Controlling Microbial Growth in Vitro
Transcript of Controlling Microbial Growth in Vitro
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Controlling Microbial Growth
In Vitro
Chapter 8
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Factors that Affects Bacterial Growth
• Availability of nutrients
• Moisture
• Temperature
• pH
• Osmotic pressure and salinity
• Barometric pressure
• Gaseous atmosphere
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Availability of Nutrients
• All living organisms require nutrients to sustain life.
• To survive, appropriate nutrients must be available.
• Catabolism and anabolism
• Essential nutrients, elements and trace elements
• About 25 of the 92 naturally occurring elements are essential to life.
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Moisture
• Water is essential to life.
• Cells consist of 70-95% water.
• Water is required to carry out normal metabolic processes.
• Endospores and cysts can survive complete drying process (desiccation).
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Temperature
• Optimum growth temperature
• Minimum growth temperature
• Maximum growth temperature
• Thermophiles
• Mesophiles
• Psychrophiles– Psychrotrophs- refrigerator temperature– Psychroduric organism- can endure
freezing temperature
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pH
• Acidity or alkalinity• Most microorganism prefer a neutral or
slightly alkaline medium (pH 7-7.4)• Most bacteria grow between pH 6.5 and 7.5• Molds and yeasts grow between pH 5 and 6• Acidophiles• Alkaliphiles• Vibrio cholerae is the only human pathogen
that grows well above pH 8.
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Osmotic Pressure and Salinity• Osmotic pressure- pressure that is exerted on a
cell membrane by solutions both inside and outside the cell.
• Osmosis• Hypertonic• Crenation • Plasmolysis • Desiccation• Hypotonic• Hemolysis• Plasmoptysis• Isotonic• Halophilic and haloduric organisms
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Plasmolysis
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Barometric Pressure
• Most bacteria are not affected by minor changes in barometric pressure.
• Some thrive at normal atmospheric pressure (about 14.7 psi).
• Barophiles- thrive deep in the ocean and in oil wells, where the atmospheric pressure is high.
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Gaseous Atmosphere
• Oxygen (O2)
Obligate aerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Obligate anaerobes
Aerotolerant anaerobes Microaerophiles
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Encouraging the Growth of Microorganism In Vitro
• Gather information in the identification of any pathogens present.
• Learn more about microorganisms.
• Harvest antibiotics and other microbial products.
• Test new antimicrobial agents and produce vaccines.
• Viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa, with emphasis on bacteria.
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Culturing Bacteria in the Laboratory
• petri dishes
• test tubes
• bunsen burners/alcohol lamps
• wire inoculating loops
• bottles of staining reagents
• incubators
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Bacterial Growth
Microbial growth = increase in number of cells, not cell size
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Generation Time
• The time it takes for one cell to become two cells by binary fission.– Rapid growers (short GT)– Slow growers (long GT)
• E. coli, V. cholerae, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus- 20 mins.
• Pseudomonas and Clostridium- 10 mins.• M. tuberculosis- 18 to 24 hours
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Culturing Bacteria
• Fastidious- with complex nutritional requirements
• Using culture media
• Obligate intracellular parasites- do not grow in culture media
• Treponema pallidum and Mycobacterium leprae
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Culture Media
• Artificial media or synthetic media- they are prepared in the laboratory
• Culture medium- nutrients prepared for microbial growth
• Inoculation- introduction of microbes into medium
• Culture- microbes growing in/on culture medium
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Classification of Culture Media Based on Whether the Exact Contents are Known
• Chemically defined media- exact chemical composition is known
• Complex media- exact contents are not known, from extracts and digests of yeasts, meat, or plants
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Liquid and Solid Media
• Liquid media- or broths are contained in tubes, referred to as tubed media.
• Solid media- prepared by adding agar to liquid media and then poured into test tubes or petri dishes, where the media solidifies.– Agar plate– Agar slant– Agar butt/deep
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Enriched Medium
• Broth or solid medium containing rich supply of special nutrients that promotes the growth of fastidious organisms.
• Prepared by adding extra nutrients to a medium called nutrient agar.
• Blood agar and chocolate agar
• N. gonorrhoeae and H. influenzae
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Selective Medium
• Has added inhibitors that discourage the growth of certain organisms without inhibiting growth of the organism being sought.
• MacConkey agar- inhibit growth of Gram (+) bacteria and is selective for Gram (-) bacteria.
• Phenylethyl alcohol agar (PEA) and colistin-nalidixic acid agar (CNA)- inhibit growth of Gram (-) bacteria.
• Thayer-Martin agar and Martin-Lewis agar- selective for N. gonorrhoeae.
• Mannitol salt agar (MSA)- only for salt-tolerant (haloduric) bacteria
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Differential Medium
• Permits the differentiation of organisms that grow on the medium.
• MacConkey agar- used to differentiate various Gram (-) bacilli that are isolated from fecal spcimens.– Gram (-) bacteria are able to ferment lactose
produces pink colonies, those are unable to ferment lactose produce colorless colonies.
– Differentiates between LF and NLF Gram (-) bacteria.
• Mannitol salt agar- used to screen for S. aureus, pink to yellow.
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Remember…
• Various categories of media are not mutually exclusive.
• Ex: blood agar is enriched and differential• MacConkey agar and MSA are selective and
differential• PEA and CNA are enriched and selective• Thayer-Martin and Martin-Lewis are highly
enriched and highly selective• Thioglycollate broth (THIO) is a liquid
medium that supports the growth of all categories of bacteria.
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In the history…
• Robert Koch- described his culture techniques in 1881.
• Fanny/Frau Hesse- suggested the use of agar.
• Richard Julius Petri- invented the glass Petri dishes.
• Joseph Lister- the first person to obtain a pre culture of bacterium (Streptococcus lactis) in a liquid medium.
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Inoculation of Culture Media
• Inoculation- adding a portion of the specimen to the medium.
• Inoculaton of a solid or plated medium involves the use of sterile inoculating loop to apply a portion of the specimen to the surface of the medium; a process commonly referred to as “streaking”.
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Streaking the Agar Plate
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Importance of Using “Sterile Technique”
• Necessary to exclude all microorganisms from a particular area, so that area will be sterile.
• Media should remain sterile before inoculation.
• Contaminants- unwanted microorganisms• Contaminated- if the sample contains
contaminants
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Incubation
• After media are inoculated, they must be incubated, and placed in a chamber (incubator).
• To culture most human pathogens, the incubator is set at 35 – 37 o C
• Carbon dioxide incubator – 5 to 10%, is used to isolate capnophiles
• Non-carbon dioxide incubator – 20 to 21 % of Oxygen
• Anaerobic incubator
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Bacterial Population Counts
• Determine the total number of bacterial cells in the liquid
• Determine the number of viable cells
• Spectrophotometer
• Viable plate count– Is used to determine the number of viable
bacteria in a liquid sample such as milk, water, ground food diluted in water, or broth culture.
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Spectrophotometer
• Turbidity
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Viable Plate Count
• Number of colonies must be multiplied by the dilution factors.
• If 220 colonies were counted on the agar plate that had been diluted with a 1.0-ml sample of a 1:10,000 dilution, there were:
• 220 X 10,000= 2,200,000 bacteria/ml
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Viable Plate Count
• Plate Counts: Perform serial dilutions of a sample
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Viable Plate Count
• Inoculate Petri plates from serial dilutions
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Viable Plate Count
• After incubation, count colonies on plates that have 25-250 colonies.
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Bacterial Population Growth Curve
• Determined by growing a pure culture of the organism in a liquid medium at a constant temperature.
• Data are plotted on a graphic paper, plotting the logarithm (log10) of the number of viable bacteria (y-axis) against the incubation time (x-axis).
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Bacteria Population Growth Curve
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Phases of the Growth Curve
• Lag phase- during which the bacteria absorb nutrients, synthesize enzymes, and prepare for cell division, the bacteria do not increase in number.
• Log phase- exponential growth phase; bacteria multiply so rapidly that the number of organisms double with each generation time.
• Stationary phase- the number of bacteria that are dividing equals the number that are dying; greatest population density.
• Death/decline phase- culture may die completely
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Bacteria Population Growth Curve
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Culturing Obligate Intracellular Pathogens in the Laboratory
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Culturing Fungi in the Laboratory
• Brain Heart Infusion Agar
• Sabouraud Dextrose Agar- pH 6.5 selective for fungi
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Culturing Protozoa in the Laboratory
• Acanthamoeba spp.• Entamoeba hisolytica• Balamuthia spp.• Giardia lamblia• Leishmania spp.• Trypanosoma cruzi• Toxoplasma gondii• Trichomonas vaginalis• Naegleria fowleri
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Inhibiting the Growth of Microorganism In Vitro
• Sterilization– Dry heat
– Autoclaving (steam under pressure)
– Gas (ex. ethylene glycol)
– Various chemicals (formaldehyde)
– Radiation (UV, gamma rays)
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Disinfection, Pasteurization, Disinfectants, and Sanitization
• Disinfection- removal of pathogens from nonliving objects by physical or chemical methods. Ex. Pasteurization
• Disinfectants- are strong chemical substances that cannot be used on living tissue.
• Antisepsis- removal of pathogens from living tissue
• Sanitization- lower microbial counts on eating utensils
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Microbial Agents
• Biocidal agents/ Germicidal agents/ Microbicidal agents- are disinfectants that kill microbes
• Bactericidal agents- disinfectants that specifically kill bacteria but not necessarily bacterial endospores.
• Sporicidal agents- to kill bacterial endospores• Fungicidal agents- to kill fungi, including fungal
spores• Algicidal agents- to kill algae in swimming pools and
hot tubs.• Viricidal agents- destroy viruses• Pseudomonicidal agents- Pseudomonas species• Tuberculocidal agents- kill M. tuberculosis
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Microbistatic Agents
• Microbistatic agent- is drug or chemical that inhibits growth and reproduction of microorganism
• Bacteriostatic agents- is one that specifically inhibits the metabolism and reproduction of bacteria.
• Lyophilization- is a process that combines dehydration and freezing.– To preserve foods, antibiotics, anti-sera,
microorganisms
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Sepsis, Asepsis, Aseptic Technique, Antisepsis, and Antiseptic Technique
• Sepsis- refers to microbial contamination or presence of pathogens in blood or tissues
• Asepsis- is the absence of significant contamination.
• Aseptic techniques- prevent microbial contamination of wounds.– Hand washing, use of sterile gloves, masks, and
gowns.– Antisepsis : prevention of infection– Antiseptic Technique- developed by Joseph
Lister, refers to use of antiseptics
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• Alternation of membrane permeability
• Damage to proteins
• Damage to nucleic acids
Actions of Microbial Control Agents
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• Heat– Temperature and time– Thermal death point (TDP)- lowest temperature at
which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 min.– Thermal death time (TDT)- time to kill all cells in a
culture– Decimal reduction time (DRT)- Minutes to kill 90%
of a population at a given temperature– Dry Heat- Oven, 160 to 165 C for 2 hours or 170 to
180 C for 1 hour.– Incineration- or burning of contaminated
disposable materials
Using Physical Methods to Inhibit Microbial Growth
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• Moist heat- denatures proteins
• Autoclave: – Large pressure
cooker– Steam under
pressure– 15 psi, 121.5C,
20 minutes
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• Cold
• Low temperature inhibits microbial growth– Refrigeration– Slow freezing– Rapid freezing (liquid N)– Lyophilization (freeze drying)
• Desiccation– prevents metabolism
Using Physical Methods
to Inhibit Microbial Growth
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• Radiation- damages DNA– Ionizing radiation (X rays, gamma rays,
electron beams) – Non-ionizing radiation (UV) – Ultrasonic waves– Microwaves kill by heat; not especially
antimicrobial
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• Filtration
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• Gaseous Atmosphere– altering the atmosphere in which the
microorganisms are located– Ex. Gas gangerene
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• Chemical disinfection refers to the use of chemical agents to inhibit the growth of pathogens, either temporary or permanent.
Using Chemical Agents to Inhibit Microbial Growth
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Factors to Consider Whenever a Disinfectant is Used
• prior cleaning
• organic load
• bioburden
• contration of disinfectant
• contact time
• physical nature of the object
• temperature and pH
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Characteristics of an Ideal Microbial Agent
• broad anti-microbial spectrum• fast acting (short contact time)• not affected by the presence of organic matter• non-toxic and non-corrosive• leave a residual microbial film• soluble in water and easy to apply• inexpensive and easy to prepare• stable, can be stored for long periods• odorless
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How do disinfectant kill microorganisms?
• target and destroy cell membranes (triclosan, detergents, alcohols, chlorhexidine and phenolic compounds)
• destroy enzyme and structural enzymes (hydrogen peroxides, formaldehyde, salt of heavy metals, formaldehyde and ethylene oxide)
• attack cell wall or nucleic acids
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• Evaluating a disinfectant– Use-dilution test
1. Metal rings dipped in test bacteria are dried
2. Dried cultures placed in disinfectant for 10 min at 20°C
3. Rings transferred to culture media to determine whether
bacteria survived treatment
Using Chemical Agents to Inhibit Microbial Growth
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Using Chemical Agents to
Inhibit Microbial Growth • Evaluating a disinfectant
• Disk-diffusion method
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Chemical Food Preservatives
• Chemical Food Preservatives– Organic Acids
• Inhibit metabolism• Sorbic acid, benzoic acid, calcium propionate• Control molds and bacteria in foods and
cosmetics
• Nitrite prevents endospore germination
• Antibiotics- nisin and natamycin prevent spoilage of cheese
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Microbial Characteristics and Microbial Control
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FINISHED…
Quiz Next Meeting!