Contract National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3y€¦ · Sundri and Gewa in one pixel...
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c -m Annual Report .. . i. Under Contract # NAG - 5 - I010 National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3y.r Improvement and extension of a radar forest backscattering model Prepared by: David S. Simonett Yong Wang - - ( ASA-CR-183259 JMEQCVEfiEBT AYE EXTEYSICU Ck A GAEIR FQtESl EACKSCAllEB166 BCDEL Acnual B€FOKt (Califcroia Eciv.) 3d p CSCL O2E G3/U3 DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF CAWFORNIA SANTA BARBARA N89- 1 I292 Unclas 0166417 September 20, 1988 . . https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890001921 2020-07-08T06:48:17+00:00Z
Transcript of Contract National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3y€¦ · Sundri and Gewa in one pixel...
c -m
Annual Report
. .
. i.
Under Contract # NAG - 5 - I010
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3y.r Improvement and extension of a radar forest backscattering model
Prepared by: David S. Simonett
Yong Wang - -
( ASA-CR-183259 JMEQCVEfiEBT AYE EXTEYSICU Ck A G A E I R F Q t E S l EACKSCAllEB166 BCDEL Acnual B € F O K t ( C a l i f c r o i a E c i v . ) 3d p
CSCL O 2 E G3/U3
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF CAWFORNIA SANTA BARBARA
N89- 1 I292
Unclas 0166417
September 20, 1988
. .
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890001921 2020-07-08T06:48:17+00:00Z
ANNUAL REPORT
1. Introduction:
Research to-date has focused on modeling development and programming based on model components we proposed during the past several months and research progress made by Simonett’s
team. In this report, we summarize the model components and programs (in C language under UNIX) finished to-date. These model components may help explain the contributions of various vegetation structural components to the attenuation and backscattering of vegetated surfaces to extract useful data concerning forest stands and their underlying surfaces for both the seawater-on
and seawater-off cases.
2. Model components*:
There are six model components as shown in Figure 1, which are described as follows:
Direct backscattering from ground surface (water-off case only) with attenuation from upper and lower canopies (short form dbs).
Direct volume scattering from upper tree canopy (short form vsu).
Direct volume scattering from lower tree canopy with attenuation from the upper tree canopy
1
2
3 (two way) (vsl). - ..-
. *. 4 Interaction of ground / trunk forward reflection with attenuation from upper and lower tree canopies (two way) ( tg) .
Interaction of ground / lower tree canopy forward scattering with attenuation from upper tree canopy (two way) (glc).
5
6 Interaction of Ground / upper tree canopy forward scattering with attenuation from lower tree _ -
canopy (two -way) (guc). -
3. Programs:
headh: a header file in which all the constants and external variables are defined. These constants and variables will be used in the whole program of modeling radar backscattering from forest (Sundri and Gewa) stands for the Bangladesh research project.
*note: Upper canopy is the canopy of trees whose dbhs are >= 5.0 cm. Lower canopy is the canopy of trees whose dbhs are < 5.0 cm. which are also called as regeneration trees.
.
main.c: the main program, detailed as follows:
NAME SIGMA - radar returns of forest stands.
SYNOPSIS
SIGMA intab indata inpxl indbh sts-o t-o dbs-o v s u p vsl-o t g o glc-o guc-o
DESCRIPTION
Random tree dbhs based on numbers of each dbh data segments in one hectare (data from Dr. Imhoff), and tree positions are generated with uniform dis- tribution in a stand, which is defined as an area of 10 hectares or 160 pix- els (each pixel with size 25 * 25 m). Radar returns are simulated for each model component in each pixel. The returns are further averaged to get returns of each pixel and of a stand.
SIGMA is executable.
intabfile is a look-up table of radar cross sections of dielectric cylinders derived from exact solutions for Sundri and Gewa. This table covers one angle and tree dbh from 5.0 to 39.9 cm with 0.1 cm as a dbh step.
indata file contains parameters needed for simulating a forest stind with optional ground conditions and optional solutions of model components.
inpxlfile is the input data, which has 14 columns of dbh segments (5 -- 9.9, 10
-- 14.9, 15 -- 19.9, 20 -- 24.9, 25 -- 29.9, 30 -- 34.9, and 35 -- 39.9) for Sundri and Gewa in one pixel corresponding to tree numbers of each dbh
segment in each pixel. The tree positions or (x, y) coordinates are also randomly generated with uniform distribution in a stand.
- - - . - indbh jile contains all the data (dbh->= Scm) with one data number per line for
Sundri and Gewa in the whole stand.
srs-u is a output file of statistical data (means and standard derivations) for each model component, and the sum of these components in a stand, respec- tively.
t-ujile summarizes radar returns of those components in each pixel.
The rest *-u files are outputs corresponding to six radar backscattering com- ponents (1 to 6) mentioned above, respectively.
NOTE
I I
The following are the subroutines called by the mainc program.
headc: defines all the external variables employed in the head.h file.
indata.c: input parameters to choose model options and different surface conditions. Also, prints out these input parameters to check that the parameters are input correctly.
0penfl.c: open files to read and write. Totally, there are 12 files opened, in which four files are input and eight files are output.
phs-xx: random phases and/or x coordinates (distances in range direction) for Sundri and Gewa are generated by using random0 functions in the UNIX system, which are employed to count
I .
phase differences when summing each trunk / surface interaction terms. - .-.
.. .. equi.c: calculate an equivalent value for two values x and y, weighted by their numbers n l and n2.
ref.c: Fresnel reflection coefficient (both magnitude and phase) of H or V polarization incidence from eqns (9.1 - 49) and (9.1 -46) (Ruck, et al., 1970).
gama.c_*: incoherent component of forward scattering- coefficient from a very rough surface using equations 9.7-1 18 - 132, in Ruck et al. v. 2, pp. 720-722.
beta.c*: p parameters for a very rough surface scattering, which is defined in equations 9.1 - 124 to 9.1 - 132 (p. 722, Ruck, et al., 1970).
bi0mas.c: tree biomass in one pixel (25 * 25 m), which is calculated based on data from Dr. Imhoff. The biomass data is employed to compute attenuation coefficient of trees (Sundri and Gewa) for each pixel. Furthermore, the biomass data varies with pixels as a result of
~ ~~
*note: these programs are not used in this recent Bangladesh research project, but were written for &e sake of completeness and for extension to different roughnesses of ground surfaces, in the future.
ORlGlNAL PAGE IS OF POOR QUALITV
tree number change for each pixel.
faux: the attenuation coefficient (7) of a canopy is calculated by using equations in Battan (1970, p. 67) eqns 6.5 and 6.6. The attenuation coefficient is equal to a scattering coefficient plus an absorption coefficient.
ep.c: calculate dielectric constants (E’ and E’’) (note: E = E’ -j E”) of mixture layers (the air as a host material, and materials, such as leaves, branches, trunks, etc. as inclusions) based on the for- mula in Ulaby, et d., (1986, E.62). The reflective model is chosen.
Y S W . ~ : canopy volume scattering model (Attema and Ulaby, 1978). Further effort will be made in 1989 to improve the simulation of the canopy component by extending this model component to include the disk model for broad-leaf evergreen forest (Eom and Fung, 1984; Lang and Saleh, 1985; Le Vine, et al., 1982, 1985).
tge.c: radar forward scattering coefficient per unit area is derived from exact solutions of trunks (Sundri and Gewa), which are treated as dielectric cylinders with finite lengths and with
smooth trunk surfaces. - -:
- a -
. tgc.c: is the comer reflector model for tree trunks of Sundri and Gewa, which is the same as that used by Richards, et al. (1987).
surZ.c: backscattering coefficients per unit area from a slightly rough surface using a small pertur- . _ _ bation model (Dobson and Ulaby, 19861, when the ground surface is in the water-off condi- -
tion.
sur1l.c: backscattering coefficients per unit area from a very rough surface using eqs. 9.1-139 and 141, in Ruck et al., vol. 2., p. 721 - 725. This program is again not used for the Bangladesh research project, but has been written for completeness in the whole modeling process.
eex: interaction of canopy - surface scattering per unit area using Engheta and Elachi’s model (1982) by means of finding 0“ in terms of the water cloud model (Attema and Ulaby, 1978). This formula is similar to that used in Sun and Simonett (1988).
- 5 -
4. Accessory programs:
The following are accessory programs, which are used to provide necessary input data in the correct format required by the above programs, and to maintain them handily.
dbh.c: produces all the DBHs of total tree numbers (Sundri and Gewa) in a stand area, which are generated by the random0 function in the UNIX system with random uniform distribution. The input number is the total number of the dbhs*.
po-treex: random (x, y) positions of total Sundri and Gewa trees in a stand are generated by cut- ting the whole output data of the random0 function in the UMX system into two parts. The first half of the data set is used to yield x coordinates, and the second half y coordinates. Twice the number of the positions are input. The (x, y) positions are designated in centime- ter units. The stand has an area of N hectares.
po-nurn.~: uses the output of above (x, y) coordinate data as its input to produce the tree numbers
of each dbh segment respectively for each simulated pixel in the whole stand. To run the program, tree number (TOTAL) for each dbh segment in a hectare and the position data should be in one input data file. The first line of input data is TOTAL and the rest of the data lines (N x TOTAL) are positions or (x, y) data, where N is a constant and- can be changed for different stand sizes. In our case, the N is 10.
..
makejile: maintains the above programs, which is based on the make command on the UNIX sys- tem.
.,.' RUN: is an executable macro. Instead of typing the "SIGMA intab indata inpxl indbh sts-0 t-o
dbs-o vsu-o vsl-o tg-o glc-o guc-0'' for each model being run, just type RUN, which does the same job as that inside the double quotation.
.. - - . .-
ORlUNAL PAGE Bs OF POOR QUALm
*note: all the dbhs range from 0.0 to 4.9 cm. Constants 5.0, 10.0. 15.0, 20.0, 25.0. 30.0. and 35.0 are ad- dcd to the dbh data sct to produce dbhs in the following ranges (5.0 -- 9.9, 10.0 -- 14.9, 15.0 -- 19.9. 20.0 -- 24.9. 25.0 -- 29.9. 30.0 -- 34.9. and 35.0 -- 39.9 cm) in the main.c program, respectively.
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