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CONTRIBUTION OF HUMAN FACTORS TO SHIPPING SAFETY...
Transcript of CONTRIBUTION OF HUMAN FACTORS TO SHIPPING SAFETY...
CONTRIBUTION OF HUMAN FACTORS TO SHIPPING SAFETY
ARFENA DEAH LESTARI
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Mechanical Engineering (Marine Technology)
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JANUARY 20
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, all praises and thanks to Allah (S.W.T) to give me
strength and ability to complete this project. A lot of works have been put in this
project until the end of this completing thesis. Without His bless, maybe I may not
have achieved what I got in this thesis.
I would like to take this opportunity to express my highest appreciation to
Prof. Dr. Ir Ab Saman b. Abd Kader and Dr. Eng Jaswar, my respectful thesis
supervisor and co supervisor to provide the best guidance, encouragement,
invaluable ideas, comment, recommendation and advice that to lead me for the
successful completion of this project.
Then i would like to thank to goverment of Riau Archipelago Province that
support my master education in UTM, especially to Mr. Fansuri that help me to
handle everything on administrative and financial.
Finally, I would like to thank to my parents, family, friends and everyone
who involved toward of success of this project. They are not only helping me but
also encourage me to complete this project.
Thank you very much. May Allah S.W.T bless you all here and the day after.
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ABSTRACT
This thesis empirically determines “Contribution of Human Factors to
Shipping Safety”. Human factors can be classified into three categories. They are
organizational factor, group factor, and individual factor Based on its classification,
questionnaire was made. Questionnaire was tested to 30 respondents who are
working at a shipping company (PT. Baruna Jaya) to determine its validity and
reliability by using Ms.Excel program. After the test is done, results shows that 17
organizational factor statements, 11 group factor statements, 12 individual factor
statements, and 10 shipping safety statements are valid with reliability value for each
variables are 0860, 0.767, 0721, and 0.8. By using its valid statements,
questionnaires distributed to 86 respondents who are working as passenger ship‟s
crew at two shipping companies (PT Baruna Jaya and PT. Lestari Indoma Bahari).
After obtained data, analysis requirements test (normality, homogeneity, linearity
and independence test between independent variables) need to be done to determine
statistical method to be used. Correlation and regression method by using SPSS
program was used to determine contribution of human factors to shipping safety,
either carried out independently between independent variable to dependent variable,
or together between three independent variables to dependent variable. Analyzed
data was found that there are 28.8% contribution of human factors to shipping safety
with correlation coefficient is 0.488. This lower contribution of human factors to the
shipping safety is one of the causes of ship accidents frequently happen in case study
area. During the last two years there were 22 cases of ship accidents. With respect to
that all parties which involve in shipping include shipping companies, ship‟s owners,
government, regulatory authorities, classification society and other parties should
take a serious concern about safety in shipping by improving on all aspect of human
factors.
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ABSTRAK
Secara empirikal tesis ini menentukan "Sumbangan faktor manusia terhadap
keselamatan perkapalan". Faktor manusia dikelaskan kepada 3 kategori iaitu faktor
organisasi, faktor kumpulan dan faktor individu. Berdasarkan pengkelasannya, soal
sedilik dibuat. Soal selidik diujikan kepada 30 responden bekerja di syarikat
perkapalan (PT. Baruna Jaya) bagi menentukan kesahihan dan kebolehpercayaan.
Selepas ujian dilakukan, keputusan menunjukkan 17 pernyataan faktor organisasi,
11 pernyataan faktor kumpulan, 12 pernyataan faktor individu, dan 10 pernyataan
keselamatan perkapalan adalah sah dan nilai kebolehpercayaan setiap pembolehubah
0860, 0,767, 0721, dan 0.8. Dengan menggunakan pernyataan yang sah itu, soal
selidik diedarkan kepada 86 responden bekerja sebagai kru kapal penumpang di dua
buah syarikat perkapalan (PT Baruna Jaya dan PT Lestari Indoma Bahari). Selepas
memperolehi data, pengujian keperluan analisis (kenormalan, kesamaan, kelinearan
dan kebebasan di antara pembolehubah bebas) dilakukan bagi menentukan kaedah
statistik yang digunakan. Kaedah korelasi dan regresi dengan program SPSS
digunakan bagi menentukan sumbangan faktor manusia kepada keselamatan
perkapalan, sama ada dijalankan secara bebas, atau bersama antara tiga
pembolehubah bebas dengan pembolehubah bersandar. Analisa data mendapati
bahawa terdapat sumbangan 28.8% faktor manusia kepada keselamatan perkapalan
dengan pekali korelasi 0,488. Sumbangan yang rendah dari faktor manusia kepada
keselamatan perkapalan ini merupakan salah satu punca kemalangan kapal kerap
berlaku di kawasan kajian kes. Dalam tempoh dua tahun lepas, 22 kes kemalangan
kapal berlaku. Berkenaan dengan itu pihak yang terlibat dalam perkapalan termasuk
syarikat perkapalan, pemilik kapal, kerajaan, pihak berkuasa, pertubuhan klasifikasi,
dan pihak lain harus mengambil kebimbangan serius mengenai keselamatan
perkapalan dengan mempertingkatkan semua aspek dari faktor manusia.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
TITLE PAGE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKN OWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES xvi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Background 1
1.3 Problem Statements 3
1.4 Objectives 4
1.5 Hypothesis 5
1.6 Scope of Study 5
1.7 Implication of Study 6
1.8 Research Methodology 6
1.9 Flow Chart 8
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2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 General 9
2.2 Literature Review 9
2.3 Conclusion 14
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 15
3.1 General 15
3.2 Research Design 15
3.3 Study Area 16
3.4 Population 16
3.5 Sample and Sampling Method 18
3.6 Study Instrument 19
3.6.1 Questionnaire Preparation 19
3.6.2 Measurement Scale 21
3.6.3 Questionnaire Test 21
3.7 Data Analysis Method 22
3.6.1 Analysis Requirements Test 22
3.6.2 Hypothesis Test 23
3.8 Conclusion 24
4 FUNDAMENTAL THEORY 25
4.1 Genaral 25
4.2 Human Factors 25
4.2.1 Organizational Factor 26
4.2.2 Group Factor 27
4.2.3 Individual Factor 28
4.3 Shipping Safety 29
4.4 Shipping Accidents 31
4.5 Statistical Analysis 34
4.5.1 Descriptive Statistical Method 35
4.5.1.1 Measurement of Central Tendency 35
4.5.1.2 Measurement of Variability 37
4.5.1.3 Product Moment Correlation or Pierson Correlation 38
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4.5.1.4 Regression Analysis 39
4.5.2 Inferential Statistical Method 39
4.6 Conclusion 40
5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 42
5.1 General 42
5.2 Shipping Accident in Case Study Area 42
5.3 Indicators of Human Factors 45
5.4 Data Description 45
5.4.1 Organizational Factor Variable (X1) 46
5.4.2 Group Factor Variable (X2) 48
5.4.3 Individual Factor Variable (X3) 50
5.4.4 Shipping Safety Variable (Y) 52
5.5 Analysis Requirments Test 54
5.5.1 Normality Test 55
5.5.2 Homogeneity Test 56
5.5.3 Linearity Test 57
5.5.4 Independence Test Between Independent Variables 59
5.6 Hypothesis Test 60
5.6.1 First Hypothesis Test 60
5.6.2 Second Hypothesis Test 63
5.6.3 Third Hypothesis Test 65
5.6.4 Fourth Hypothesis Test 67
5.7 Discussion 70
5.8 Conclusion 72
6 CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION 74
6.1 General 74
6.2 Conclusion 75
6.3 Reccomendation 75
REFFERENCES 77
APPENDIX A- I 81
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
3.1 Passenger ship data 17
3.2 Questionnaire indicator 20
3.3 Result of validity and reliability test 22
4.1 Indicator of organizational factor 27
4.2 Indicator of group factor 28
4.3 Indicator of individual factor 29
4.4 Ship accident on case study area 33
5.1 Basic statistical calculation 46
5.2 Frequency distribution table of organizational factor variable 47
5.3 Frequency distribution table of group factor variable 49
5.4 Frequency distribution table of individual factor variable 51
5.5 Frequency distribution table of shipping safety variable 53
5.6 Result of normality test 55
5.7 Result of homogeneity test 56
5.8 Result of linearity test X1 – Y variable 58
5.9 Result of linearity test X2 – Y variable 58
5.10 Result of linearity test X3 – Y variable 58
5.11 Result of independence test between independent variables 59
5.12 Result of correlation analysis between organizational factor (X1) and
shipping safety (Y) 61
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5.13 Regression equation coefficient X1 – Y 61
5.14 Regression equation test X1 – Y 62
5.15 Result of correlation analysis between group factor (X2) and shipping
safety (Y) 63
5.16 Regression equation coefficient X2 – Y 64
5.17 Regression equation test X2 – Y 64
5.18 Result of correlation analysis between individual factor (X3) and
shipping safety (Y) 65
5.19 Regression equation coefficient X3 – Y 66
5.20 Regression equation test X3 – Y 67
5.21 Result of correlation analysis between organizational factor (X1),
group factor (X2) and individual factor (X3) and shipping safety (Y)68
5.22 Regression equation coefficient X1, X2, X3 and Y 69
5.23 Regression equation test X1, X2, X3 and Y 70
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Flowchart 8
3.1 Nomogram Harry King 18
4.1 Percentage type of accident ship accident 32
4.2 Causes factors in shipping accident 32
5.1 Case study area 43
5.2 Shipping accident in case study area 44
5.3 Histogram of organizational factor (X1) 48
5.4 Histogram of group factor (X2) 50
5.5 Histogram of individual factor (X3) 52
5.6 Histogram of shipping safety (Y) 54
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ANOVA = Analysis of Variance
FAHP = Fuzzy Analitical Hierarchy Process
HFACS = Human Factor Analysis and Classification System
HFIT = Human Factor Investigation Tools
HSOPSC = Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture Assestment
IMO = International Maritime Organization
KM = Kapal Motor
MLC = Marine Labour Convention
PT = Perseroan Terbatas
SEM = Structural Equation Modelling
SPSS = Statistical Package for The Social Sciences
SSCS = Short Safety Climate Survey
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
= Standard Deviation
= Variance
= Mean or average
= Deviation
∑x = Sum of all values in a distribution
∑X = Sum score of X variable
∑X2 = Sum score variable X squared
∑XY = Product sum between X dan Y variable
∑Y = Sum score of X variable
a, b, c , ... , z = Regression Coefficient
cfb = Number of cases lying below the LL
F = Ratio of two Variance Estimates
fw = Number of scores in the interval containing the median
i = Width of the score interval
LL = Lower real limit of the score containing the 50th percentile,
M2
b = Between-groups estimate of variance
M2
w = Within-groups estimate of variance
Md = Median
Mo = Mode
xv
N = Number of cases
rXY = Product moment correlation or pierson correlation
rXY = Product moment correlation or pierson correlation
t = t-test
X = Independen Variable
XY2 = Sum score variable Y squared
Y = Dependent Variabel
xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE
A Validity and Reliability Test
B Output of Descriptive Statistic Analysis
C Output of Normality Test
D Output of Homogeneity Test
E Output of Linearity Test
F Output of Indendence Test Between Independent Variables
G Output of Hypothesis Test
H Undestanding Level of Respondents Calculation
I Questionnaire Example
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
This chapter provides preliminary information about this study. It covers
background of study, problem statement, objectives, scope, implication of study,
research methodology and research flowchart. It is intended to assist readers in
understanding the study and to sparking interest in readers to find out more about the
content of subsequent chapters.
1.2 BACKGROUND
Indonesia is an archipelagic state that have 17,480 islands (Ministry of marine
affairs and fisheries, 2012) with 5.9 million km2 of water area and 1.9 milion km
2 of
land area (more than 2/3 area of Indonesia is water) (Soewedo, 2009). With the wider
water area than land area, Indonesia cannot be separated with the ship as a main
transportation facility.
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Water transportation in Indonesia has an important role as a bridge of
nationwide and can‟t be replaced with other transportation like land and air
transportation (Ministry of marine affairs and fisheries Republic Indonesia, 2012). It
is used as primary farcilities and strategic on accelerate the economical. By
connecting one island to other islands, the movement of goods and passeengers can
run properly and can make the unity and nation integrity to be strengthen.
The important of Indonesia water transport can be viewed with increasing the
needs of water transport service from time to time for goods and passengers mobility
(Ministry of transportation, 2000). It have some negative impacts like pollution and
accidents.The Oxford English Dictionary defines an accident as anything that
happens without foresight and expectation: an unusual event, which proceeds from
unknown cause, or is an unusual effect of a known cause (Baldick, 2008). At the
same time, Webster‟s Third New International Dictionary gives the similar essence -
but with slightly more explanation, as a usually sudden event or change, occurring
without intent or volition through carelessness, unawareness, ignorance, or
combination of causes and producing an unfortunate result (Gove, 2002). While
Akten (1982) said accident in shipping is a general term which use for any result of
accident in shipping that causes financial prejudice, loss of property, and loss of life.
Although nowadays is the age of precision navigation and satellite era, with
there are very advanced and sophisticated navigation and communication equipment.
Its aim to preventing accident at sea, however in the fact accident still frequently
happen.
There are many types of shipping accident and can effect to the environment
around the ship, ship property itself, and can effect to the people. Collision or contact
(can be ship to ship or ship to other structure), capsize, sinking, breaking up,
breakdown of the ship underway, stranding, and fire or explosion are examples of
shipping accidents commonly (Akten, 2006).
Akten (2006) said there are many factors that make accident happen.
Generally can be classified as several factors :
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i. Natural conditions could be natural phenomena such as tidal stream, high
wave, strong winds, restricted visibility due to fog, smoke, rain or snow,
storm, etc.
ii. Technical failure such as lack of repair and maintenance, setering failure,
engine failure, and structure failure as a result from lack of accurately ship
design.
iii. Human factors are all of human factors which contribute accident happen
both of organisation, group, or individual factor.
In this study area, ship is become main transportation fasility. Due to in this
area is wider than land area (the ratio is about 1 : 24) (Health Department of Riau
Archipelago province, 2006). Many ship that serve international and national
shipping through Riau Archipelago water. It has negative impact. Ship accident
frequently happen in Riau Archipelago water. Search and Rescue Agency (2012)
recorded over than 25 case ship accidents occurred during the last two years without
analysis. Based on that condition, researcher is trying to discuss shipping accident in
case study area, determine indicators of human factors that influence shipping
safety, to determine how much correlasion and contribution between human factors
and shipping safety and discuss human factors as one element of shipping safety.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The human factors found can affect safety (Heinrich et al, 1980; Gordon,
1996; Varonen and Mattila, 2000; Gordon et al, 2005; Hetherington et al, 2006; Chin
and Chaur, 2008; Baysari et al, 2008; Celik and Cebib, 2009; Oslen, 2010; Luria,
2010; Petterson et al, 2010; Chin and Chung, 2011; Nathanael, 2011; and Fugas et al,
2012). It can be classified as 3 categories. They are organizational, group and
individual factors. At the organizational category, various factors may contribute the
incidents and accidents, including company policies, company standard, and system
and procedures. At the group category, management, supervision and work with
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relationships between members of a work group have the potential factor to influence
the safety. And at the individual category, competence of the individu, perceptual
judgments, stress, motivation, health risks (such as work over-load) and the
contribution of human error can make a probability of accidents happen (Wilpert,
1995)
However, the most significant problem which influence shipping safety that
can cause accident, like collision or contact (can be ship to ship or ship to other
structure), capsize, sinking, breaking up, grounding, breakdown of the ship
underway, stranding, and fire or explosion are mostly caused by human (Heinrich et
al, 1980). Hence, this study is to be undertaken to discuss shipping accident in case
study area, to determine indicators of human factors that influence shipping safet, to
determine how much correlasion and contribution between human factors and
shipping safety and to discuss human factors as one element of shipping safety.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study are to:
i. To discuss ship accident and types of ship accident which occurred in case
study area.
ii. To determine indicators of human factors that influence shipping safety.
iii. To determine how much correlation and contribution between human factors
and shipping safety if hypothesis test is carried out independently between
independent variable to dependent variable and if hypothesis test is carried
out together between three independent variables to dependent variable.
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1.4 HYPOTHESIS
Based on this study objectives, hypothesis that be proposed in this study are:
i. Shipping safety (Y) is contributed by organizational factor (X1).
ii. Shipping safety (Y) is contributed by group factor (X2).
iii. Shipping safety (Y) is contributed by individual factor (X3).
iv. Shipping safety (Y) is contributed together by organizational factor (X1),
group factor (X2), and individual factor (X3).
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of this study are:
i. This study was conducted on pasenger ships at Riau Archipelago Province –
Indonesia.
ii. This study just view one factor that can influence shipping safety, it is human
factors.
iii. Hypothesis test is conducted by using correlation method and linear
regression both simple linear regression or multiple linear regression.
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1.6 IMPLICATION OF STUDY
The implications of this study are:
i. Master Thesis
To complete postgraduate study at University Technology Malaysia as a
graduation requirement.
ii. Potentian Aplication
Can be applied in the shipping company as a basic that contribution of human
factors to shipping safety and to improve shipping safety mainly related to
human factors.
1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The study of this thesis is divided into two parts:
i. Semester I
In this part, the research works began with conducting literature review of the
human factors and shipping safety. The main emphasis on this part is the approaches
were taken to understand the indicators of human factors and contribution of human
factors to shipping safety. Then, the concept of data collecting and data analysis was
studied in this semester
ii. Semester II
The second part had been carried out in the second semester. For this part, the
testing of instrument is conducted. After thet direct survey and data analyzing is
conducted in this part. Then, the discussion had been carried out. Finally, the
recommendation for future work has been suggested.
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1.8 FLOW CHART
This research will be conducted in several processes. Flow chart is used to
make the this process easier to read. The flow chart consist of several process as
shown in a figure 1.1.
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Analysis Data from Survey
Result and Discussion
Conclusion
Finish
Make Questionnaire
Check
NO
Database Analysis
Identify indicators of human factor in ship
accident
Identification problem
Identify:
Variable of research
Population and Sampling
technique
Start
Discussing with SAR Agency
and Transportation Department
in Riau Archipellago Province
OK
Validity Reliability
Figure 1.1 Flow chart
Conduct Survey
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