Contraceptive Knowledge
-
Upload
abdul-hadi -
Category
Documents
-
view
15 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Contraceptive Knowledge
![Page 1: Contraceptive Knowledge](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082411/5695d0141a28ab9b0290daf9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Literature Review
Introduction
This chapter discusses the literature review undertaken on knowledge on usage of
contraceptive among women. The purpose of this chapter is to review on relates theory
and research have been developed about the studied topic. In addition, literature review
also useful to identify the definition of concepts and variables already established.
Furthermore, literature review help to examine elements of research used by others,
such as designs, methods, instruments and techniques of data analysis that may prove
useful in the proposed project.
The purpose of the literature review in this study was to obtain information on women
knowledge on utilization of contraceptives. The literature review revealed that
considerable research had been done on the proposed topic but not specifically in the
Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA) Kuantan, Malaysia hospital.
Definition of Term
Contraception is a way to prevents pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of
ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. There are different kinds of birth control that act
at different points in the process. (Fradley, 1962).
According an article wrote by Kumarasamy, (2012) there are several contraceptive
methods commonly chosen by women in Malaysia as followed:
Pill: Birth control pills must be taken by mouth every day.
![Page 2: Contraceptive Knowledge](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082411/5695d0141a28ab9b0290daf9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Injected: Depo Provera is a hormonal medication that is given by injection every
three months.
Implanted: Norplant is a long-acting hormonal form of birth control that is
implanted under the skin of the upper arm.
Intra Uterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD): A device inserted into the uterus to
prevent conception. The IUCD can be a coil, loop, triangle, or T in shape made of
plastic or metal. An IUCD is inserted into the uterus by a health-care
professional.
In this chapter our group would like to get the evidence that without knowledge among
the pregnant mother the usage of contraceptive will be failure. Therefore next section
will be review of some researches that was conducted most part of the world and the
result will be the evidence showing that the knowledge is relates to the practice on the
usage of contraception. The literature review will be discussed with relates to the three
components, important of contraceptive knowledge, source of knowledge, and women
perception toward contraceptive.
Important of Contraceptive Knowledge
Unplanned pregnancies cold be resulted from wrong perception of some women about
the contraceptive usage. Some of them think that contraceptives to be irrelevant or even
harmful. Unplanned pregnancies could have serious implications to the physical and
psychological.
![Page 3: Contraceptive Knowledge](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082411/5695d0141a28ab9b0290daf9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Knowledge about contraception and different contraceptive is very important to all
women in order to enable them to make informed decisions about their own as well as
their children’s futures.
Moreover, adequate information about contraceptives could help women to realize that
effective utilization of contraceptives can successfully postpone pregnancies until they
have fully recovered and/or are financially capable to have another child.
Source of knowledge
Numerous study has been stressed the important role of systematic and responsible
education in the promotion of good reproductive health. Minimize the risk of unwanted
or unplanned pregnancies and infections with sexually transmitted diseases and
improving the quality of sexual life, relationships and well-being in general are the main
objective of contraception education. In a study conducted by Toutas et al. (2004), the
sources of information about contraceptive among the respondent has been assessed.
They have reported that, each respondent could cite more than one source of
information and gynecologist as their main source of information. TV/radio programs
and newspapers/ magazines are also the sources of information. However, they have
found that the ages of respondent was the factor affected the sources of information.
Influencing factors of Contraception Use
Women age, religious background, wealth, educational level and etc. are the most
influenced individual factors that affected the contraceptive usage. The family planning
program can be improved by studying the effect of women socioeconomic and
demographic characteristics on contraceptive usage. Moreover, looking at the
![Page 4: Contraceptive Knowledge](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082411/5695d0141a28ab9b0290daf9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
background of those using contraception and evaluate where they come from is very
important on finding the factors might influence the usage of contraceptive among
woman.
Most studies evaluate socio-economic or socio-demographic determinants with different
health outcomes. In Stephenson et al. (2008), the authors evaluated the outcome
contraception use in South Africa and community level determinants such as expected
gender roles, female autonomy in the community and ratio of men to women with a
primary education. In another study, Stephenson et al. (2007) looked at community and
contextual determinants in SSA and they looked at community level of approval of
family planning, community level of educational attainment, and dominant religion in the
community.
Numerous studies have been done to survey the knowledge among women on
conceptive usage, source of knowledge, and women perception toward contraceptive in
the whole world. Here, we have selected five studies that have been done by the
previous researchers related to our topic.
Study 1
In order to estimate the knowledge and prevalence of contraception among women
presenting for voluntary termination of pregnancy (MTP) or as septic and incomplete
abortions Reena et al., (2005) have conducted a study at the Department of Obstetrics
and Gynecology, of Gorakhpur Medical College, from August 2002 to July 2003. The
281 women respondents in the study were categorized as those who came seeking
MTP and who came with incomplete or septic abortion following induced abortion. Pre-
![Page 5: Contraceptive Knowledge](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082411/5695d0141a28ab9b0290daf9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
designed and pre-tested questionnaire has been used to evaluate the respondent
knowledge toward contraceptive. From their study, 82.2% of respondents have
knowledge about the existence of a contraceptive method, but only 44.2% ever used
one. They also conclude that, awareness does not always lead to the use of
contraceptives. They also suggest that, in order to reduce high fertility rate a lot of
educational and motivational activities and improvement in family planning services are
required to promote the use of contraceptives. As a conclusion from this study having
knowledge on contraception alone will never encourage a person to practice the
contraception.
Study 2
In order to assess the knowledge, attitude regarding family planning and practice
among rural women, Mustafa et al., (2008) have conducted a cross-sectional
observational study at the gynecological outpatient clinic of Fatima Hospital, Baqai
Medical University, from July to December 2005. The 100 women at the ages 15-14,
living with husband and from rural area respondents in the study were categorized
according to age, parity and educational status. They used pre-designed questionnaire
has been used to evaluate the respondent knowledge toward contraceptive and the
result has been analyzed in percentages using descriptive method. From their study,
81% of respondents have knowledge about the family planning methods, but only 53%
ever used contraception. In addition, they also found that in 52 out of 81 women known
about the contraceptive from information provided by the media. They also conclude
that, even with good knowledge about the contraceptive among the women of rural
origin but there was low contraceptive used.
![Page 6: Contraceptive Knowledge](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082411/5695d0141a28ab9b0290daf9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Study 3
In another work by Saluja et al., (2009), a cross-sectional study has been used to
assess the knowledge, attitude regarding family planning and the practice of
contraceptives among eligible couples of rural Haryana at the Agroha village. They
have collected the data from 250 eligible women and men respondents by using
predesigned and pretested questionnaire. From their study, 94.4% of male respondent
known about modern contraceptive and 72% of male respondent known about
traditional contraceptive method. While, 95.6% of women respondent known about
modern contraceptive and only 46.4% females respondent known about traditional
contraceptive. In addition they also found that, media is the most common source of
contraceptive knowledge for all couples (72.0%) followed by discussion with doctors
and other health care workers (42.6%). They also highlight that, knowledge or
awareness does not always lead to the use of contraceptives. They also suggest a lot of
educational and motivational activities and improvement in family planning services are
needed to promote the use of contraceptives and reduce the high fertility rate.
Study 4
Moreover, in order to assess determinants of preferences, knowledge, attitudes, and
practices of modern contraception among women of reproductive age in Woreta town, a
community-based, cross-sectional study has been conducted by Weldegerima and
Denekew (2008) at Woreta town, South Gondar zone, Ethiopia in April 2007. They have
used a multistage sampling procedure to interview 400 women in the study area. Data
was collected by using a pretested structured questionnaire. From their study, they have
![Page 7: Contraceptive Knowledge](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082411/5695d0141a28ab9b0290daf9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
found that eighty-nine percent of respondents were aware of modern contraceptives.
They also found that among respondents, 88% knew of at least two contraception
methods, and 12% knew only one contraception method. In addition they also found
that, knowledge of modern contraceptives was highest among married women, who
were 5.7 times more likely than divorced women to report contraceptive knowledge.
Moreover, they also reported that, knowledge of modern contraception method among
Muslims was highest and women with higher levels of education were more likely to
indicate knowledge of modern contraception methods. They have concluded that
accessibility and education about contraceptive among women in the Ethiopia region
need to improve.
Study 5
Furthermore, the level of knowledge of contraception among Chinese women with
unplanned pregnancy has been reported by Ip et al., (2009). Cross-sectional survey
design has been applied in their study. They have collected data from 117 eligible
Chinese females. They have used questionnaires, which included the Chinese version
of the Contraceptive Knowledge Scale. In their report, they have found that the
respondents have demonstrated an above medium level of knowledge. They also
suggest that, future direction in the development of educational programs and
contraceptive promotion strategies appropriate for women with unplanned pregnancy.
Conclusion
The evidence from the above study on contraception shows that most of the
respondents do have knowledge on contraception. However the practice on the use of
![Page 8: Contraceptive Knowledge](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082411/5695d0141a28ab9b0290daf9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
contraceptive is low. According to Najafi et al. (2011), in Malaysia, only 30% of the
married women use modern contraceptive methods. Low usage of contraceptive
methods, results in high rates of unwanted pregnancies and its consequence which
includes; psychological problems physical health and unsafe unsafe abortion.
Therefore, it is important to continually monitor the community knowledge about the
contraceptive.
Stephenson R, Beke A, Tshibangu D. Contextual influences on contraceptive use in the
Eastern Cape, South Africa. Health Place. 2008 Dec;14(4):841–52.
Stephenson R, Baschieri A, Clements S, Hennink M, Madise N. Contextual influences
on modern contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Public Health.
2007;97(7):1233.