CONTRIBUTION OF SHARANGADHARA TO PANCHAKARMA

www.wjpps.com Vol 9, Issue 10, 2020.

616

Alvaryne et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

CONTRIBUTION OF SHARANGADHARA TO PANCHAKARMA

Alvaryne W. K.1*, Veena G. Rao

2 and Jayaraj R.

3

1P.G. Scholar, Department of Panchakarma JSS Ayurveda Medical College, Mysuru,

Karnataka.

2Professor and HOD, Department of Panchakarma JSS Ayurveda Medical College, Mysuru,

Karnataka.

3Professor, Department of Koumarabrithya JSS Ayurveda Medical College, Mysuru, Karnataka.

ABSTRACT

Sharangadhara Samhita, a popular treatise on Ayurveda was written by

Acharya Sharangadhara, the son of Sri Damodara and grandson of

Raghavadev. It has been categorized under Laghu Trayee or the lesser

triad of Ayurvedic literature, the other two being Madhava Nidana of

Madhavakara and Bhava Prakasha of Bhavamishra. Sharangadhara

Samhita was one of the products which originated from the concept of

simplification of Ayurvedic treatises. Brhat Trayees, the first line triad

– Charaka Samhita, Susrutha Samhita and Astanga Hridaya are

considered as the main source of Ayurvedic knowledge. Though these

treatises are universally accepted, their works were very voluminous

and hence difficult for the general practitioners of Ayurveda to understand and follow. Hence

the authors and scholars of Ayurveda belonging to a later period felt that the important

aspects and basics need to be extracted from these voluminous texts and simplified. They felt

the need of writing down the short treatises which could help in Ayurvedic practice, therefore

Laghu Trayees originated. Sharangadhara also adopted the same principle and wrote his work

on medicine which later got popular as ‘Sharangadhara Samhita’. This treatise has not only

described about Nadi pariksha or different Kalpanas but has also allotted to Panchakarma,

the detoxification therapy of Ayurveda. Keeping this in view the present study has been taken

up to emphasize the practical orientation of Sharangadhara’s contribution towards

Panchakarma.

KEYWORDS: Sharangadhara, Laghu Trayee, Brhat Trayee, Panchakarma.

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.632

Volume 9, Issue 10, 616-632 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

Article Received on

23 July 2020,

Revised on 13 August 2020,

Accepted on 03 Sept. 2020

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps202010-17276

*Corresponding Author

Dr. Alvaryne W. K.

P.G. Scholar, Department of

Panchakarma JSS Ayurveda

Medical College, Mysuru,

Karnataka.


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INTRODUCTION

Sharangadhara Samhita is one of the best books on Ayurveda medicine. It is regarded as one

of the Laghu Trayee and written by Acharya Sharangadhara.

The whole treatise consists of 3 divisions, 2600 verses arranged in 32 chapters.

Poorva khanda:– 1st division of the Samhita comprises of 7 chapters. The first chapter deals

with Paribhasha (terms and definations) followed by six chapters i.e, Bhaishajyakhyana

(medicines, their time of administration, important components of drugs), Nadi pareeksha

(examination of pulse), Dipanapachana (technical terminology), Kalaadikaakyana (anatomy

& physiology), Aharadigati (movement and processing of food) and Rogaganana

(enumeration of diseases).

Madhyama khanda:– is the 2nd

division of the Samhita and comprises of 12 chapters. It deals

with Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpanas (5 types of Kashayas), Swarasa (fresh juices of herbs),

Kalka (paste of medicinal herbs), Kwatha (hot decoctions of medicinal herbs), Sheeta (cold

infusions) and Phanta (hot infusions). Preparation of various types of medicinal formualtions

like Choorna (herbal powders), Vati (tablets), Lehyas (confections), Tailas (oils), Asava and

Arishta (fermented herbal preparations), Rasa aushadhas (minerals and metallic preparations)

etc described in this section.

Uttara khanda:– is the 3rd division of the Samhita and comprises of 13 chapters. This

section deals with details of Panchakarma (5 basic treatments of Ayurveda i.e Vamana,

Virechana, Asthapana Basti, Anuvasana Basti and Nasya), Swasthavritta, Lepadi Karmas,

Anjanadi kriyas etc are explained.

The 1st chapter of Uttara Khanda of the Samhita deals with Snehana (Oleation therapy).

Just like the other Acharyas, Ghrita, Taila, Vasa and Majja are the 4 Snehana dravyas

explained by Sharangadhara also and the Kala for Snehapana was mentioned as just after

sunrise (udite ravauu).

Sthavara and Jangama are the sources of Sneha dravyas where Tila taila and Go ghrita are

considered as best from sthavara and jangama sources of sneha respectively. Yamaka,

Trivruth, Mahan sneha was also mentioned. Time period for administration of Sneha is

3,4,5,6, 7 days of continuous consumption and sneha saatmya occurs after 7 days. Kashirama

Vaidya in his Gudardha Dipika commentary to Sharangadhara Samhita mentions that, Ghrita


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becomes Satmya after 3days, Taila after 4 days, Vasa after 5 days and Majja after 6 or 7

days.[1]

Amatra snehapan (improper dosage of Sneha, untimely administration and adopting harmful

diet and behavioural aspects) leads to Sopha, Arshas, Tandra, Nidra and Visanjnata. Sneha

vyapat chikitsa consists of Langhana, Swedana, Virechana. Depending upon the agni

Snehapana matra for Deeptagni persons is 1 pala, Madhyamaagni is 3 karsha &

Jaghanya/Mruduagni is 2 karsha. Sharanghadhara also considered another method approved

by all i.e Sneha digested in Ahoratra (24 hours) is Mahati matra, which digested within a day

(12 hrs) is Madyama and that within half a day (6 hrs) is Alpa matra.

The action of these Sneha matra are as follows

Alpa matra – Deepana, vrushya and used in Alpa dosha

Madhyama matra – Snehana, Brmhana and used in Bhrama

Uttama matra – Used in Kushta, Visha, Unmada, Graha, Apasmara.

The Doshanusara sneha is, for Pitta dosha intake of sarpi alone is mentioned, for Vata dosha

intake of sarpi mixed along with lavana & Sarpi mixed with trikatu and yava ksara for

Kapha dosha. While describing about the persons fit for Sarpi pana, Sharangadhara also

added ‘Heenamedhasmritinam.’[2]

which implies that individuals who are having less Medha

(intelligence) and Smriti (memory) can adopt to intake of ghee. Taila and Ghrita can also be

used in Nasya, Abhyanga, Gandusha, Murdha, Karna and Akshitarpana. As mentioned by

Charaka, Sharangadhara also explained the same Anupana for Ghrita, Taila, Vasa and Majja.

Samhita also mentions the concept of Pravicharana Snehas and Sadyo sneha. Sneha ajeerna

chikitsa has been explained by Sharangadhara i.e., Inducing Vamana with hot water or one

should consume warm water by which there will be udgara which indicates digestion of

sneha and can have food. In Pitta prakriti individual having Teekshna agni on taking sneha

he may develop severe Trishna (thirst). In such case he should be made to vomit and later

should be given cold water to overcome the thrist.

Sharangadhara has also added ‘Akala prasava’ i.e women who has aborted or had

miscarriages and during ‘Durdine’ i.e cloudy day, they are unfit for Snehana.[3]

Vriddha

(old), Bala (child), Krusha (emaciated), Ksheena asra (anaemia), Ksheena retas (less semen)

and Timira (eye disorders), in such individuals they are also fit for Snehapana or Snehana

yogya purusha.[4]

Samyak, Ayoga and Ati Snigdha lakshanas are mentioned same as per


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Charaka and Susrutha whereas the management of Asnigdha purusha should be by Snehana

and to an Atisnigdha purusha should be by Rookshana.[5]

The Rookshana agents are

Shyamaka, Chanaka, Takra, Pinyaka, Saktu. Lastly, Pariharya vishayas during snehapana

includes Avyayama, Sheeta, Vega dharana, Ratri jagarana, Diva swapna, Abhishyandi,

Ruksha anna.

The 2nd

chapter deals with Swedana (fomentation therapy)

Sharangadhara followed Susrutha’s view on 4 types of Swedana i.e. Tapa, Ushma, Upanaha

and Drava. Doshanusara sweda Tapa & Ushma sweda is for Kapha, Upanaha for Vata and

Drava sweda for Pitta samsarga vata. Sharangadhara also mentioned Trividha sweda i.e

Maha Sweda for Mahabala, Mahavyadhi and in Sheeta kala. Mrudu Sweda for Durbala,

Durbala vyadhi. Madhyama Sweda for Madhyama bala and Madhyama vyadhi.

Dosha vishesha sweda mentioned are, for Kapha is Ruksha sweda, Kapha vata is Ruksha

Snigdha sweda and for Kaphamedavruta vata is Ushnasadana, Atapa sevana, Niyuddha,

Margagamana, Gurupravarana, Kshudha, Chinta, Vyayama, Bharavahana. Sharangadhara

just as Susrutha, also mentioned specifically Svedana as a Poorvakarma, Paschat karma and

both. Conditions where Svedana is given as Poorva karma are before Nasya, Basti and

Shodhana. Swedana as a Paschat karma in case of Shalya, Mudha garbha, Kala and Akala

Prajata as well as in Nitambini Stri. Swedana as both Poorva and Paschat karma – In

surgical procedures of disorders such as Pleeha, Bhagandara, Arshas, Ashmari. It is

mentioned that Swedana should be given in Nivata sthana in Jeerna ahara condition.

‘Sweda dhatusthita dosha snehaklinnasya dehina dravatvam prapya koshtantargatva yaanti

virekatam’[6]

Swedana acts by liquefying the doshas residing in the Dhatus and thereby

brings the doshas to the Koshta which can be expelled out through Shodhana.

Sharangadhara also mentioned specific precautions to be taken while undergoing Swedana i.e

the site of Hridaya should be sprinkled with cold water and Eyes should be covered with cold

pack etc. Swedana Ayogya, Lakshanas of Samyak and Ati Swedana are same as per Charaka,

Vagbhata and Sushrutha.

Sharangadhara, while explaining on Ushma sweda he added that it can be performed by

filling a pot with warm Vatahara kashayas and directing the vapours to the body of the

patient who has undergone Snehana and covered with blankets etc. The fumes that emerge


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are made to touch the poultice and thus the part of the body gets sweated. Another method :

A pit of patient’s length and width is dug and filled with Khadira wood, set fire and burning

coals made. The flames are put out by sprinkling water, milk, or any liquid. The black coal is

covered with vatahara leaves and the patient is made to lie down over the leaves.

He also added that Ushma sweda can also be performed by boiling Masha etc and subjecting

the body of the patient (after Snehana) to the steam coming out of it.

Sharangadhara mentioned Mahasalvana upanaha[7]

which is useful in combating all

disorders of Vata. Ingredients are Gramya anupa mamsa, Jivaneeyagana dravya, Sauviraka,

Dadhi, Ksheera, Virataru, Kulattha, Masha, Godhuma, Atasi, Tila, Sarshapa, Shatapuspha,

Devadaru, Sephali, Sthoolajeeraka, Erandamoola bija, Rasna, Moolaka, Shigru , Mishi,

Pippali, Kuthera, Lavana, Amla, Prasarini, Ashwaganda, Bala, Dashamoola, Guduchi,

Vanaribija. He has specifically specified that among these dravyas whatever available are

taken, pounded, boiled and kept in a cloth, made pottali and Swedana is performed.

Avagaha sweda with Sneha should be performed with a gap of 1 or 2 days.[8]

The height of

liquid in Drava Sweda is Shadangula above the Nabhi when done in sitting position. Benefits

of Sneha avagaha sweda are Tarpana of Siramukha, Romakupa, Dhamani and Shareera Bala

will be enhanced.

Sharangadhara simili the benefits of Snehavagaha as the tree blossoms with tender leaves etc

by watering it at the roots in the same way when the body is subjecting to Sneha avagaha, the

complete development of the body tissues will take place. ‘Nataha Parataraha kaschidupayo

vatanashanaha’[9]

there is no other means of alleviating Vata disorders other than Sneha

avagaha. Paschat karma after Swedana is that patient has to be subjected to Mrudu mardana,

Ushna ambu snana, Anabhishyandhi ahara and avoidance of vyayama.

The 3rd chapter of Uttara Khanda deals with Vamana karma (Emetic therapy) Vamana,

Vamathu, Vaanti, Chardi, Udgirana, Vami, Pracchardika, Ullekhana are the synonyms of

Vamana karma explained by Sharangadhara. While explaining the lakshanas of Vamaka and

Virechana dravyas he specifies that Vamaka dravya should make bibhatsa by their vikruta

rasa varna and Virechana dravya should be opposite to the quality of Vamana dravya.[10]

Preparation of vamaka kwatha is mentioned as 1 kudava of Vamana dravya is to be boiled in

1 adhaka of Jala and kashaya reduced to half. (2 prasth 1500ml) This is the matra for


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vamaka kashaya.

The dosage of Vamana kashayas are Jyestha (highest) is said to be 9 Prastha – jyestha,

Madhyama is 6 prastha and kaniyasi (lowest) is 3 prastha.

The Dosage of Vamaka Kalka, churna, avaleha are 3 pala - Uttama, 2 pala – Madhyama &

1 pala – Avara.

Sharangadhara has also followed Brhat Trayees concept regarding Vamana vega i.e 8, 6 and

4 for Uttama, Madhyama and Avara vega.

Vamaka dravya according to Dosha predominance

Kaphaja:- Katu, Teekshna, Ushna properties (Pippali, Madanaphala, Saindava along with

Ushna jala)

Pittaja:- Swadu, Sheeta dravyas (Patola, Nimba, Vasa with cold water)

Kapha samsrusta Vata:- Swadu, Amla, Lavana, Ushna dravyas (Ksheera with

Madanaphala)

Ajeerna:– Saindhava with Ushna jala.

Vamana Atiyoga Chikitsa[11]

: If in case of Ativamana:– Mruduvirechana should be done. If

Antaha pravista jihwa, Kavala with Snigdha, Amla, Lavana dravya, Hrdya, Ghrita, Ksheera,

Mamsarasa or Amla phala should be performed. In cases of Bahya pravishta jihwa:– Lepa

with tila and draksha kalka over the jihwa and then jihwa is inserted inside. In

Vyavruttaakshi:- Ghrita Abhyanga and gently Pidana should be done. In Hanumoksha:-

Swedana and Nasya with Kaphavatahara dravyas. For Raktachardi:- Raktapittahara

Chikitsa such as use of dravyas like Dhatri, Rasanjana, Ushira, Chandana, Vaari. These are

prepared as Mantha and to be taken along with Ghrita, Kshoudra and Sharkara.

Diet after vamana: On the day of Vamana in the evening, when the patient has Deeptagni

then he is allowed to take Mudga shashtika shaali and Jangala mamsa rasa. And the Apathya

includes Ajeerna ahara, Shitapana, Vyayama, Maithuna, Snehabhyanga, Prakopa (anger) at

least for 1 day.

The 4th

chapter of Uttara Khanda deals with Virechana (Purgation therapy).

Sharangadhara has emphasized the importance of Poorvakarma before undergoing Virechana

where the patient has to undergo Snehana, Swedana and Vamana before Virechana. He has


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also given the reason as to why one has to take Vamana first prior to Virechana because the

Kapha goes downwards and occupies the Grahani leading to Mandaagni, Gourava and

Pravahika. Sharangadhara also explains an alternative way that if Vamana is not possible

before administration of virechana then Ama Pachana dravyas should be given inorder to

alleviate the Kapha in the same time does pachana of Ama.[12]

Then patient is subjected to

Snehana, Swedana and then Virechana is performed.

He specifically added the conditions in which Virechana is adopted such as Amaja vyadhi,

Udara, Adhamana and for Koshta shuddhi.[13]

Types of Koshta based on the predominance of doshas is Bahu pitta which is predominant in

Mrudu Koshta, Bahu shleshma is predominant in Madhyama Koshta and Bahu Vata is

predominant in Krura koshta which is considered to be Durvirechya (difficult for

Virechana).[14]

Sharangadhara mentioned the matra for Virechana yoga such as Mrudu matra

for Mrudu Koshta, Madhyama matra for Madhyama Koshta and Teekshna matra for Krura

Koshta.

And the Dravyas used for Mrudu koshta are Draksha, Paya, Ambu and Taila. For Madhyama

Koshta – Trivrt, Kirata tikta and Rajavrksha (Aragwadha). And for Krura Koshta - Snuhi

kheera, Hemakshiri and Danti phala.

Virechana kashaya matra: 2 pala as uttama matra, 1 pala as madhyama matra & ½ pala as

kaniyasi matra. Matra of Kalka, Modaka, Churna - 1 karsha or 2 karsha or 1 pala as per the

age and it has to be taken along with Madhu, Ghrita, Avaleha.

Trivruth choorna prayoga: For Pitta – with Draksha kashaya, for Kaphaja roga – Triphala

kwatha, Gomutra, Trikatu and for Vataja - Trivruth, Saindhava, Shunthi, saindhava to be

given with kanji or bijapura rasa or jangala mamsa rasa.

In krura kostha person Eranda taila should be taken with twice its quantity of Triphala

kashaya / milk gives quick purgation. Sharangadhara followed Charaka’s view regarding the

Rutu Virechana dravyas. He also mentioned Abhayadi modaka yoga in this chapter. The

Pariharya vishayas after taking Virechana dravya are Pravata sevana, Sheeta ambu pana,

Sneha abhyanga, Ajeerna, Vyayama, Vegadharana and maithuna which are all prohibited.

And the regimen which has to be followed after taking Virechana yoga are Sheetajala

sechana over akshi, smells sugandha dravyas and tambula sevana.


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It is also mentioned that after consuming the Virechana dravya one has to drink ushna jala

but not in the case of Abhayadi modaka where sheeta ambu causes virechana and ushna jala

stops it.[15]

The order of contents of elimination in Vamana vega is Kapha-Pitta-Vata whereas

in Virechana vega is Mala-Pitta-Bheshaja-Kapha.[16]

Virechana ayoga chikitsa: Pachana oushadha should be taken and Snehapana should be

administered again followed by Virechana (i.e, full course of Virechana is mentioned by

Sharangadhara).

Virechana atiyoga chikitsa: Managed by performing Mrudu vamana with Tandulambu

added with madhu and other sheeta dravya. Lepa over Nabhi with Kalka of Sahakara twak

mixed with Dadhi or Amla dravya. Then Pana with Aja Ksheera or rasa or Vaiskira Harina

mamsa rasa taken with Shastika shaali, Masura. Should be taken in Alpa matra. Sheeta and

Sangrahi dravyas are used to control Ati-virechana yoga.[16]

The 5th

chapter deals with Basti karma (Enema Therapy)

Firstly, Sharangadhara explains the difference between Anuvasana and Niruha basti.

Specifically he mentions the Matra basti quantity to be 2 pala (80ml) or half of it. Deepika

commentary states that on 1st day Matra basti quantity is 2 pala, then ½ pala is increased

every day for 9 days. Whereas according to Gudartha Deepika: Anuvasana basti matra is 2

pala, so half of this which is 1 pala matra is the dosage for Matra Basti. Individuals fit for

Anuvasana are Rooksha purusha, Teekshna agni and Kevala vata whereas those unfit are

Kushta, Meha, Sthoola and Udara as mentioned by Susrutha as well as Charaka. Individuals

unfit for both Anuvasana and Niruha basti includes Ajeerna, Unmada, Trishna, Shoka,

Murcha, Aruchi, Bhaya, Shwasa, Kasa, Kshaya.

Basti netra pramana: 6 anguli for children of 1-6 yrs, 8 angulis for children of 6-12 yrs

and12 angulis for above 12 yrs.

Anuvasana bastidana kala is day time in Sheeta and Vasanta kala and night time in

Greeshma, Varsha and Sharath Kala.

Do’s and Dont’s for administering Anuvasana basti are one should not consume ati snigdha

ahara otherwise it will cause Mada Murcha and when it is administered after taking ati

ruksha ahara it leads to loss of strength and colour.[17]


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Hinamatra basti will not give desired effect but Atimatra basti will leads to Anaha, Klama,

Atisara.

Anuvasana matra: Uttama – 6 pala, Madhyama – 3 pala, Avara – 11/2 pala Shatapuspa

and Saindhava pramana in Anuvasana basti is Uttama - 6 masha, Madhyama - 4 masha

,Avara - 2 masha.[18]

According to some commentators, the other Prakshepa dravyas are

Devadaru, Vacha, Rasna, Kushta and Saindhava.

Anuvasana vidhi is advised after lapse of 7 days of Virechana. Person should take Abhyanga,

Ushnajala sweda and food before Basti karma. He should avoid Jrumba, Kasa, Kshavathu

during Basti dana kala.

Basti pidana should be done for 30 matrakala and patient should retain for 100 matrakala.[19]

Sharangadhara describes that Matrakala is the time taken required for making a circle of the

folded knee joint by the hand and one flick sound made by the thumb and middle finger.

After Anuvasana pratyagamana laghu ahara is indicated. This also interpreted that after the

previous food gets digested and after Basti pratyagamana the patient should have food. In the

evening when Basti contents are excreted and again the patient feels hungry then he can take

food as per his desire.

Sneha basti vyapat chikitsa – Ushnambu pana or dhanya shunthi kashaya.

Anena vidhina sapta chasthau vaatha nava api va

Videya bastayestheshamantara tu niruhanam.[20]

In this manner 7, 8, 9 Anuvasana can be given followed with Niruha basti.

1st basti –lubricates Basti and Vankshana

2 nd basti - Shirogata vatahara

3rd

basti - Bala varna kara

4th

basti - nourishes Rasa

5th

- Rakta

6th

basti - Mamsa

7th

– Meda

8th

–Majja

9th

– Shukra and in Shukragata doshas double the 9 basti are administered.

The one who receives 18 course of 18 Bastis (i.e 324 bastis) will attain the strength of an


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elephant and speed like a horse.[21]

Rukshaya bahuvataya snehabasti dine dine:[22]

(those who are Rooksha and Bahu vata can

be given Sneha basti daily in Alpa matra). And for those of Bahu kapha, Kashaya basti can

be given regularly but in Alpa matra. If the sneha comes out immediately after

administration, another basti is to be given in alpa matra. If the Sneha does not come out

even after a long time it produces Shaithilya, Aadhmana, Shoola, Swasa and Gurutwa of

pakwashaya. In that condition Teekshna Niruha basti, Teekshna oushada phala varti,

Teekshna Virechana and Teekshna Nasya is indicated.

If the Sneha does not come out and the patient shows no signs of complication then it is to be

understood that the patient is very Rooksha and no further steps are needed. If sneha basti

does not come out even after 24 hours, it should be removed by Shodhana basti but again

Sneha basti should not be given (Dipika).

Commentaries: If the sneha does not come out then Kalka of Kushta and Kramuka should be

taken along with amla padarthas. Or Trivrt and Haritaki kalka along with Gomutra. These

will facilitate the downward movement of the basti contents.

Anuvasanartha taila: Guduchyadi taila- Sarva vata roga

Sharangadhara mentioned 76 Anuvasana vyapat as like Sushruta. Pathya after Anuvasana –

as like snehapana.

The 6th

chapter – Niruha Basti (Decoction Enema).

Niruha basti matra according to Sharangadhara: Uttama matra is 11/4 Prastha, Madhyama

matra is 1 prastha and Heena matra is 3 kudava. The individuals who are unfit for Niruha

basti are Ati snigdha purusha, Utklishta doshas, Kshata, Krusha, Adhamana etc.

If Niruha basti does not comes within 1 muhurta, it should be expelled with Basti containing

Kshara, Gomutra, Amla dravya and Saindava.

Improper Niruha leads to alpa alpa vega, heenamala pravrutti, Murcha, Arti, Jadya, Ruja.

1,2,3,4 Niruha basti can be given continuously as per the suitability.[23]

Commentary: 1 basti in case of Vata. 2 for Pitta and 3 for Kapha, 4 for Bahu dosha and

Krura koshta.


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According to GD: For Vata 1 Niruha is given with Sneha. For Pitta 2 Niruha mixed with

Ksheera, for Kapha 3 Niruha mixed with Sukhoushna kashaya, Katu and Mutra.[24]

Pathya to be followed after Niruha basti administration i.e., Pitta vishta (dominance) is

Ksheerodana followed by Anuvasana, for Kapha vishta is Yushodana followed by

Anuvasana and for Vatavishta is Mamsarasodana followed by Anuvasana.

Sharangadhara specifically mentioned that for Sukumara, Vriddha and Bala, Mrudu Basti

should be followed. Teekshna Basti should not be done in such cases otherwise it will destroy

their Bala and Ayu.

The Samhita also explains the order/course of administration of Niruha basti i.e, in the

beginning Utkleshana basti, in the middle Doshahara basti and at the end Samshamana basti

is administered.[25]

Sharangadhara has explained different types of Basti such as Shodhana, Lekhana, Brmhana,

Picchila, Madhutailika , Deepana, Yuktaratha, Siddha bastis.

Pathyapathya after Niruha basti: Ushna jala snana is explained in the Samhita. Diva swapna

and Ajeerna ahara are explained as apathya.

Uttara basti netra:- 12 angula pramana in male & 10 angula in female. Orifice of the size of

sarshapa pramana in male, mudga pramana in female. Sneha matra for Uttara basti for

above 25 years is 2 pala in Yoni marga whereas 1 pala in Mutra marga and for those below

25 years is 2 karsha.

Uttara basti should be advised after Asthapana basti and after patient has taken bath and

food.

While giving Uttara basti, if burning sensation is inside the uterus a decoction enema

prepared with drugs of Ksheera vriksha group mixed with milk is administered cold. Uttara

basti is indicated in disorders of Sukra and artava and contra-indicated in Prameha.

Sharangadhara also mentioned Phala varti which is a suppository with the size of a thumb of

patient, smeared over with ghee and introduced into the rectum in order to remove the

accumulated mala.[26]


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The 8th

chapter is about Nasya (Nasal medication)

Navana and Nasya are the two names given to this therapy according to Sharangadhara. The

Samhita describes about the 2 types of Nasya mentioned- Rechana & Snehana. Rechana acts

as Karshana whereas Snehana acts as Brmhana.[27]

Nasya karma kala is Purvahna for kapha

dosha, Madhyahna for pitta dosha and Aparahna for vata dosha and Ratri kala also can be

done in case of emergency.

Nasya is not to be administered immediately after food (Bhojanante), Durdina, who

underwent Apatarpana.ie langhana, Navapratishyaya, Garbhini, Garadushita, Ajirna,

Dattabasti, Pita sneha udaka asava, Kruddha, Shoka, Trishna, Vruddha, Bala, Vegarodhi,

Snata, Snatukama.

Sharangadhara has specified the age suitable for Nasya i.e between 8 - 80 years.

Virechana nasya prepared with Teekshana dravyas in the form of Taila, Kwatha or

Swarasa.

Virechana nasya matra:- 8,6,4 bindu are maximum, medium and minimum dosage

respectively.

Nasya dravya pramana:- Teekshana oushadha – 1 shana, Saindava – 1 masha, Hingu- 1

yava, Ksheera- 8 shana, Water/kashaya- 3 karsha, Madhura dravya – 1 karsha.

Types of Shirovirechana: Avapeedana and Pradhamana. Avapeedana nasya is done with

fresh juice obtained from teekshna dravya kalka. Pradhamana nasya is blowing one kola

pramana of fine powder of teekshna dravya into the nostrils by means of a hollow tube or

naadi of 6 angula in length.

Avapeedana and Pradhamana nasya yogas explained by Sharangadhara

1. Gudadi nasya, Pippalyadi nasya in Manya, Hanu, Gala, Prushta diseases.[28]

2. Madhukasaradi nasya acts as Samjnapradodhana nasya and indicated in Apasmara,

Unmada, Apatantraka.[29]

3. Saindhavadi nasya in Tandra.[30]

4. Marichadi nasya as Pradhamana nasya, indicated in Bahu doshaja.[31]

Brmhana nasya is of Marsha and Pratimarsha. Dosage of Marsha nasya is 8 shana,4 shana

and 1 shana for maximum, medium and minimum. It can be administered twice or thrice a

day, once in two days or three days. It can also be given continously for a period of 3,5,7


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days. It is mentioned that Marsha and Shirovirechana produce many vyapath like dosha

uttklesha or dosha kshaya and in that condition it is mentioned that if dosha uttklesha

shirovirechana and in dosha kshaya brmhana nasya is indicated.[32]

Brmhana nasya yogas

1. Kumkuma nasya[33]

:– Vatarakta, Shoola in Bhru, Shankha, Akshi, Shira, Karna,

Suryavarta and Ardhavabhedaka.

2. Anutaila nasya

3. Narayana taila

4. Masha taila

According to dosha vishesha sneha nasya: For Kapha and vata taila can be used, For

Kevala Vata, Vasa can be used and for Pitta, Sarpi & Majja can be used.[34]

Sharangadhara explains Mashadi nasya which is indicated in Pakshaghata, Kampa vata,

Ardita, Manyastambha and Avabahuka.[35]

14 Pratimarsha nasya kala mentioned and its matra is 2 bindu in each nostrils. A bindu is

that quantity of oil which drops from the index finger after dipping it upto its two ridges and

taken out. Marsha nasya matra is 8 bindu i.e 1 shana

Samyak nasya lakshana- oil should reach the throat, it can be spit it out when it comes to the

throat fully.

Nasya for palitya:– Oil prepared out of any one of Vibhitaki, Nimba, Gambhari, Haritaki,

Shelu or Kakini alleviates greying of hair.[36]

Sharangadhara also mentions the retention time of Nasya dravya ie., 5,7,10 matrakala.[37]

Ati yoga of Nasya leads to mastulunga srava, Vata vriddhi etc.

Chikitsa of

1. Hina shuddhi:- Kaphaghna chikitsa ,

2. Ati shuddhi:– Vataghna chikitsa,

3. Samyak shuddhi:– Sarpi nasya indicated

Ati snigdha nasya produces kaphapraseka, shiro guruta, indriya vibhrama. For such

individuals Rukshana measures are to be adopted and Anabhisyandi bhojana to be given.


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DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

According to Sharangadhara Vamana, Virechana, Nasya, Niruha and Anuvasana basti are

considered as Pancha karma which is similar to Charaka.

Vamana Virechana Nasya Niruha anuvasanam

Etaani pancha karmani kathitaani muneeshwaraihi.[38]

Sharangadhara has allocated separate chapters for Poorvakarma (Snehana & Swedana),

Pradhana karma (Vamana, Virechana, Nasya, Basti i.e Anuvasana, Niruha and Uttara basti).

Shonita srava, Dhumapana and Gandusha have also been dealt separately.

Sharangadhara concentrated more on practical tips as well as the precautionary methods or

instructions while explaining Sneha and Swedana. Specifically he mentions Shodhananga

Snehapana to be administered just after sunrise and the dosage of Shamana Sneha depending

upon the Agni has been clearly explained.

The concept of Trividha sweda have been explained with respect to bala and vyadhi. Dosha

vishesha sweda, Maha salvana upanaha are described in the chapter of Swedana. Regarding

Vamana, Sharangadhara has decribed different matra based on kwatha, kalka, choorna and

avaleha form. Vamana dravyas based on dosha predominance have been dealt. He also

explained the line of management if any Atiyoga happens in Vamana. The reason for Vamana

prior to Virechana has been described as well as the Virechana Dravyas for Mrudu,

Madhyama and Krura koshta. Sharangadhara has mentioned Kashaya, kalka, choorna,

modaka matra depending upon the age too. The order of Virechana vega happens with Mala

first then Pitta, Bheshaja then Kapha atlast has been explained by Samhita.

Dealing with Basti, Sharangadhara has explained Anuvasana, Niruha and Uttara basti in

detail along with the dosage. Different forms of Basti procedures viz Utkleshana basti,

Doshahara basti, Samshamana basti, Lekhana basti, Brmhana basti, Picchila basti,

Madhutailika basti, Deepana basti, Yuktaratha basti, Siddha basti.

Sharangadhara described Rechana and Snehana as 2 types of Nasya where Rechana is

Karshana and Snehana is Brmhana. Nasya karma kala, dravya pramana, dosage as well as

the different Nasya yogas with its indications are described.

Even though Sharangadhara samhita primarily focuses on pharmacological and

pharmaceutical methods in Ayurveda but still this samhita also throws light about the


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Panchakarma and its practical utility. Despite the fact that Sharangadhara followed Charaka

regarding the enumeration of Panchakarma, he has also paid much attention to

Raktamokshana and has also allocated in a separate chapter.

REFERENCES

1. Sharangadhara, Sharangadhara Samhitha, Gudardha Dipika commentary, Chowkhamba

Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, Madhyama Khanda, 2010; 1: 3.

2. Sharangadhara, Sharangadhara Samhitha, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi,

Madhyama Khanda, 2010; 1: 12.

3. Sharangadhara, Sharangadhara Samhitha, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi









Madhyama Khanda, 2010; 1: 22-29.
















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24. Sharangadhara, Sharangadhara Samhitha, Gudardha Dipika commentary, Chowkhamba

Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi Madhyama Khanda, 2010; 6: 13.











30. Sharangadhara, Sharangadhara Samhitha, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanas





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CONTRIBUTION OF SHARANGADHARA TO PANCHAKARMA

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