CONTENTS

• Wrapper Class

• Enumeration

• Garbage Collection

• Import static

Wrap – associate with present!

When God want to give us a PRESENTPRESENT, He WRAPSWRAPS it in a CHALLENGECHALLENGE,

the BIGGER is the CHALLENGE, CHALLENGE,

the is the PRESENTPRESENT.

Wrapper Classes

• Boolean

• Character

• Short

• Byte

• Integer

• Long

• Float

• Double

Object

-

Double -

Float -

Long -

Integer -

Short -

Byte -

Character -

Boolean -

Number -

Comparable -

(1) The wrapper classes do not have no-arg constructors.

(2) The instances of all wrapper classes are immutable, i.e., their internal values cannot be changed once the objects are created.

The Integer and Double Classes

java.lang.Integer

-value: int +MAX_VALUE: int +MIN_VALUE: int +Integer(value: int) +Integer(s: String) +valueOf(s: String): Integer +valueOf(s: String, radix: int): Integer +parseInt(s: String): int +parseInt(s: String, radix: int): int

java.lang.Number +byteValue(): byte +shortValue(): short +intValue(): int +longValue(): long +floatValue(): float +doubleValue():double

java.lang.Double

-value: double +MAX_VALUE: double +MIN_VALUE: double +Double(value: double) +Double(s: String) +valueOf(s: String): Double +valueOf(s: String, radix: int): Double +parseDouble(s: String): double +parseDouble (s: String, radix: int): double

java.lang.Comparable +compareTo(o: Object): int

The Integer and Double Class

• Constructors

• Class Constants MAX_VALUE, MIN_VALUE

• Conversion Methods

Numeric Wrapper Class Constructors You can construct a wrapper object either from a primitive data type value or from a string representing the numeric value. The constructors for Integer and Double are:

public Integer(int value)

public Integer(String s)

public Double(double value)

public Double(String s)

Numeric Wrapper Class Constants

Each numerical wrapper class has the constants MAX_VALUE and MIN_VALUE.

MAX_VALUE represents the maximum value of the corresponding primitive data type.

For Byte, Short, Integer, and Long, MIN_VALUE represents the minimum byte, short, int, and long values.

For Float and Double, MIN_VALUE represents the minimum positive float and double values.

To access Constant

System.out.println(Integer. MAX_VALUE);

the maximum integer (2,147,483,647),

System.out.println(Float. MIN_VALUE);

the minimum positive float (1.4E-45), and

the maximum double floating-point number (1.79769313486231570e+308d).

The Static valueOf MethodsThe numeric wrapper classes have a useful class method, valueOf(String s). This method creates a new object initialized to the value represented by the specified string. For example:

 

Double doubleObject = Double.valueOf("12.4");

Integer integerObject = Integer.valueOf("12");

The Methods for Parsing Strings into Numbers

parseInt method in the Integer class to parse a numeric string into an int value parseDouble method in the Double class to parse a numeric string into a double value.

Each numeric wrapper class has two overloaded parsing methods to parse a numeric string into an appropriate numeric value.

Converting Strings to Numbers

• Integer class– Part of java.lang– Automatically imported into programs– Convert String to integer– parseInt() method

• Takes String argument• Returns its integer value

• Wrapper – Class or object “wrapped around” simpler element

Converting Strings to Numbers (continued)

• Integer class valueOf() method – Convert String to Integer class object

• Integer class intValue() method – Extract simple integer from wrapper class

• Double class– Wrapper class – Imported into programs automatically– parseDouble() method

• Takes String argument

• Returns its double value

The ConvertStringToInteger Application

ANSWER EXERCISE 2 NO. 7import javax.swing.JOptionPane;public class Addition { public static void main( String args[] ) { String first,second,third; int number1,number2,sum; final double PI = 3.14; double radius,area; first=JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter 1st int" ); second=JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter 2nd int"); third=JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter radius"); number1 = Integer.parseInt(first); number2 = Integer.parseInt(second); radius = Double.parseDouble(third); sum = number1 + number2; area = PI*radius*radius; JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"The sum is: " + sum, "Results", JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE ); JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Area is: " + area, "Area of Circle", JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE ); System.exit(0); }}

convert objects to primitive type values

In class Number, methods;

doubleValue,

floatValue,

intValue,

longValue,

shortValue, and byteValue

“convert” objects into primitive type values.

e.g

//Program 4.13

class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Object x = new Integer(2);

System.out.println(x.intValue());

}

}

toString, equals, and hashCode Methods - in the Object class

Each wrapper class overrides the toString, equals, and hashCode

Since all the numeric wrapper classes and the Character class implement the Comparable interface, the compareTo method is implemented in these classes.

e.g

//Program 4.12

class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Object x = new Integer(2);

System.out.println(x.toString());

}

}

enumerated

Enumerated Types

• Known as an enum, requires declaration and definition like a class

• Syntax: enum typeName { one or more enum constants }

– Definition: enum Day { SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,

FRIDAY, SATURDAY }

– Declaration: Day WorkDay; // creates a Day enum

– Assignment: Day WorkDay = Day.WEDNESDAY;

Enumerated Types

• An enum is a specialized class

Day.MONDAY

Day.TUESDAY

Day.WEDNESDAY

Day.SUNDAY

Day.THURSDAY

Day.FRIDAY

Day.SATURDAY

address

Each are objects of type Day, a specialized class

Day workDay = Day.WEDNESDAY;

The workDay variable holds the address of the Day.WEDNESDAY object

enum CoffeeSize { BIG, HUGE, OVERWHELMING } ; class Coffee { CoffeeSize size; } public class CoffeeTest1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Coffee drink = new Coffee(); drink.size = CoffeeSize.BIG;

} }

semicolon is optional

class Coffee2

{

enum CoffeeSize {BIG, HUGE, OVERWHELMING }

CoffeeSize size;

} public class CoffeeTest2

{

public static void main (String[] args) {

Coffee2 drink = new Coffee2();

drink.size = Coffee2.CoffeeSize.BIG; }

}

enclosing class name

required

public class CoffeeTestl {

public static void main(String[] args) { enum CoffeeSize { BIG, HUGE, OVERWHELMING } Coffee drink = new Coffee(); drink.size = CoffeeSize.BIG; } }

enum CoffeeSize { private int ounces;

BIG(8), HUGE(10), OVERWHELMING(16);

CoffeeSize(int ounces) { this.ounces = ounces; } public int getOunces() { return ounces; }}

enum CoffeeSize{ BIG(8), HUGE(10), OVERWHELMING(16) { public String getLidCode() { return "A"; } }; ..}

Enumerated Types - Switch

• Java allows you to test an enum constant with a switch statement.

Refer example from lab module page 71-71(Program 4.11)

switch (satay) {

case MUTTON: System.out.println("Mutton Satay - Fabulous.");

System.out.println("Price is RM0.60/each");

break;

case OSTRICH: System.out.print("Ostrich Satay ");

System.out.println("For Low Cholestrol Diet.");

System.out.println("Price is RM1.00/each");

break;

Enumerated Types - Methods• toString – returns name of calling constant• ordinal – returns the zero-based position of the

constant in the enum. For example the ordinal for Day.THURSDAY is 4

• equals – accepts an object as an argument and returns true if the argument is equal to the calling enum constant

• compareTo - accepts an object as an argument and returns a negative integer if the calling constant’s ordinal < than the argument’s ordinal, a positive integer if the calling constant’s ordinal > than the argument’s ordinal and zero if the calling constant’s ordinal == the argument’s ordinal.

Garbage Collection

Garbage Collection

• When objects are no longer needed they should be destroyed.

• This frees up the memory that they consumed.

• Java handles all of the memory operations for you.

• Simply set the reference to null and Java will reclaim the memory.

Garbage Collection• The Java Virtual Machine has a process that

runs in the background that reclaims memory from released objects.

• The garbage collector will reclaim memory from any object that no longer has a valid reference pointing to it.

BankAccount account1 = new BankAccount(500.0);

BankAccount account2 = account1;

• This sets account1 and account2 to point to the same object.

Garbage Collection

A BankAccount object

Balance:

500.0Addressaccount1

account2 Address

Here, both account1 and account2 point to the sameinstance of the BankAccount class.

Garbage Collection

However, by running the statement: account1 = null; only account2 will be pointing to the object.

A BankAccount object

nullaccount1

account2 Address

Balance:

500.0

Garbage Collection

If we now run the statement: account2 = null; neither account1 or account2 will be pointing to the object.

Since there are no valid references to thisobject, it is now available for the garbagecollector to reclaim.

A BankAccount object

nullaccount1

account2 null

Balance:

500.0

A BankAccount object

nullaccount1

account2 null

Balance:

500.0

Garbage Collection

The garbage collector reclaims the memory the next time it runs in the background.

The finalize Method

• If a method with the signature:public void finalize(){…}

is included in a class, it will run just prior to the garbage collector reclaiming its memory.

• The garbage collector is a background thread that runs periodically.

• It cannot be determined when the finalize method will actually be run.

Refer to page

import static

import staticstatic java.lang.Math.*;public class StaticImportTest{ public static void main(String args[]) { System.out.printf("sqrt(9.0)\t= %.1f\n",sqrt(9.0)); System.out.printf("ceil(-9.7)\t= %.1f\n",ceil(-9.7)); System.out.printf("\tlog(E)\t\t= %.1f\n",log(E)); System.out.printf("cos(0.0 \t= %.1f\n",cos(0.0)); } }