shaped flowers 3cmin diameter. Smooth globular, pointed capsule containing 1-4 seeds.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Roadsides and disturbed environments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe. Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: B, I, S, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Black NightshadeSolanum nigrum

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Annual herb with large flat green to black leavesand small white flowers in Spring to Summer. Black berriescontaining seeds. Suspected of being poisonous.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Bushland, disturbed areas, riparian vegetation.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: EuropeDispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: H, S, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

BlackberryRubus fruticosus spp. agg.

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Widespread 'Weed of National Significance'. Formsthickets of prickly dark green foliage. Small white flowers in lateSpring to Summer. Green berries changing to red or black whenripe.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetatively - root suckers, and daughterplants.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Most vegetation types, tolerates many conditions.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: EuropeDispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: B, E, I, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures: es: es: es: es:

Bluebell CreeperSollya heterophylla

Descript ion:Descript ion:Descript ion:Descript ion:Descript ion: Evergreen climber capable of strangling orsmothering other plants. Pendent clusters of 2-5 small blueflowers. Black/blue cylindrical berry following flowers. Containstoxins responsible for causing irritation, or nausea.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed.Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Heathland, grassland, forest, riparian areas and gardens.Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin: Western Australia, Australia.Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, E, I, S, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Blue Morning-gloryIpomoea indica

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Perennial climber capable of growing to 15m. Pairedor in clusters, flowers are large trumpet-shaped violet-blue, andappear in warmer months. 4-6 seeds contained in each 10mmdiameter brown capsule. Suspected to be toxic.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Vegetative - rooting, along prostrate stems andlong-running stems (stolons), stem fragments at nodes.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Disturbed bushland margins, favours sunny positions.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Tropical regions. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, E, H, I, S.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Blue PeriwinkleVinca major

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Prostrate climber, forms dense, low mats with lilac-blue flowers. Paired follicle fruit following flowering. Highlyinvasive, and difficult to control. Poisonous to cattle, horses andsheep if eaten.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed; vegetative - stem fragments rooting atnodes.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Prefers fertile soils, invades coastal, heathy and riparianenvironments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Western/Central Mediterranean. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, I, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

BoneseedChrysanthemoides monilifera

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Erect perennial shrub to 3m high. Dull green paddleshaped leaves with bright yellow daisy flowers in Spring. Greenberries in Summer turning to hard black seeds.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed.Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Coastal environments and bushland.Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin: South AfricaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: E, H, S.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Bridal CreeperAsparagus asparagoides

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Highly invasive climber that smothers ground plants,shrubs and trees. Greenish white flowers in Spring. Green peasized berries turning to red in November. One of Australia's worstten weeds.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative - from small detached rhizomesections.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Shaded areas, most vegetation types.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South Africa. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, I.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Bulbil WatsoniaWatsonia meriana var. bulbillifera

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Erect perennial herb with pale green sword-shapedleaves that die back each year. Red-brown flowering stemdevelops Winter-Spring, with large pink to red trumpet shapedflowers.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Produces many bulbils.Vegetative - bulbus stem,corms and aerial corms; seed (rare).Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Roadsides, coastal and grassy woodlands, heathland,forests and riparian environments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South Africa. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: E, H, S.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Cape/Montpellier BroomGenista monspessulana

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Shrub to 3m with small green clover-shaped leavesand yellow flowers in clusters along stems. Flowers turning tosilky pods with 5-8 seeds. Seeds are highly poisonous.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades disturbed bushland margins and roadsides.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: MediterraneanDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, I, E, H, S, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Cape IvyDelairea odorata

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Invasive climbing plant with large fleshy greenleaves. Small yellow daisy-like flowers in clusters. Red-brown seedsin Spring.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed; vegetative - creeping stems (stolons).Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Dry to moist environments, disturbed areas.Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin: South AfricaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Cape WeedArctotheca calendula

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Annual herb to 30cm with yellow daisy-like flowersin Spring-Summer. Seeds covered in pink, tangled woollycovering. Potentially a cause of nitrate poisoning.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Bare areas, roadsides, pasture and bushland margins.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South AfricaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Cedar WattleAcacia elata

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Tree to 15m tall. Feathery wattle leaves with brightyellow flowers from December to March.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Undisturbed forests.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: New South Wales, Australia.Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, A.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

CleaversGalium aparine

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Annual climber with narrow leaves in rings of 6 to9. Small inconspicuous white flowers. Sticky seeds, and hairystems.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Bushland, roadsides and riparian vegetation.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; Central AsiaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: A, E, H, S, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Cape WattleParaserianthes lophantha ssp. lophantha

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Evergreen shrub to tree. Feathery leaves withbottlebrush-like yellow flower heads. Red-brown pods in Summer.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Disturbed bushland margins initially, moving intoundisturbed woodlands, coastal vegetation, forests and riparianenvironments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Western Australia, Australia. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, H, A.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Coast Tea-treeLeptospermum laevigatum

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Indigenous to coastal regions, but has become aweed elsewhere. Shrub to tree with small grey-green leaves andwhite flowers. Cup shaped woody fruit capsule.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed.Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Heathland, forests and roadsides.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Victoria, AustraliaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: E, H, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Coast/Sallow WattleAcacia longifolia ssp. longifolia

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Large bush or tree to 8m. Parallel veins on leaves.Flowers in dense, cylindrical, bright yellow spikes. Fruit containedwithin cylindrical pod, sometimes constricted between the seeds.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed (disturbance can stimulate mass seedgermination).Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Heathland, woodlands and forests.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Unknown prior to European settlementDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, V, W, A.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Common Dipogon/ Dolichus PeaDipogon lignosus

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Twining perennial climber growing to 3m, withpink-purple or white flowers. Leaves are divided into 3 leaflets,and 2-4cm pods contain 3 to 6 black seeds ripening in Spring-Summer.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Dry environments and coastal vegetation.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South AfricaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, S, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Common PurslanePortulaca oleracea

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Succulent prostrate annual. Shiny leaves and yellowflowers. Suspected of causing poisoning.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Cleared and disturbed areas.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: UnknownDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: A, H, S, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Common VetchVicia sativa

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Climbing annual with leaves ending in tendrils.Small paired leaf occurring opposite along branchlets. Pink-darkred pea-like flowers. Seeds forming in small pods.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Disturbed areas, roadsides, bushland.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: North America. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: E, H, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Cootamundra WattleAcacia baileyana

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Small evergreen tree to 10m tall with distinct greyfoliage. Profuse golden ball-shaped flowers in Winter, with seedscontained within pods.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Woodlands and forests.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: New South Wales, Australia. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: A, B.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Common VioletViola odorata

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Kidney-shaped leaves with small, fragrant, purpleflowers.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Vegetative - rhizomes.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Moist areas.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; North Africa; Middle EastDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

CotoneastersCotoneaster spp.

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Evergreen shrub or small tree. Oval leaves and smallwhite flowers in Spring. Potentially poisonous, large, orange-red berries.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Bushland, and riparian areas. Tolerates most conditions.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: ChinaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, H, I, S.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

CouchCynodon dactylon

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Rhizomatous perennial grass. Light green leavesoften partly rolled. Windmill-like inflorescence.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative - rhizomes, creeping stems(stolons).Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Native vegetation communities, along disturbed edges.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: UnknownDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: E, H, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Creeping ButtercupRanunculus repens

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Rhizomatous perennial creeper. Large leaves dividedinto 3 with yellow buttercup flowers. Poisonous to stock.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Vegetative - creeping stems (stolons).Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Moist areas and riparian environments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; AsiaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: E, H, S.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Desert AshFraxinus angustifolia

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Deciduous tree to 20m. Glossy green leaves.Winged seeds.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative - root suckers.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Riparian and other moist environments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Mediterranean; Southern/Western AsiaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: A, H, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

DocksRumex spp.

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Large rosette with oblong leaves crinkled on edges.Green or red seed stems to 1.5m.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Vegetative - underground root system.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Moist areas, open pasture, roadsides.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; Asia. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, S, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Drain Flat-sedgeCyperus eragrostis

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Erect perennial herb to 80cm. Green to yellow,smooth slender leaves. Clustered yellow to brown flowers. Tinybrown, 3 angled pod.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative - rhizomes.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Moist environments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: North/South America. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: E, I.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Early Black-wattleAcacia decurrens

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Small tree to 12m. Feathery green wattle leaveswith round bright yellow flower heads (July-September). Seedheld in long narrow pods. Not to be confused with late Black-wattle or Silver Wattle.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed.Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Bushland.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: New South Wales, Australia.Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, H, S, V, W, A.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Elegant Poison-berryCestrum elegans

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Tree to 2 to 3m, with clusters of red trumpet-likeflowers over Winter-Spring. All parts of this plant are poisonous.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed; vegetative - stem layering.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Cool moist forests and riparian vegetation.Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin: MexicoDispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: B, E, I, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

English BroomCytisus scoparius

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: A large shrub to 4m. Small inconspicuous leavesspaced on long dark green branches. Large yellow pea shapedflowers in October to November. Flat oblong seed pods 4-6cmwith hairs along margins turning black over Summer-Autumn.Flowers and seeds are toxic. Foliage can also cause problems inhorses digestive systems.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Disturbed bushland and roadside margins, and in coolerhigh rainfall environments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; Mediterranean. Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: A, E, H, S, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

English HollyIlex aquifolium

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Evergreen shrub. Shiny leaves with spines andwhite/pink flowers in clusters of 3. Plump berries ripen fromgreen to red in Autumn. Leaves are toxic, and its berries arepoisonous.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed; vegetative - stem-layering.Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Cool, moist environments, as well as woodlands andforests.Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin: Western/Southern Europe. Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: B, E, H, I, S, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

English IvyHedera helix

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Perennial, evergreen climber. Large green sword-shaped leaves, shiny on the upper surface. Green-yellow flowersin Autumn. Black fruit following flowers.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed; vegetative - spreading stems (stolons),rooting nodes and from stem sections.Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Seasonally moist, shaded, or sunny vegetation, andriparian areas.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; North Africa; Asia. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, I, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Fat HenChenopodium album

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Erect annual to 1.5m. Leaves with coarsely toothedmargins with tiny flowers. Shiny black seeds. Causes rareoccurrences of death in livestock. May taint milk from dairy cows.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed.Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Bushland, cleared areas, roadsides, riparian vegetation.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; Asia. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, S, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

FennelFoeniculum vulgare

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Erect perennial herb to 2.5m, smells of aniseed.Small clusters of yellow flowers in late Spring-Summer. 3-6mmyellow-brown seeds.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Disturbed and degraded vegetation, along waterways,drainage lines and seasonally moist environments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Southern Europe; Western Asia. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Flax-leaf BroomGenista linifolia

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Shrub to 3m with grey-green slender leaves. Yellowflowers in clusters along stems in Aug-Nov. Flattened, hairy seedpods containing 2-3 seeds. Seeds are highly poisonous.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed.Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Disturbed bushland margins, roadsides and cooler highrainfall environments.Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin: MediterraneanDispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: H, I, S, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Flaxleaf FleabaneConyza bonariensis

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Annual or perennial herb. Erect in stature, andusually less than 1m in height. Flowers in Spring-Autumn, withwhite hairs evident.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Bushland, roadsides, riparian vegetation, disturbed sites.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: North/South America. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, H, I.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

FreesiaFreesia spp. hybrid

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Perennial herb to 40cm. 3-7 trumpet-shaped white-cream flowers with yellow and purple shading are sweetlyscented. Long wrinkled green fruit containing brown seeds.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative - corms, and bulbil.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Woodlands, roadsides and riparian areas.Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin: South Africa. Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: H, I, S, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

GorseUlex europaeus

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Dense spiny shrub to 4m tall. Yellow pea-like flowersat branch tips throughout the year. Dark brown hairy seed podscontaining up to 6 seeds.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed.Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Disturbed environments, riparian areas and agriculturalland.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Western Europe. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, H, I, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

HawthornCrataegus monogyna

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Deciduous large shrub to tree. Scented whiteflowers in clusters October to December along spiny branches.Red berries with yellow flesh and one stone ripening in Summer.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Common along creeks, rivers and roadsides.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; Western AsiaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, S, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

HemlockConium maculatum

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Perennial herb to 3m. White or pink flowers in anumbrella arrangement, between August-December. Many smallseeds produced after flowering. All plant parts are poisonous tohumans and animals.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Roadsides, stream-sides and waste areas.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; Western Asia; North AfricaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, I, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Himalayan HoneysuckleLeycesteria formosa

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Deciduous shrub with many hollow stems to 3-5mtall. Drooping flower spikes near branch tips with purple to whitefunnel-shaped flowers. Dark crimson berries ripe in Summer-Autumn. Fruit may be poisonous.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed; vegetative - stem layering.Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Sheltered locations in gullies, stream sides and protectedhillsides.Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin: Himalayas; China. Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: H, S, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Japanese HoneysuckleLonicera japonica

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Climbing plant able to form large mats across theground, can grow to 10m tall. Scented yellow/white flowers inpairs near branch tips. Shiny black berry 6-10mm long, which isvery poisonous. Leaves may be toxic.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed; vegetatively - creeping stems (stolons), andstems rooting at nodes.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Forests, woodlands, heathlands and riparian environments.Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin: Japan; China. Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: H, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

KikuyuPennisetum clandestinum

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Matted perennial grass with creeping stems orstolons. Concealed flowers.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Vegetative - from small pieces.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Bushland, grassland, grassy woodlands, roadsides andriparian environments.Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin: Tropical Eastern Africa. Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: V (also by seed).ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Madeira VineAnredera cordifolia

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Climbing plant, can cover trees up to 30m tall.Flowers drooping in long clusters are pale cream and blackening.Suspected of containing poison.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Vegetative - rhizome, stem tubers, stem fragmentsand leaves; seed (rarely).Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Native ecosystems, riparian environments and moistwoodlands.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Tropical South America. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, S, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Large Quaking-grassBriza maxima

Description:Description:Description:Description:Description: Annual grass with flat 20cm long leaves, droopingwith age. Flowers, green changing to straw colour when mature,drooping on a very fine stalk. Light brown seeds.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Degraded environments, grasslands, grassy woodlands,and roadsides.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Mediterranean. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Large-leaf PrivetLigustrum lucidum

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Evergreen shrub or small tree to 10m. Large shinydark green leaves and white fragrant flowers in cone shapedclusters in Spring/Summer. Oval berries ripening from green tored/black in Winter. Leaves and fruit are poisonous.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Grassland, forests, woodlands and riparian vegetation.Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin: China. Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: H, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Madeira Winter-cherrySolanum pseudocapsicum

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Erect shrub to 2m. Small white flowers in Spring-Autumn. Highly poisonous, small orange-red fruits.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Bushland and riparian vegetation.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South America. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, H, I.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Mirror BushCoprosma repens

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Erect perennial shrub to 8m tall. Oval, fleshy leaveswith a glossy surface. Small green flowers in clusters September-December. Fleshy green berries ripening to orange-red in lateSummer-Autumn.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Seed.Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Grown in coastal areas, invading coastal bushlandenvironments.Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin: New Zealand. Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: E, H, I, S.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

MontbretiaCrocosmia x crocosmiiflora

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Long sword like, evergreen leaves with mid-veinpresent. Bright orange trumpet-shaped flowers occur at the tipof stem from December-April. 3-lobed capsule, usually shrivelled.ReprReprReprReprReproduction:oduction:oduction:oduction:oduction: Vegetatively - rhizomes, and corms; seed(generally not viable).Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades:Invades: Moist, fertile environments.Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin:Origin: South Africa. Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal:Dispersal: E, H, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Myrtle-leaf MilkwortPolygala myrtifolia var. myrtifolia

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Erect to spreading shrub, 2.5m tall, with pre-dominantly deep pink or purple, pea-shaped flowers in clusterson branch tips. Oval-shaped leaves, and fruit a circular-shapedcapsule.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Dry coastal vegetation, riparian vegetation, heathland,grassland, woodland, forest.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Cape region, South Africa. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, H, S.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

NasturtiumTropaeolum majus

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Sprawling succulent annual herb with circularleaves. Bright yellow to deep orange flowers.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetatively - suckers, stems rooting atnodes, and small fragments.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Bushland and riparian vegetation.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Colombia to Bolivia. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, I.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Onion GrassRomulea rosea var. australis

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Perennial herb, to 35cm, with a few narrow grass-like leaves. Large pink or pale purple flowers August-November.Fruit, is in the form of a cylindrical capsule. A strong onion smellis evident. Potentially dangerous to stock.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative - corms.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Dry coastal vegetation, grassland, woodland, bushland,freshwater wetlands (seasonal), disturbed areas, open spaces,and pasture.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South Africa. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Pampas GrassCortaderia selloana

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Large tussock grass with flower stems to 3m. Longnarrow leaves with white, feathery flower heads, each plumecapable of producing 100,000 tiny seeds. Leaves are sharp, andmay be an irritant.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative - rhizomes.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Open areas, riparian vegetation and roadsides.hand pulling, chemical spraying, mechanical.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South America. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, H, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Panic Veldt-grassEhrharta erecta

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Perennial green grass to 60cm tall. Flat leaf blade.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seeds profusely all year round.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Grassy woodlands, forests, heathlands, riparian areasand roadsides.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South Africa. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: E, H, I, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Paterson's CurseEchium plantagineum

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Biennial herb, beginning as a green rosette,becoming erect with clusters of purple flowers in Spring.Poisonous to livestock.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Prolific seeder. Seed may remain dormant in soilfor over 5 years.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Agricultural areas, edges of bushland and grasslands.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Western Europe; MediterraneanDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, H.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

PlantainsPlantago spp.

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Herb to 40cm with taproot. Flowering in September-April.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative - creeping stems (stolons).Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Most environments including bushland, grassland, openforests and wetlands.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; North Africa; Asia. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, I, S.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

PrunusPrunus spp.

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Deciduous tree with paddle shaped leaves. Whiteflowers with 5 oval petals. Spherical red or yellow fruit, 15-25mmin diameter. Soft edible flesh.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Grasslands, forests, riparian and coastal vegetation.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; Southern/Western Asia. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, H, I.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Radiata PinePinus radiata

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Tree growing 25-50m tall. Needle-like leaves. Twowinged woody seeds contained in large cones. Often grown inplantations for softwood timber.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Native forests flanking softwood plantations, heathland,woodland, forests and riparian vegetation.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: California/ Northern Hemisphere. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Rat-tail GrassSporobolus africanus

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Perennial grass to 70cm. Flowers November-June.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Degraded environments, grassland and grassywoodland.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South AfricaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: E, H, S, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Red-ink WeedPhytolacca octandra

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Perennial herb or soft-wooded shrub to 2m. Stemsred in colour, flowers November-May. Rank smelling. Shiningblack berries when ripe. Poisonous.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Heathland and bushland.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Tropical America. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

RagwortSenecio jacobaea

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Erect biennial or perennial herb to 1.5m. Yellowflowers in clusters December-March. Up to 200,000 seedsproduced by each plant. Poisonous to stock.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Disturbed areas, agricultural land.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: EuropeDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, H, S, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

SoursobOxalis pes-caprae

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Leaves green, divided into 3 heart-shaped leaflets.Bright yellow, trumpet like flowers mid-Winter to Spring. Prolongedconsumption will result in kidney damage, and then death.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Vegetative - bulbs produced along rhizomes, oron tubers; seed (rare).Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Disturbed environments, woodlands, grasslands, heath-lands, forests and riparian environments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South Africa. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: E, H, S, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

St John's WortHypericum perforatum

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Perennial herb to 1.2m. Numerous rust colouredbranches with yellow flowers in Spring to Summer. Seeds black,1mm long, falling from capsules in Autumn. Toxic to stock if eaten.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative - rhizomes.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Agricultural land, roadsides forests and grassland.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: EuropeDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: E, H, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Sweet BriarRosa rubiginosa

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Large deciduous shrub with prickly stems and leaves.Aromatic pink-white flowers in Spring to Summer. Oval red-orangefruits, 2cm long, in Summer/Autumn.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Grassland, woodland, forests, pastures and riparianareas.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; Western Asia; Northern IndiaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, S, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Spanish HeathErica lusitanica

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Erect woody shrub to 2m. Clustered, small, whiteto pink bell-shaped flowers, on the ends of side branches. 3mmcapsules contain 80-100 dust-like seeds each.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetatively - stem layering or suckering roots.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: High rainfall, heathlands, woodlands, forests andriparian environments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Southern/Western Europe. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, H, I, S, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Spear ThistleCirsium vulgare

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Annual or biennial herb to 1.5m. Divided leaveswith spiny lobes. Purple flowers in Summer.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Agricultural land and roadsides.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; Asia; North AfricaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, E, S, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Sycamore MapleAcer pseudoplatanus

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Large deciduous tree to 30m. 5 lobed, dark greenleaves on red stalks. Small yellow-green clustered flowers inSpring. Reddish coloured, winged seeds in boomerang-like pairs.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Damp and wet forests, and riparian vegetation.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Southern/Central Europe; Western AsiaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: S (encouraged by fire).ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Toowoomba Canary-grassPhalaris aquatica

Descr ipt ion: Descr ipt ion: Descr ipt ion: Descr ipt ion: Descr ipt ion: Perennial grass to 1.6m. Dense cylindricalinflorescence. 2-3mm long brown and numerous seeds. Can betoxic to livestock.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative - rhizomes.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Native grassland, woodlands, forests, roadsides,wetlands and riverine environments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Mediterranean. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, E, H, S.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Sweet PittosporumPittosporum undulatum

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Dense tree to 14m. Shiny leaves with wavy margins.White sweet-scented flowers in Spring. Orange berries in Autumncontaining sticky seeds.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Dry coastal vegetation, heathlands, forests and riparianareas.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: AustraliaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Sweet Vernal-grassAnthoxanthum odoratum

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Perennial tufted grass to 20cm tall. Dense spike-like flower head to 80cm tall. Can be toxic if large amounts areingested.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative (infrequent) - rhizomes.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Coastal and riparian vegetation, wetlands, heathlands,grasslands, woodlands and moist forests.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Eurasia. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: E, H, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Variegated ThistleSilybum marianum

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Annual or biennial herb. Grows to 2.5m, leavesvariegated and hairy. Large purple flowers in Spring-Summer.Flower heads produce many seeds. Can cause death of livestock.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Coastal and riparian vegetation, wetlands, grassland,woodland and forests.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Mediterranean; Asia. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Wall FumitoryFumaria muralis

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Rambling herb with much divided, alternate parsley-like leaves. Small tubular elongated pink flowers in Spring.Singular seeds contained in small drupes (fleshy fruit).ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Bushland, disturbed environments, and roadsides.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: EuropeDispersal Dispersal Dispersal Dispersal Dispersal H, S, V.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Townsend's Cord-grass/Common Cord-grass

Spartina x townsendii/anglicaDescription: Description: Description: Description: Description: Perennial grass that invades inter-tidal zones. Stiffupright flowering stems consisting of 2 (-3 for Spartina Xtownsendii) to12 spikes.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetative - rhizomes.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Coastal vegetation, mudflats and mangroves.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Southern England; France; Denmark/EuropeDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: E, H, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Tree LucerneChamaecytisus palmensis

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Large shrub to small tree with drooping branches.Cream-white flowers June-October. Utilised as a fodder plant,though seeds are poisonous.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Disturbed environments, roadsides, planted inagricultural land.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Canary Islands. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, H, S.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Wild Tobacco TreeSolanum mauritianum

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Erect shrub to 4m. Large leaves grey-green on theunderside. Purple flowers Autumn-Spring. Pale yellow roundberries. All sections of the plant are likely to be poisonous.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Coastal vegetation, grassland, woodland, moistenvironments and roadsides.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Argentina. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: A, H, S, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

WillowsSalix spp.

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Deciduous tree to 30m with single or multipletrunks.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Vegetative - stem fragments; seed (restricted tocertain species).Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Waterways and other moist environments.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Northern Hemisphere. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: A, B.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Wandering CreeperTradescantia fluminensis

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Evergreen creeper that forms dense mats to 60cmdeep. Shiny dark green leaves and small white flowers in Spring-Summer. 3-chambered fruit with 6 seeds. Very toxic to cattle,causing rapid death if eaten, and promotes allergenic reactionsin dogs.ReprReprReprReprReproduction oduction oduction oduction oduction Vegetative - creeping stems (stolons).Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Riparian environment, moist woodlands and forests.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South America. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: A, B, H, S, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

White Arum-lilyZantedeschia aethiopica

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Fleshy green leaves with large white flowers formuch of the year. Yellow seed head from July to November.Extremely poisonous if eaten.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed; vegetatively - rhizomes.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Moist environments including coastal and riparianvegetation.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: South AfricaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: A, B.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Wood Forget-me-notMyosotis sylvatica

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Perennial herb to 50cm tall. Leaves are narrow paddle-shaped and occur in a rosette. Flowers are bright blue, and evidentfrom September to March. Seed capsules are about 2mm long.ReprReprReprReprReproduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: oduction: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Moist environments including coastal and riparianvegetation.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; Northern Asia. Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: H, V, W.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es:

Yorkshire FogHolcus lanatus

Description: Description: Description: Description: Description: Perennial grass,erect to 1m. Flower head isinitially narrow, becoming openas seed matures. Blade-l ikeleaves are grey with reddishstripes on the stem. Seeds wind-poll inate and germinate inAutumn-Winter.Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Seed.Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Invades: Disturbed environments.Favours damp environmentsincluding riparian vegetation.Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Origin: Europe; temperate Asia;North/West AfricaDispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: Dispersal: B, E, H, I, W, S.ContrContrContrContrControl Measurol Measurol Measurol Measurol Measures:es:es:es:es: