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Andhra Pradesh Community Based Tank Project:Environmental and Social Assessment Study

Submitted by

Centre for Ecological Economics and Natural ResourcesInstitute for Social and Economic Change

Bangalore

In collaboration with

Centre for Excellence in Management and Technologies Ltd.Hyderabad

andSalim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History

Hyderabad

08 December 2006

E1559

Contents

I Acknowledgements

II Executive Summary

Chapter 1: Study Objectives and Methodology 1.11.1 Background of the Project 1.11.2 Objectives of this Study 1.11.3 Methodology

1.3.1 Selection of tanks1.3.2 Preparation of the Tank Profiles1.3.3 Household Survey1.3.4 Environmental survey (Flora and fauna)1.3.5. Consultations

1.11.21.21.21.21.3

Chapter 02: Tanks in Andhra Pradesh: An Overview 2.12.1 Background 2.12.2 Tanks and Rural Livelihood System 2.22.3 Tanks in Andhra Pradesh

2.3.1 Decline of Tank System2.3.2 Tank Restoration Efforts 2.3.2.1 NGO Efforts

2.42.62.92.10

2.4 Need for Tanks Rejuvenation 2.112.5 Dimensions of Tank System 2.122.6 Performance of Tank-based WUAs: A Rapid Survey 2.132.7 Policy and Legal Framework 2.142.8 Some Critical Issues 2.15

Chapter 03: Social Assessment of tank systems 3.13.1 Tank irrigation in Andhra Pradesh 3.33.2 Resource Characteristics

3.2.1 Distribution of Tanks across agro-climatic zones 3.2.2 Distribution of tanks by their age3.2.3 Present condition and use of tank systems 3.2.3.1 Water Availability and tank Use 3.2.3.2 Tank inflow systems 3.2.3.3 Water Storage System 3.2.3.4 Tank Command Area 3.2.3.5 Distribution System

3.23.23.33.43.53.63.63.103.11

3.3 Stakeholder Characteristics3.3.1 Socio–Economic Profile of Sample Households 3.3.1.1 Caste-wise distribution of sample households 3.3.1.2 Housing 3.3.1.3 Asset Holding 3.3.1.4 Livestock holding 3.3.1.5 Land holding 3.3.1.6 Sources of credit 3.3.1.7 Use of land and water resources and livelihoods 3.3.2. Production3.3.3. Tank based livelihoods 3.3.3.1. Cattle grazing 3.3.3.2. Drinking water for livestock 3.3.3.3. Fisheries3.3.4 Other tank based livelihoods3.3.5. Water Sources and use 3.3.5.1. Drinking Water 3.3.5.2. Water for Irrigation

3.113.113.123.123.133.133.143.153.163.173.193.193.193.203.203.203.203.21

3.3.5.3. Zone-wise distribution of water sources 3.3.5.4. Availability of borewells

3.223.23

3.4 The Stakeholders 3.243.5 Organizational and Institutional Arrangements

3.5.1 Representation of farmers in WUA3.5.2. Water Management3.5.3. Indicators of good water management3.5.4. Willingness to contribute to tank improvement 3.5.5. Willingness to pay water charges

3.5.6. Functioning of WUA 3.5.7. Conflict Resolution

3.263.263.273.283.283.293.293.30

3.6 Conclusion3.6.1. Key Issues and action areas

3.313.32

Chapter 04: Review of Environmental Baseline and possible impacts 4.14.1 Introduction 4.14.2 Context 4.14.3 Legal and Policy framework

4.3.1 National Legal Regime4.3.2 State legal regime4.3.3 Safeguard Policies of the World Bank

4.54.54.64.8

4.4 Institutional Arrangements at State Level 4.84.5 Tank environment

4.5.1 Water Quality4.5.2 Forests and Biodiversity4.5.3 Floristic diversity4.5.4 Agrochemicals4.5.5 Fertilizer Consumption4.5.6 Livestock

4.94.94.124.124.134.144.15

4.6 Key findings 4.164.7 Anticipated Impacts of the Proposed Project 4.16

Chapter 05: Social and Environmental Management Framework 5.15.1 Introduction 5.15.2 Key Social and environment concerns 5.25.3 Stage-specific SEMF interventions and outcomes 5.25.4 Project Level SEMF Activities 5.75.5 Processes for Implementation of SEMF activities 5.75.6 Guidelines for selection of appropriate social and environmental management

measures5.8

5.7 Institutional Arrangement 5.125.8 Monitoring of environment and social aspects

5.8.1 Internal Monitoring5.8.2 External Monitoring5.8.3 Impact Evaluation

5.125.135.135.13

5.9 Activity Specific Plans 5.9.1 Integrated Nutrient Management Plan5.9.2 Integrated Pest Management Plan5.9.3 Cultural Property Plan (CPP)5.9.4 Dam Safety Plan (DSP)

5.145.145.155.165.17

Chapter 06: Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy Framework 6.16.1 Introduction 6.16.2 Lessons Drawn from Field Experiences 6.16.3 Type of Likely Impacts 6.16.4 Minimizing Resettlement 6.1

6.5 Land Required for the Project 6.26.6 Procedures for Voluntary Surrender of Land 6.26.7 Procedure for Land Acquisition 6.46.8 Determining Compensation Norms 6.46.9 Compensation for structures and other assets 6.56.10 R&R Entitlement Framework 6.66.11 R&R Entitlement Framework for APCBTMP 6.66.12 Resettlement Action Plan - D Agraharam Tank (Tank 10)

6.12.1 Need for RAP6.12.2 Census Survey of PAFs6.12.3 Resettlement Plan6.12.4 Compensation and Budget6.12.5 Implementation Arrangements6.12.6 Redressal of Grievances 6.12.7 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting6.12.8 Disclosure of Tank Level

6.136.136.146.146.146.156.156.156.15

6.13 Resettlement Action Plan - D Agraharam Tank (Tank 10)6.13.1 Need for RAP6.13.2 Census Survey of PAFs6.13.3 Resettlement Plan6.13.4 Compensation and Budget6.13.5 Implementation Arrangements6.13.6 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting6.13.7 Disclosure of Tank Level

6.186.186.186.196.196.196.196.19

6.14 Resettlement Action Plan - D Agraharam Tank (Tank 10)6.14.1 Need for RAP6.14.2 Census Survey of PAFs6.14.3 Resettlement Plan6.14.4 Budget6.14.5 Implementation Arrangements6.14.6 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting6.14.7 Disclosure of Tank Level

6.236.236.236.246.246.246.246.24


6.276.276.276.286.286.286.286.28


6.346.346.346.356.356.356.356.35

Chapter 07: Indigenous People Development Strategy 7.17.1 Background 7.17.2 Definition of Tribal in the Constitution 7.17.3 Safeguard Policies of GoI and GoAP 7.17.4 Tribal Development Programmes

7.4.1 Tribal Sub-Plan7.37.3

7.5 Agencies Involved in Tribal Development7.5.1 Tribal Development Agency7.5.2 Modified Area Development Agencies

7.37.37.3

7.5.3 Tribal Cooperative Corporation7.5.4 Girijan Cooperative Corporation (GCC)

7.47.4

7.6 Programmes for Tribal Development7.6.1 Jawahar Gram Samruddhi Yojana 7.6.2 Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS)7.6.3 Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY)7.6.4 Community Forest Management

7.47.47.47.47.4

7.7 Socio-Economic Profile of Tribals 7.47.8 The present study 7.57.9 Issues 7.67.10 Tribal Development Strategy

7.10.1 Introduction7.10.2 Objectives7.10.3 Tribal development through Project Cycle

7.67.67.77.10

7.11 Tribal Development Plans7.11.1 Preparation and Implementation

7.127.12

7.12 Institutional arrangement 7.127.13 Monitoring and Evaluation 7.127.14 Budget 7.127.15 Model Plan 7.12

Chapter 8: Gender Strategy and Action Plan 8.18.1 Introduction 8.18.2 Current Status in study tanks 8.18.3 Identification of gender concerns 8.28.4 Gender Action Plan 8.28.5 Objectives 8.28.6 The Approach 8.28.7 Implementation Strategy

8.7.1. Long term actions needing amendments to the APFMIS Act8.38.5

8.8 Gender and Project Cycle Relationship 8.58.9 Institutional Arrangement 8.68.10 Budget 8.6

Chapter 9: Community Participation and the Need for Communication Strategy

9.1

9.1 Introduction 9.19.2 Need for Communication Strategy 9.19.3 Current Communication Practices 9.29.4 Key Issues influencing Communication Strategy 9.39.5 Objectives of the Communication Strategy 9.39.6 Approach and Strategy 9.49.7 Communication Activities 9.49.8 Communication and Project Cycle Relationship 9.79.9 Budget 9.8

Chapter 10: Additional Studies Required 10.1

References

Annexures

List of Tables

Table 1.1 : Category of sample tanks across the regions of Andhra Pradesh 1.1Table 1.2 : Distribution of tanks and households surveyed across tank

types and agro-climatic regions of Andhra Pradesh1.3

Table 2.1 : Tank and Various Stakeholders 2.3Table 2.2 : Sizewise category and number of Tanks in Andhra Pradesh 2.5Table 2.3 : List of some of the stakeholders and informal agreements

among them2.12

Table 3.1 : Tanks across Agro-climatic Zones (Units are in average to total sample tanks)

3.3

Table 3.2 : Age of the Tanks 3.3Table 3.3 : Water Availability in tanks 3.5Table 3.4 : Water use and conditions of tanks 3.5Table 3.5 : Vegetative Cover in the Catchment Area 3.6Table 3.6 : Perceived Water Spread Area of the Tanks (In Acres) 3.7Table 3.7 : Actual Water Spread Area of the Tanks 3.7Table 3.8 : Frequency of tanks by level of standing water 3.8Table 3.9 : Area of the tank bed encroached 3.8Table 3.10 : Siltation of the tank bed and weed infestation 3.9Table 3.11 : Condition of bunds and sluice gates 3.10Table 3.12 : Average command of the tanks in acres 3.10Table 3.13 : Distribution of the Sample Households across Agro Climatic

Zones3.11

Table 3.14 : Spread of the Sample Households across Reaches 3.11Table 3.15 : Demographi Characteristics of HH across Agro-climatic

Zones3.12

Table 3.16 : Percent of Households Owning Assets 3.13Table 3.17 : Livestock across Agro-climatic Zones 3.14Table 3.18 : Distribution of land holdings across social groups 3.14Table 3.18(a) : Extent of cultivated land with out Patta according to

respondents3.14

Table 3.19 : Cropping Pattern in the Command Area 3.16Table 3.20 : Cropping Pattern Across Agro Climatic Regions 3.17Table 3.21(a) : Average Productivity of Crops 3.17Table 3.21 (b) : National and State Level Crop Productivity (2003-04) 3.18Table 3.22 : Percent distribution of households by ranges of yield of

paddy in Kgs per acre3.18

Table 3.23 : Livestock grazing in the tank catchments 3.19Table 3.24 : Water for Livestock 3.20Table 3.25 : Household Dependency on Tank for Fisheries 3.20Table 3.26 : Percent of household by main sources of drinking water 3.21Table 3.27 : Percent of HH depending on various sources of water: Kharif

Season3.23

Table 3.28 : Percent of HH depending on various sources of water: Rabi Season

3.23

Table 3.29 : Percent of households using Pump sets of different HP in each category

3.24

Table 3.30 : Typology of stakeholders and implications 3.25Table 3.31 : Representation of farmers in WUA 3.27Table 3.32 : Decision Maker for Tank Water Distribution 3.27Table 3.33 : Responsibility of Water Distribution 3.28Table 3.34 : Indicators of good Management of Tank Water 3.28

Table 3.35 : Responses on institutional arrangements for O &M after tank improvement

3.29

Table 3.36 : Organizational Set up and Institutional Arrangements 3.30Table 3.37 : Conflict Scenario 3.31Table 3.38 : Conflict Resolution in Water Supply 3.31Table 3.39 : Conflict Resolution Measures 3.31

Table 4.1 : Sizewise category and number of Tanks in Andhra Pradesh 4.2Table 4.2 : Status of ground water in Andhra Pradesh 4.3Table 4.3 : Consumption pattern of pesticides in State 4.5Table 4.4 : Highlights of AP WALT ACT, 2002 related to Tanks 4.6Table 4.5 : Government Orders related to Irrigation tanks 4.7Table 4.6 : Ground Water Quality Problems4.10 4.10Table 4.7 : Water Quality parameters (BIS norms in parenthesis. Units

are mg/l and for E coli in numbers)4.10

Table 4.8 : Perceptions about the ground water quality 4.11Table 4.9 : Drinking water sources 4.11Table 4.10 : Perceptions of households regarding the Waterborne

diseases4.12

Table 4.11 : Number of Avian Species observed 4.12Table 4.12 : Details of Floristic diversity 4.13Table 4.13 : Common pests of Paddy 4.13Table 4.14 : Percentage of HHs sampled and quantum of pesticide (in

liters) use4.13

Table 4.15 : Pesticides used in the study area and their toxicity 4.14Table 4.16 : Nutrient supplements observed in the study area 4.14Table 4.17 : Fertilizer Consumption details (per crop per season per acre

in kgs)4.14

Table 4.18 : Details of Fertilizer procurement 4.15Table 4.19 : Details of Organic Manure consumption 4.15Table 4.20 : Details of water source for livestock in various agro Climatic

zone4.16

Table 4.21 : Anticipated Impacts during construction stage 4.18Table 4.22 : Anticipated induced changes owing to proposed

intervention4.20

Table 5.1 : Social and Environmental Concerns 5.2Table 5.2 : Schematic Plan of SEMF in various stages of sub-project

cycle5.3

Table 5.3 : Mitigation measures 5.9Table 5.4 : Indicators for Monitoring 5.13

Table 8.1 : Strategies and activities under Gender Action Plan 8.4

List of Figures

Figure 2.1 : Map of various regions in A.P 2.3

Figure 3.1 : Analytical Framework for the Tank Resources-Stakeholders-Livelihood Linkages

3.2

Figure 3.2 : Castes Structure across Tank Types 3.12Figure 3.3 : Household Dependent on Livestock Activities 3.13Figure 3.4 : Sources of Borrowing across Agro-climatic Zones 3.16Figure 3.5 : Paddy Production 3.18Figure 3.6 : Stakeholders’ Perception on Drinking water Scarcity 3.21Figure 3.7(a) : Dependence on Sources of Water for Agriculture in Kharif Season 3.22Figure 3.7(b) : Dependence on Sources of Water for Agriculture in Rabi Season 3.22Figure 3.8 : Bore-wells across Tank Types 3.24Figure 3.9 : Bore-well across Agro-climatic zones 3.24

Figure 4.1 : Consumption of pesticides crop wise 4.4

Acknowledgements

We owe special thanks for giving this opportunity to carry out the study and providing us with all necessary support and co-operation to Mr. S.P. Tucker, Principal Secretary to Government, Irrigation & CAD Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh and Mr. Sanjay Gupta, Special Commissioner, I&CAD Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh and to Ms. Madhuri S. Newale, Social Development Expert for co-ordinating the study and for constantly helping us to refine the study. Dr. Mohd. Hasan and Dr. Sanjay Pahuja of The World Bank interacted constantly with us and provided constructive criticisms and encouragement to complete the study. Both senior and field officials of the Minor Irrigation Department and the Revenue Department were very helpful during our field work. We are highly thankful to all of them.

We propose our sincere thanks to the members of the Tank Community in all the villages that we visited across the State. We are thankful to all the field investigators for their hard work.

This report would not have been possible without the active support and putting in hard work from Mr. B.K.D. Raja, Mr. Narayan Bhat and Mr. Md. Shakeel of Centre for Excellence in Management and Technology Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad and Dr S .Narendra Prasad, Senior Principal Scientist and his field team from Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Hyderabad. We are highly grateful for all their help and continuous persistence to bringing this study in the present shape. We are highly thankful to Ms. S. Padmavathy for her meticulous work in completing all the versions on time and to carry out all corrections.

The support and encouragement given by the former Director of our Institute Prof. Gopal K. Kadekodi and the present Director Prof. N. Jayaram and the Incharge Director Dr. G.K. Karanth provided enabling environment to complete the study. Mr. V. Ramappa, Registrar I/c and Accounts Officer in the Institute helped in all administrative and accounts work. To all of them, we remain indebted.

The AuthorsInstitute for Social and Economic Change

Bangalore

December 8, 2006

Draft

Andhra Pradesh Community Based Tank Project:Environmental and Social Assessment Study

Submitted byCentre for Ecological Economics and Natural Resources

Institute for Social and Economic Change, BangaloreIn collaboration with

Centre for Excellence in Management and Technologies Ltd., Hyderabadand Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Hyderabad

Executive Summary

The Construct

Andhra Pradesh is the fifth biggest State in India. Tanks have been, a major source of water supply for irrigation, drinking water and other uses. According to one estimate, tanks contribute to as much as 67 percent of the sste’s total irrigable area. Over the years, many of the tanks, due to a variety of problems in popoer functioning. At the State level, 69 percent of estimated 77, 000 tanks, of the tanks are under repair, accounting for 82% of the area irrigated by tanks. Andhra Pradesh is the first state in India to promulgate a long-term vision through the document, Vision 2020: Swarna Andhra Pradesh. Both the irrigation policy and legal framework were in tune with the long-term vision adopted by the State. It envisages that an effective way to provide quality and responsive services is to decentralise them and ensure that people have a role in managing them. Andhra Pradesh's own experiment in water management reform demonstrates the power of peoples participation.

The Government of Andhra Pradesh has initiated a community based action plan to rehabilitate about 4 lakh ha of command area under minor irrigation tank systems in a project mode to improve tank-based livelihoods on technical, socio-economic and environmental sound principles. The State government has proposed to set up a Project Monitoring Unit that would house the multi-disciplinary skills necessary to implement the plan.

The present study was undertaken to develop a framework and to assess the social and environmental impacts of the proposed project interventions; develop measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts; and examine the legal, policy and institutional aspects. This assessment used a combination of Participatory Transect Walks, PRAs and Focus Group Discussions, Questionnaire Canvassing, Consultations with SC and ST members of the community and with the officials of various line-departments, and PRAs with the community. To validate the findings, a series of internal and external consultative reviews and public consultations were held at four places.

Across the State, 50 tanks have been identified for the social and environmental assessment and for the compilation of the tank profiles. The list of 50 tanks was provided by the Irrigation and Command Area Development Department. The tanks were distributed over three regions and are spread over 17 districts of the state.

A series of discussions were held with the representatives of the World Bank, MI and CAD of GoAP, and members of the research team, and review team members frequently, to firm up the method, objectives and pattern of analysis. Extensive consultations were also carried out with a variety of stakeholders (including farmers, representatives from the PRIs, women and other vulnerable groups, and other local organizations), government agencies, researchers, expert groups and NGOs.

Public Consultations

Public consultations were held at two stages, viz. Stage-1 at Tank Level - consultations with stakeholders in the form of Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and Stage-2 at Regional Level at four different locations (Vijayanagaram, Ongole, Karimnagar and Kadapa) of the State was held on 27th September and 5th October 2006.

Survey Findings

The key findings include both environmental and social relevance (significance) of tank irrigation systems and various key concerns.

a) More than 79% of the interviewed farmers belong to small and marginal farmer category; 55% of the total farmers hold less than 1 acre of land.

b) Majority of the farmers complained about the high siltation levels, thereby, affecting their crop cultivation and in turn their livelihood.

c) Owing to poor condition of the tank supplies, exclusive dependency on tank water is confined to 43% in Kharif season and 45% in Rabi season. However, these are critical crop-saving irrigations.

d) In spite of poor condition of the tanks, water intensive crops like paddy is cultivated in 49% of tank command area. However, in recent years, with fast growth in groundwater exploitation and subsidized power supply, crop diversification is picking up towards horticultural crops and cash crops (Sugarcane, chillies).

e) Despite significant presence of formal credit facilities 31% of the interviewed farmers reported to be borrowing from moneylenders; it ranges from 22% in South Telangana region to 47% in Krishna Godavari basin region.

f) Farmers belong to backward communities are 38%, followed by 22% from SC and 13% belonging to ST.

g) One of the key constraints for high productivity and efficient use of land and water resources is practice of tenancy. Tank command areas across 50 tanks are not free from this constraint. High levels of tenancy were reported across the reaches of the tank command; High tenancy levels have also affected the tank system maintenance, repairs, and payment of water charges, and participation in collective action.

h) Interestingly, the age-old traditional institution of neerganti (water distributor appointed locally) is preferred by 73% of the interviewed farmers.

i) In case of willingness to pay for the water supplies, 69% indicated around Rs.100/acre/season, and 7% indicated to go beyond Rs.300/acre/season. Majority (57%) of them have clearly stressed on equitable distribution of water across the crop-seasons as main focus for a good management of the tank.

j) Unfortunately, 95% of the study tank based WUAs do not have women representatives in their Management committees.

k) According to the National Environmental Protection Act 1986, the minor irrigation project does not warrant formal environmental assessment procedure. Sub-project specific analysis based on the field visits to tank sites indicates that environmental impacts of proposed tank improvement are short-term in nature and/or reversible.

From detailed survey of select tanks, following key concerns emerge.

Social Concerns

Encroachment (based on census survey of 5 tanks): a) Area/tank range from 7 to 57 acres and Number of PAPs 5 to 30 per tank, b) Two-third families are nuclear, c) 83% PAFs are illiterates, d) 3% PAFs are women, and e) All PAFs are below poverty line

Inadequate and poor participation of WUA members in: a) Tank Management covering regular O&M, b) Payment of Water charges, c) Collective action as WUA, d) Water distribution, and e) Maintenance of distribution network and sluices

Conflicts on water use: a) Head and tail enders, b) Fisherman and tank bed cultivators, c) Tankbed and command area cultivators, d) Upstream and down stream users in cascade system of tanks

Tail end issues: a) Less number of irrigations compare to head enders, b) Poor distribution system, c) Poor maintenance, d) Head and middle reach farmers store up during scarcities

Status and returns from tank based livelihoods: a) Reduced over time, b) High levels of siltation has reduced storage levels, c) Less number of irrigations, d) Less groundwater recharge

Poor participation in WUA: a) Lack of consultation process, b) Low participation of women in tank management, c) Poor representation in WUA

Environmental Concerns

Quality (based on water quality tests in 10 tanks): a) Coliform range 50-1600 (std <50), b) TDS range 134-589 (Std 500), c) Non-potable water in many peri-urban tanks owing chemical,

Base flows to be maintained Likely Use of higher quantities of agro-chemicals due to change in cropping pattern Lack of environmental awareness among farmers, community members, extension

workers

Recommendations

Social and Environmental Management Framework A Social and Environmental Management Framework (SEMF) is prepared to serve

as a road map to be followed by the implementing agencies during all five stages of the project cycle of 36 months at the sub-project level (tank level): a) identification of the sub-project, b) preplanning, c) planning, d) implementation, and e) post-implementation. The overall framework covers the following aspects:

Identify social and environment concerns at the sub-project level. Identify anticipated social and environmental impacts of the proposed

interventions at the sub-project level. Propose management measures to address identified social and environmental

issues and possible impacts, at various stages of sub-project cycle along with outcomes at each stage.

Prepare detailed strategies for addressing key social and environmental issues, for the project implementation agency to serve as the basis for preparation of specific social and environmental management plans for each specific sub-project.

Develop indicators for monitoring of social and environmental parameters and implementation of social and environmental management plans.

Propose appropriate institutional arrangements to ensure effective management of the identified social and environmental aspects of the project interventions at each level.

Identify critical gaps and suggest any additional studies required to address them.

The SEMF developed a methodology for screening and assessing the environmental and social issues during various stages of project planning and implementation. In the screening criteria of sub-projects, six parameters are considered: a) forest land required, b) natural habitats, c) culture properties, d) need for land acquisition, e) extent of land acquisition, f) number of families involved.

For all the selected sub-projects in the pre-planning stage, support organisation will facilitate WUA in undertaking social mapping, identifying resettlement issues, and developing various management plans, if required. These plans are: a) Resettlement Action Plan, b) Tribal Development Plan, c) Gender Action Plan, d) Dam Safety Plan, e) Integrated Pest Management Plan, f) Integrated Nutrition Management Plan, g) Cultural Property Plan. Guidelines and model plans have been separately prepared to help the sub-project level plan preparation, known as Integrated Social and Environmental Management Plan, covering all these plans and forms to be filled up at that level. These plans, based on SEMF, also indicate mitigation measures.

Post Implementation Scenario

Tail end farmers receive water for irrigation Continued dependence, minimized need for alternatives Functioning of the fishermen cooperative societies, transparent developed

partnership between WUA and fisheries cooperatives Pathways cleared or made on dead storage Members of WUA, levy on ground water recharge Members of WUA, new stakes (fishing, grazing, seasonal tank bed

cultivation etc)

Institutional Arrangement: The project proposes to adopt a community-based approach in tank improvement and management. Hence it is essential that right from the beginning community participation in addressing social and environment concerns is planned and integrated in the overall project framework and plan. Social and environmental issues and concerns identified definitely affect the performance and utility of tank system. Hence, due importance needs to be given to address these concerns in the planning and implementation process. Essentially, appropriate institutional arrangements, including adequate staffing with specialisation in social and environmental management, need to be ensured at the different levels of project institutional structure. Accordingly, the following institutional structure is proposed: a) Project level- Project Monitoring Unit, b) District level – District Project Unit, and c) Sub-project level: Support Organisation and WUAs.

Monitoring: Monitoring of social and environmental issues forms one of the important elements of SEMF. Actions need to be planned by the project to integrate the monitoring within the project monitoring and learning system. The monitoring and learning will involve not only the progress on activities and inputs but generating learning’s on results and outcomes of project interventions on social and environmental issues. Monitoring will be carried out through: a) internal monitoring, b) external monitoring, c) and impact evaluation. Indicators for monitoring along with the frequency of monitoring and responsible agencies were suggested.

Chapter 01

Study Objectives and Methodology 1.1. Background of the Project

The government of Andhra Pradesh has initiated the community based action plan to rehabilitate about 400,000 ha of command under minor irrigation tank systems in a project mode to improve tank-based livelihoods on technically and economically sound principles. The proposed project is expected to contribute to this plan, initiate reforms in existing programmes and scale up the new approach of reviving traditional minor irrigation tanks on a sustainable basis. The State government has proposed to set up a State Level Minor Irrigation Society that would house the multi-disciplinary skills necessary to implement the plan. The development objective of the overall project is to improve tank system based livelihoods and strengthen community management of selected tank systems.

1.2. Objectives of this Study

a) To develop a framework to assess the social and environmental impacts of the proposed project interventions;

b) Develop measures to mitigate negative impacts and enhance positive impacts;

c) Examine the legal, policy and institutional aspects to ensure adequate and effective stakeholder group formation, management and functioning of tanks that is central to the community based approach of the project.

The objective of this strategic assessment is to analyze a few typical case studies to develop a framework where social and environmental aspects can be adequately addressed as part of this project.

1.3. Methodology

The Assessment used a combination of different methods for the purpose of data gathering and consultations. They included, Participatory Transect Walks, PRAs and Focus Group Discussions, Questionnaire Canvassing, Consultations with SC and ST members of the community and with the officials of various line-departments, PRAs with community leaders. To validate the findings and understanding of them, there were a series of internal and consultative external reviews, and feedback workshop involving members of the village communities, representatives of NGOs, experts and state government officials.

The study was carried out in two stages:i. Preparing profiles of the selected 50 tanks and carrying out household

surveyii. Based on tank profiles and household survey data and field observations,

preparing analytical chapters on social and environmental assessmentiii. As a part of a second stage test for water quality was carried out for

parameters such as TDS, NO3, zinc, ferrous, BOD and total coliform and E-

1.1

coli. These water quality tests were carried out four parts of the tank system – catchment, tank water, command area and borewell.

1.2

1.3.1 Selection of tanks

Across the state, 50 tanks have been identified for the social and environmental assessment and for the compilation of the tank profiles. The list of the 50 sample tanks has been provided by the Irrigation and Command Area Development Department (see Annexure 1.1 for list of tanks). The selected 50 tanks falls into four categories and spread over three regions of the state (see Table 1.1 ). The selected tanks were spread over in 46 Mandals of 17 districts covering seven agro-climatic zones based on a number of environmental and social criteria for a detailed study as part of the Social and Environmental Assessment (Also see Annexures 3.1 to 3.3). For the purpose of preparing a Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plan and Indigenous Peoples Development Plan, the study team revisited five villages for a detailed survey of the Project Affected Families (PAFs).Table 1.1 Category of sample tanks across the regions of Andhra Pradesh

Category of Tanks

Command area in acres

Number of tanks

Distribution of Tanks across regions Telangana Andhr

a Rayalaseema

Type-1 Below 500 16 7 3 6Type-2 500-1000 11 7 2 2Type-3 1000-2000 12 7 4 1Type-4 Above 2000 11 5 2 4

Total 50 26 11 13

1.3.2 Preparation of the Tank Profiles

The tank profiles were prepared on the basis of a) field visit by an interdisciplinary team, b) walk through survey in the tank system area, c) focused group discussions with stakeholder groups, d) collection of secondary and primary information about the tank system details and its current status. The tank profile will be prepared through a standardized format to maintain the commonality across the tank systems (Annexure 1.2). Three teams (three members each) will be constituted to collect the data from each tank. After the collection of the data, it will be entered in the computer and to create two separate databases – tank profile.

1.3.3 Household Survey

The household survey was carried out for the potential beneficiaries of the tank system. The suggested (in the TOR) sample survey of beneficiaries is: around 10 families per tank in <500 acres, 15 for 500-1000 acres, 20 for 1000-2000 and 30 for >2000 acres of command. Accordingly, a total of 895 households surveyed. To be able to capture the entire existing social and economic diversity in the tank villages, the selection of the household was based on stratified sampling criterion (social, economic and location in tank command area). The time provided to carry out the present study (3 months) was inadequate to properly carry out the sampling process and the household survey. The format for the household survey is shown in the Annexure 1.3.

1.3

1.3.4 Environmental survey (Flora and fauna)

Each one of the tank in the three regions was visited by field ecologists for observations on flora and fauna with emphasis on birds. Catchment, tank and command areas were assessed rapidly for recording information and data. In addition, interviews were also held with stakeholders on environmental issues. Based on the first hand observations in the field, inputs for finalizing the impacts of various environmental parameters were given. In addition water quality was scored on a three-point scale pending the full analytical results from the state ground water board.Table 1.2 Distribution of tanks and households surveyed across tank types and agro-climatic regions of Andhra Pradesh

Agro- Climatic Zone

Number of Tanks Type I

(<500 acres)Type II

(500-1000 acres)

Type III(1000-2000

acres)

Type IV(>2000 acres)

Total

High Altitude 1 (37)

1(44)

1(18)

- 3

Krishna Godavari Basin

1 (33)

1(30)

1(20)

1(19)

4

North Coastal 1 (38)

1(39)

3(41, 42, 43)

1(40)

6

North Telangana 5 (1, 2, 17, 26,

27)

4(13, 15, 47,

49)

4(14, 32, 45, 46)

2(12, 16)

15

Scarce Rainfall 4 (10, 11, 21,

50)

- - 2(22, 23)

6

South Telangana 2(25, 48)

2(24, 28)

1(29)

2(35, 36)

7

Southern Zone 2(4, 5)

2(3, 7)

2(9, 31)

3(6, 8, 34)

9

Total number of tanks

16 11 12 11 50

Households surveyed

160 165 240 330 895

Note: Numbers shown within the parenthesis indicate the tank number as listed in the List of 50 Tanks presented in Annexure 1.1.

1.3.5. Consultations

A series of methodological discussions were held with the representatives of the World Bank, MI and CAD of GoAP, and members of the research team, and review team members frequently. Extensive consultations were carried out with a variety of stakeholders (including farmers, representatives from the PRIs, women and other vulnerable groups, and other local organizations), government agencies, researchers, expert groups and NGOs.

a) Consultations with SC and ST members of the community: With a view to preparing an Indigenous Peoples’ Development Plan, special consultations were held with members of the SC and ST population in the village communities. Leading members of the community were also invited to join such consultations so as to be sensitive to the perceptions of other sections of the

1.4

community concerning the interests of the marginalised and vulnerable sections of the society.

b) Consultation with the affected community: Detailed consultations were held with the affected community in the first round of social assessment. In the second round, individual affected families were interviewed to assess the impact of the project on their livelihood. These consultations helped in the formulation of R&R policy and preparation of a model RAP.

c) Consultations with other groups: Separate consultations were held with the landless, artisans, pastoral tenants and sharecroppers regarding their present and perceived role in the project, and to incorporate issues into the project design so as to safeguard their interests. Separate focus group discussions were also held with members of community-based organizations (temple committees, Self Help Group (SHG), milk and credit cooperatives) to understand the history of organizing practices in the village. Special emphasis was laid on learning from the past experiences of the people in managing community organizations, conflict resolution process, and representation for the different section of the population.

d) Consultations with the officials of various line-departments: Officials at various levels (state, district, taluk and revenue subdivision, and Gram Panchayat levels) were consulted about the present status of tanks, their operation, irrigation, taxation policies, recovery process and financial allocations, etc. In particular, the discussions with the officials of the Department of Minor Irrigation at the district level proved to be very insightful. Consultations were also held with the village level staff and revenue officers. During the second round of data gathering from a sub-sample of six tanks, these officials, especially, revenue officials along with a few engineers from irrigation department accompanied the team especially to assess the situation concerning encroachment of tank property. Wherever water users’ societies had been formed by the Minor irrigation department, under the APFMIS Act, 1997, consultations were held to learn from the experience of WUAs and their role in the tank system improvement over the years. .

e) PRAs with community leaders: PRAs and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were carried out to assess the role and problems of a range of stakeholders, group formation processes and potentials for collective action. Participation of community leaders accompanied by the local people proved to be very meaningful and informative.

f) Internal and consultative external reviews: During the course of carrying out the SEA, the team members held open, frank and critical review meetings at the frequency of a week or a fortnight both with a view to learning from each other’s experience and insights to inform one’s own work, and to sensitize each other of the inter-relatedness of issues centering around the tank, community, environment, agricultural practices, etc. Members of the study team frequently participated in the periodical meetings conducted by the MI and CAD to review the progress made by different studies. Proceedings of such meetings were found to be helpful in identifying a wide range of inter-related issues, as for instance the linkages between institutional studies with those of SEA.

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g) Exposure visits: With a view to identifying the best practices elsewhere a few members of the study team had earlier visited to the tank rejuvenation projects carried out by leading NGOs like MARI in Warangal district, Chaitanya in Ananthapur district; watershed projects, where in tank and catchment treatments included, of ICRISAT, Hyderabad, and tank rejuvenation sites of JSYS, Karnataka, and of DHAN Foundation in Tamil Nadu.

h) Regional level consultations workshop for feedback: With a view to validate the preliminary findings of this study, and to identify gaps if any, a one-day regional level workshops, in four different locations of the State was held on 27th September and 5th October 2006. The preliminary findings of the study were translated in to local language –Telugu, and the hand outs were circulated widely. Advanced information about the consultation meeting was published in the local (Telugu language) news papers. Participants included a cross-section of NGO functionaries, leading experts in water and irrigation sector, officials of the World Bank and the state departments of irrigation, and more importantly, members of the village communities that had been covered in the study. For the benefit of participants presentations and discussions were organized in the local language. Summary of these consultation meetings are given in Chapter 9. A similar one/two-day workshop at the state level is being planned during the later part of 2006.

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Chapter 02

Tanks in Andhra Pradesh: An Overview

2.1 Background

Inscriptional and literary sources in Andhra Pradesh shed more light on the irrigation systems that prevailed during the Chera, Chola, Pandya, Pallava and Kakatiya periods. To avoid famine and scarcity, they devised irrigation systems even in the early days. Where rainfall was inadequate, irrigation by storing the runoff rainwater was practised and storage bodies such as Cheruvu, Kunta, Kulams, Kuttais, Ponds, Endhal, Kanmois, Eris, Tanks and Reservoirs (Natarajan, 2003) were created. These structures are common features in South India because of its geography, climate, and terrain situations. The leeward side of Western Ghats up to the eastern coast receives less rainfall of the south-west monsoon. However, the north-east monsoon, which is variable, brings more rain over these areas. The north-east monsoon is also often accompanied by cyclonic storms and results in copious rain events in short spells. Unless this rain water is collected and stored, these areas will have acute water shortage and drought during the rest of the year. Hence indigenous technology in the form of tanks have come into existence in this part of the country in large numbers. These tanks vary from hydrological continuity from one to the other in the form of cascade to stand alone with catchment area sometimes even exceeding the command are, over the time, these tanks have become the life line of these semiarid zone.

Tanks, which are relatively small, shallow storages, constitute about a third of all minor works in use. In terms of area irrigated however, they are far more important, accounting for nearly 80 percent of the net area irrigated by all minor surface water resources. The country has an estimated 208,000 tanks irrigating 3.5 million hectares. Sixty percent of the tank irrigation in the country is accounted for by Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu; together these states, have nearly 1,20,000 tanks irrigating 1.8 million hectares. In eight districts of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu over a fifth of the sown area depends on tank irrigation (Vaidyanathan 2001). In addition, village tanks play a significant role in supporting the livelihoods of the marginalized groups in the rural areas apart from numerous other uses. S. Michael’s study (2000) highlights that the village economy is linked to both village and individual growth and that every activity in the village is directly or indirectly linked to the tanks. The tank was meant not only for agriculture but also served as a resource base and provided livelihood opportunities for many other activities like making bricks, pots, baskets, ropes, livestock, fisheries etc, In addition, tanks help in recharging groundwater; hence water in the wells gets recharged.

Apart from the above-mentioned factors, tanks are eco-friendly hence management of tank system ensures protection and preservation of the environment. Tank ecosystem’s vital functions include recycling of nutrients, purification of water, recharge of groundwater, augmenting and maintenance of stream flow and habitat provision for a wide variety of flora and fauna along with their recreation values. It is home for wide variety of bird species and aquatic

2.1

species along with a variety of medicinal plant species. In essence, tank with proper management provides many ecological, economical, social and cultural benefits in its immediate environment, like flood moderators during heavy rains and serve as storage points during drought conditions, in addition, tank irrigation is superior in distributing water, economical in terms of energy utilization. It is therefore perceived that tank systems are integral to sustainable development of the semi-arid regions as they (Raju et al, 2001);

Have lower gestation period of development and delivery of Irrigation services

Outlay of lesser capital and operational expenses Are easy to construct and operate Can be constructed in small and topographically difficult areas Need no resettlement.

These Tanks are inextricably linked to the socio-cultural aspects of rural communities and have historically been an indispensable part of the village habitat. The layout, structure, and construction of these tanks bring out the ingenuity of past generations who constructed the tanks suitably fitting to the gradual fall of the contours. As small-scale irrigation systems, these tanks are easily adaptable to the system of decentralized village administration they have. The precise shape and size of each tank seem to have been determined by the terrain. The overflow of one tank moves into the lower down tank and so on. Building this highly interconnected system would have also required civil engineering skills of a high order. Maintaining such an extensive dispersed system and sharing the waters need extraordinary social and managerial skills. The sharing of tank water and other usufructs is perhaps the essence of democratic functioning that prevailed then.

Over the ages, they have become a part of the village ‘public commons’ through which social relations are articulated apart from supporting livelihoods of the several stakeholders including marginalized groups, providing various ecological services like ground water recharge, providing habitat and niche for flora and fauna along with preservation of the environment and several other tangible and non-tangible uses. These tanks have many special features. The tank is recognized as having at least four different functions in irrigated agriculture—water conservation, soil conservation, flood control, and protection of ecology of the surrounding area. There are evidences of well-developed irrigation systems in literature, epigraphs, and as remnants of structures with indigenous systems of irrigation are thousands of years of tradition.

2.2 Tanks and Rural Livelihood System

Typically, the tank is the central point of the village economy with all most all the stake holders of the village depending on the tanks either directly or in-directly for their livelihood. The nature and diversity of various stakeholders dependent on the tanks is depicted in table 2.1.

2.2

Table No. 2.1: Tank and Various StakeholdersSector Sub Sector

Direct Agriculture FarmingAnimal Husbandry

Fisheries FisheriesFarming on the dry tank beds

Live stock rearing Sheep and Goat rearingWasher community Washing activitiesPotter Brick & pot makingWeaver community

Indirect Gatherer Community

Bird hunting, tuber collection, Medicinal plant collection

Service Providers Black Smith, Agrochemical dealers, Mechanics etc

2.3 Tanks in Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh is the 5th biggest State in our Country and it is 2,76,754 sq. km. from Chittoor to Srikakulam, Adilabad to Anantapur. Politically Andhra Pradesh is divided into 3 regions, Viz. Coastal Region (Srikakulam to Nellore - 9 districts), Rayalaseema Region (Central part of Krishna & Tungabhadra - 4 districts), Telangana Region (Central part of Krishna & Godavari - 10 districts).

Fig No. 2.1: Map of various regions in A.P

Sources: GoAP, 2006.

2.3

In Andhra Pradesh, as many as eight districts have been declared drought-prone. Tanks were the main source of water supply in these areas for ages. At the end of the First Five Year Plan, there were 58,518 tanks in Andhra Pradesh with an irrigated area of 1.07 million hectares (mha), which is about two-fifths of the irrigated area of the state. Many tanks were built in a series so that no wastage of water took place. Moreover, the storage tanks enriched the water table through percolation. An institutional system also evolved and enabled tanks to be the major source of irrigation. Interestingly, the region (Rayalaseema) with highest dependence on groundwater has the lowest number of tanks. A more serious problem is regarding the functioning of tanks. At the state level 69 percent of the tanks are under repair, which account for 82 percent of the area irrigated by tanks. Effectively, only 18 percent of the tank command is being irrigated (Reddy, 2003).

Minor Irrigation, under which tanks are categorised, contributes to 67% of the state irrigation1. The gamut of minor irrigation comprises minor irrigation tanks (>40 hectare command), Panchayat Raj Tanks (<40 hectare command), lift irrigation schemes and ground water based irrigation systems. Andhra has traditionally been tank based rural economy and predominantly tank based irrigation system for large part of it. Tanks have been the mainstay of irrigation and drinking water in deccan plateau and have a long history of more than five centuries.

Historically, tank irrigation in Andhra Pradesh has played a vital role in the development of its agricultural economy on a larger front and livelihoods of diverse communities on the whole. There are 77,452 small and big irrigation tanks dotted over the state irrigating over a million ha in the most drought prone and semi arid regions of the state. These structures that are common in the deccan plateau have survived over centuries, providing water for irrigation and domestic uses. Breaking down of local institutions responsible for managing the tanks, has resulted in state of disrepair and sub-optimal production from these tanks. Consequent loss of agriculture production has affected the small and marginal farmers adversely in rain fed areas The area under agriculture is almost constant despite creating new potential in terms of command and massive watershed treatment program in last decade. This requires a detailed analysis of source wise irrigation. The area under irrigation from tanks is drastically reduced. The percentage of area dependent in Andhra Pradesh on tanks for irrigation has reduced to less than half in 45 years - from 39% in 1955 to 16% in 2000 (GoAP, 2005). There is also an interesting indigenous system of sharing water during the deficit times among the community called the Dhamosi system in Mahaboobnagar district2 (see Box 2.1).

1 Irrigation in AP is classified into Minor, Medium and Major irrigation depending upon the magnitude of the command served. Major irrigation comprises large irrigation projects with their commands above 10000 ha and Medium irrigation comprises projects with commands between 2000 ha to 10000 ha.2 Such system is also found in many parts of South India. E.g., Chintamani taluk, Kolar district of Karnataka (see Ramaswamy, 1999).

2.4

Table 2.2 Sizewise category and number of Tanks in Andhra PradeshSize in ha Number

of tanks% to total

Managed by Remarks

Below 40 (100 acres)

66,175 85.44 Panchayat raj Bodies

15,000 tanks have command of above 20 ha. Gets financial allocation of Rs.70 million during the year 2004, for all 66,175 tanks.

Above 40 (100 acres)

11,277 14.66 Minor Irrigation Department

8000 tanks have a command of 40-202 ha1000 tanks are above 202 ha.

Total 77,452Source: Collected from the Chief Engineer Office, Minor Irrigation Department, Hyderabad.

2.3.1. Decline of Tank System The tradition of tanks as the largest source of irrigation continued until the mid-1960s. There has since been an overall decline in the area irrigated by tanks in spite of a marginal increase in the number of tanks. The situation in drought-prone areas is more alarming. In some of the districts, there has been a reduction in the number of tanks as well as the area irrigated by them. By 1998-99, the net area irrigated by tanks was 810,000 ha, much less than the one million ha potential inherited under tanks in 1950-51. Loss of capacity of the tanks is not only the loss of tank dominant regions, which are relatively dry and drought-prone and dependent on wells (Reddy, 1998).

The decline of tank irrigation in the decades following the 1950s was caused by the continuation of a policy, which had its origins in the very early phase of the British rule in India. It was a policy based on the need to propagate an impression that smaller irrigation works were uneconomical and an unnecessary burden on revenue officials. This impression arose out of a long neglect of the ancient, locally maintained tank irrigation systems of South India because of changes in the tenurial system towards raitawari or zamindari. Describing irrigation development in South India in the 1930s, T. Ranga Rao an expert, wrote: "In the early days of British rule, it was expected that all irrigation works would be maintained by village communities concerned without any cost to the state. But settlement of the revenue system of the presidency, assessing as it did, through the several stages of farming system, of the Permanent Settlement of the village lease or renting system, and, of the raitatwari system, has shaken the village community and with it the communal labour."

The tradition of tanks as the largest source of irrigation continued in Andhra Pradesh until the mid-1960s. There has since been an overall decline in the area irrigated by tanks in spite of a marginal increase in the number of tanks. The situation in drought-prone areas is more alarming. In some of the districts, there has been a reduction in the number of tanks as well as the area irrigated by them. The notion that small tanks were un-remunerative and their maintenance an unnecessary burden on the state remained and got further strengthened in the post-Independence period. The thrust was set on ambitious major multi-purpose river valley projects. Minor irrigation, especially in dry regions, got neglected. In fact, irreversible damage was done to minor works by assigning some of the tankbeds to private individuals for cultivation under the 'grow more food' campaign.

2.5

The first important investigation into the state of minor irrigation works in the post-colonial period was undertaken in 1967-68 when the Andhra Pradesh Legislature Estimates Committee went into minor irrigation and drainage schemes. Its report is a typical example of the continuation of the colonial notion that minor works were a burden on the state and the state of their neglect was due to the failure of people to carry on "kudimaramath" (voluntary labour). The committee observed, "Kummaki kuntas or feeder channels, which feed lower tanks, are in need of repair. Normally, under the law kudimaramath for repairs to supply channels have to be attended to by the command dar. But as the ryots are poor, the feeder channels or kummakki kuntas are in despair". Thus absolving the state of the responsibility for the neglect of tanks, the Committee went on to record: "Tanks which are not capable of irrigating more than 4.05 ha. may also be removed from the list of government sources for restoration or maintenance as it is not worthwhile spending money on them".

Meager finances: Severe financial constraints have been a major factor leading to the decline of tanks. The maintenance expenditure on the tanks remained at Rs. 1.50 per acre until July 1966, when the deteriorating state of tanks and tank irrigation forced the government to raise it to Rs. 3.50 per acre. But the rot had already begun and despite the repeated revisions in the rate since 1974, ultimately reaching Rs.20 per acre in 1984, the declining trend could not be arrested. Even in recent decades, financial allocation has not increased to minor irrigation systems. Over the years minor irrigation has been receiving low priority over the years. It accounts for only about 10 percent of the total plan expenditure on irrigation sector; this is more or less stagnant during the last five years (Reddy, 2003). Its share in the non-plan expenditure is much lower and declined during the recent years. This also reflects that, new schemes are given more importance than rejuvenating and maintenance of the old tanks.

Technological and Institutional changes: The majority of tanks in the drought - prone areas of Andhra Pradesh irrigate less than 40 ha of land. There has also been decline in the number of tanks between 1955-56 and 1986-89 in Kurnool and Ananthapur. In Chittoor, Cuddapah, Mahabubnagar, and Nalgonda, the number of tanks has increased. Although the changes in the number of tanks are not unidirectional, it is interesting to note that the area irrigated under the tanks has been declining uniformly in all drought - prone areas. In general this trend is observed through out our state but the percentage decline is more in the drought - prone areas as compared to non-drought prone areas. This indicates the deteriorated condition of tanks.

Many of these tanks were constructed about 8-10 centuries ago. Even now, most villages have at least 1-2 such tanks. Before independence the main purpose of these tanks was to store the surplus runoff for supporting irrigated crops and livestock (during rainy season as well as post-rainy season). During the 1960s, as population pressure increased, and with the increased availability of cheap electricity in rural areas, farmers started exploiting groundwater resources through open wells for bringing additional area under irrigation and well irrigated areas increased. The shrinkage of tank irrigation intensified after the mid - 1960s. After 1965, well irrigation overtook all other sources of irrigation.

Beginning with the early 1960s, well irrigation increased by leaps and

2.6

bounds due to availability of credit facilities and electricity at subsidized rates. This transformation was aided by the increased privatization not only of land but also of the ground water on private land. This, along with improvements in water lifting technologies, made private command over irrigation of large areas, feasible. It made the dependence on common source like a tank, redundant for the rich and powerful in the villages. Tanks were no longer an asset that needed to be maintained but whose deterioration leading up to acquisition of the tank bed for private cultivation became the prime objective. An interesting product of this new institutional and technological scene is the practice of selling of well water for irrigation and the emergence of water lords. During the 1980s and ’90s, supply of irrigation water from open wells became inadequate to meet the further growing requirement. At that stage, the farmers started digging bore wells. In fact, bore well digging was cheaper than digging open wells.

However, due to over- exploitation of the ground water, the water table had been consistently going down even in bore wells. Two types of technological options emerged for addressing the above problem. An exogenous option being currently adopted on a large scale under the government- funded watershed programme) involves construction of community-oriented water harvesting structures like check dams for recharging of groundwater resource. Simultaneously an indigenous option also emerged (which is currently being adopted by a few innovative communities at their own cost), which involves conversion of existing irrigation tanks into percolation tanks. The above indigenous option has been found effective, particularly in two types of situations: (i) where most of the command area under the tank is irrigated not only by the tank water but also by well / bore well water, thanks to the availability of cheap electricity; and (ii) where tank bed area continues to be a common property resource without any private encroachment. By and large the indigenous option is cheaper and it has helped increase the net irrigated area (due to increased efficiency in water use) besides significantly increasing fish production (due to long periods of standing water in the tank bed area). The above option is gradually being adopted in more villages, particularly in situations where proper facilitation is carried out to resolve conflicts between farmers with no wells and farmers owning wells in the tank command area; and between private landowners in the bed area and well/borewell owners in the command area of the tank. However, the treatment of the catchment for sustainability and the access of water to tail end users require active consideration. Further, hydrological studies on the present extraction levels are needed.

There have been numerous suggestions to restore the tank system - regular maintenance and repair of tanks as per standards specified, raising of bunds to recover the capacity lost due to silting, desilting - cum - reclamation, to reduce the area of submergence and evaporation losses, checking of weed growth in tank bed to reduce transpiration losses, regulation of foreshore and tank bed cultivation, and afforestation and soil conservation of foreshore areas to minimize silting. History shows that tanks are a product of local initiative. It is therefore, necessary to understand the conditions under which indigenous institutions disappeared. Various factors that led to the decline of tanks role could be summarized in the following points (Raju et al, 2001):

Abolition and taking over the rights of Zamindari or other private tanks by

2.7

the government Declining capital expenditure and lower allocation for maintenance and

repairs on the tanks Involvement of multiple agencies and lack of coordination among them Increased access to alternative sources of water and method of extraction

and government support on a massive scale for ground water extraction Lack of government policy and programme in support of traditional water

management institutions and their neglect Shift of authority from the visible local community to invisible government Emergence of livelihood patterns that are increasingly independent of tank

based occupations Siltation and encroachment of tanks and the neglect by local communities

and authorities located at a distance Breakdown of values attached to tank and tank water States shift in emphasis (in terms of financial investment and agricultural

production) on major and minor irrigation.

2.3.2 Tank Restoration Efforts

Tank restoration scheme was initiated in Madras province (it included coastal parts of the present Andhra Pradesh state) in 1883 with an objective to survey all tanks in presidency, set standards for restoration of these tanks to their full capacity and assign them to appropriate authorities for maintenance as per standards set. The Report on the minor irrigation works (Andhra Pradesh) by the Committee on Plan Projects (the so called Khosla Committee) strongly recommended that the master plan for restoring old tanks in Andhra Pradesh be implemented and completed during the Third Five year Plan. But, during the three five year plans only 8,442 tanks were restored at a cost of Rs.5.02 crore. However, tank restoration scheme continued to suffer severe financial constraints even during the phase of planned development, and the expenditure under the scheme was subject to a ceiling of Rs. 350 per acre of command.

Regarding the conservation of water stored in tanks, the Committee on

2.8

Plan Projects (1960) made two important proposals. One related to the reduction of evaporation losses and the second to the minimising of transpiration losses. Taking into consideration the temperature variations in the state, the evaporation losses were estimated to range between 115 -385 cm. The Committee observed that acetyl alcohol compounds would reduce evaporation losses by 60 percent, and suggested research work on similar lines to find cheaper substitutes for use in conserving tank water. Further, in order to minimise the area of submergence, the Committee suggested a programme of desilting - cum - reclamation. Regarding transpiration, it pointed out to the need to devise suitable ways and means to counter weed growth and save the water from being lost. There is no indication that the Andhra Pradesh Government did anything on these lines, except pointing out in 1955-56 that it had been undertaking a desilting - cum restoration scheme on six typical tanks.

Farmers in drought-prone areas of Andhra Pradesh face special problems related to the following: poor resource endowments including poor soils, degraded forest and low/untimely rainfall; frequent and often consecutive crop failures due to drought; lack of assured irrigation; lack of alternate livelihood opportunities such as dairying, poultry, etc.; lack of adequate wage employment; generally underdeveloped public facilities, implying lack of access to health facilities even at primary and secondary levels.

Various approaches were adopted to restore the tanks and the major partners in this program were State and civil society as well. However, the approach adopted by these two differ significantly as the State has adopted the top-down model while the civil society efforts were primarily that of bottom up approach with community taking active participation. However, the efforts by the civil society were limited in the sense that they are very few and were short lived only. While the state efforts were major in size, the results were not very encouraging.

2.3.2.1 NGO Efforts

Realizing the importance, significance of the restoration of these water bodies for the welfare of rural economy and ecology, several non-governmental organizations/ community based organizations have undertaken efforts to restore these systems. One under laying salient feature of these efforts are the involvement of the community involvement. Stressing the importance of community to be involved in the tank restoration activities, these NGOs/ CBOs have approached the tank restoration in more or less similar manners, i.e. making the local community to understand the need for tank restoration to tide away the monsoon vagaries, spin-offs of the tank restoration like silt amendment, recharge of ground water etc. With active community of community, the tank restoration was undertaken in various parts of the country. These efforts can further be divided into two major categories, viz. NGO acting just as facilitator – enabling community to undertaken the program and second is NGOs with assistance of community executing the restoration process. Some such efforts were described below.

The Dhan Foundation its understanding of building Tank Farmers

2.9

Association, working at habitation level, cascade level and district level, has undertaken the restoration in Chitoor district of A.P by rehabilitation in cascade system. To achieve an effective demand system across all levels, it has promoted institutions at different levels, viz. Tank Association or user group, Cascade Association or watershed association. Underlying factor is that the contribution by community to the tune of 25 percent of estimated cost either in cash or kind. From their experience, following lessons are of great relevance and use:

Non-inclusion of tanks in watershed programs, Overlapping of schemes Usage of machinery Issue of userfruct rights No collaboration of between panchayats and tank association Limited coordination between tank association and line departments

Modern Architects of Rural India (MARI), a leading NGO in Telangana region, with close association with community has started by desiltation of tanks, wherein the community has shared the costs of it by 50 percent in the warangal district and it has expanded its work to desiltation, using the silt as field amendment by the farmers. The execution was handed over to various committees formed by the community itself, with MARI took the role as facilitator towards later phase of its efforts to restore the tanks. In the process, MARI in association with several associations like Bala Vikas, WWF has generated the financial support that was required to mobilize the community and execution of the restoration. The selection criteria that was adopted by MARI for desiltation was:

Silt should be suitable to be applied for field application and there should be demand by the farmers for the same

Tank should have been filled once at least in three years, and should be part of cascade system

Tank should be supporting varied livelihood base like farmer, fisher people, washer people, potters, livestock owners etc and must be willing to restore the tank

Presence of open wells/ shallow wells in vicinity – to illustrate the impact of desiltation, etc

Methodology adopted was, first to identify the tank through topo sheet, collection of all the data, identification of stakeholders, availability of manual labour, formation of respective committees and entrusting the responsibilities in a total transparency. Some of the key learning were:

Success of desiltation and deepening of tank is directly proportional to the demand for silt,

Undertaking desiltation in lean periods (low employment periods- dry periods) would reduce the distress migration and investments benefit the poorest immediately

Restoration activities brings solidarity among the village community Cost sharing by the community and investment by institutions ensure the

effective implementation and transparency as well

Similar efforts were undertaken by Chitanya – a community based organization, which again has showed encouraging benefits from the tank restoration.

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2.4 Need for Tanks Rejuvenation

Most of the Indian agriculture and its dependent population is dependent on the monsoon as 40% of Indian land mass falls under semi-arid condition with annual rainfall of 500 -1000mm. Most of the important river basins have witnessed the harnessing of water and additional area was brought under irrigation. However, with escalating costs, gestation period, hydrological regime and involuntary resettlement, environmental aspects have made the new irrigation projects not worthwhile to consider.

Further, Live rivers contribute only around 8 per cent of the surface water sources, with the remainder coming from canals and tanks. However, the availability of surface water has declined significantly in recent years. Therefore, access to surface water has become even more limited than earlier. There are several important problems with respect to surface water irrigation sources:

• the uneven spread of large irrigation schemes, such that most of the state does not have access to river or canal water;• the backward ness of particular areas, especially the districts of Anantapur, Kurnool, Cuddapah, Chittoor, Rangareddy and Mahbubnagar;• the neglect of large/medium tanks and other traditional water sources, especially in Telengana which previously had an extensive and well connected system of tanks and ponds;• in the canal irrigated areas, inadequate allocation for Operation and Maintenance (O&M) and management problems leading to low recovery of water charges;• lack of incentives for saving water.

The most serious problems with respect to irrigation relate to the growing difficulties of accessing sufficient groundwater, the high costs for farmers associated with reliance on borewells, the tendency towards over-exploitation of groundwater which prevents adequate recharge and causes existing wells to go dry. The growing use of groundwater is inextricably linked with the cropping pattern, and reflects the shifts in cropping pattern towards more water-intensive crops even in areas without assured irrigation, which therefore requires accessing water through digging borewells. While farmers cannot be faulted for trying to shift towards more apparently profitable crops, and towards cash crops (especially when they have cash outlays to make such as purchased inputs and debt repayments) it is true that this system breeds a collective irrationality because of which all farmers are worse off.

On the other hand, these traditional tank systems, though innumerable tanks or small storage structures like ponds built, owned, and managed by the local people through community organizations have provided insulation from recurring droughts, floods, vagaries of the monsoon, and offered the much-needed livelihood security to the poor living in semi-arid regions. Under the given fiscal and environmental constraints, rejuvenating the existing tank system would balance between creating new works and/or making better use of the already existing irrigation works. If rejuvenated, this system, will not only contribute significantly to increasing food production but also provide a variety of livelihood options to the rural poor and women.

2.11

Earlier efforts of Tank Rejuvenation: The first important investigation into the state of minor irrigation works in the post-colonial period was undertaken in 1967-68 when the Andhra Pradesh Legislature Estimates Committee went into minor irrigation and drainage schemes. Its report is a typical example of the continuation of the colonial notion that minor works were a burden on the state and the state of their neglect was due to the failure of people to carry on "kudimaramath" (voluntary labour). The committee observed, " channels, which feed lower tanks, are in need of repair. Normally, under the law kudimaramath for repairs to supply channels have to be attended to by the farmers in command area. But as the ryots are poor, the feeder channels are in despair". Thus absolving the state of the responsibility for the neglect of tanks, the Committee went on to record: "Tanks which are not capable of irrigating more than 4.05 ha. may also be removed from the list of government sources for restoration or maintenance as it is not worthwhile spending money on them".

2.5 Dimensions of Tank System

Ecological Functions: In addition to the economic and tangible economic benefits, the role of tank in stabilization of micro environment and its contribution to the ecosystem services have well established, and some of such roles are listed in the table below. The biodiversity values are very substantial and as many as 29 tanks and other wetlands were identified in Andhra Pradesh by SACON as areas of international national and local significance (Vijayan et al 2004 and www.wetlandsofindia.org)

Stakeholders: As the tank system is fulfilling such several roles, it is common to expect that over the years, tank to become central point for several stake holders ranging from the irrigation requirements to providing silt to brick makers. With resource being limited, dependence of several stakeholders, particularly in the lean years of monsoon, is expected to create conflicts among various stakeholders.

Conflicts: To prevent the recurrence of such conflicts among the stakeholders, local dependent community has evolved several institutions, norms and customs to sustain the rational and agreeable sharing of the tank resources. Some of significant stakeholders and some informal mechanisms are given in the table below

Table No.2.3: List of some of the stakeholders and informal agreements among themStakeholder Informal agreement Between Nature of normFarmers Tayabandi Farmers Vs Farmers Alternate supply of water to

irrigation Fisheries Selection of species Farmers Vs Fisermen Pre and/ or post-poning second

cropAnimal herders Grazing on fields Herders Vs Farmers Organic manure for grazingPot makers clay collection Community vs pot

makersCollection of clay and deepening the tank bed

Washer man communityBrick makersNeeraguntis Maintainence of tank

and environsCommunity Vs Neeraganti

Looping and tank protection

Traditional medicine practioners

Collection of medicinal plants/ parts

Community Vs Prationers Maintenance of micro diversity of flora around tank

Toddy toppersSpritual leaders Prayers and Invoking Community vs Religious Maintenance of sacred places

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http://www.wetlandsofindia.org/

good spirits practionersCommunity Voluntary work Among community

membersDesiltation of tank and strengthening of bund

To ensure that the tank remains able to serve the requirement of all the dependent stakeholders, it is essential to look after its maintenance. Over the years, depending on the size and location of the tank, either the local leader or the local the community has evolved various participatory measures to ensure the same, for instance the tank desiltation and bund strengthening etc. Plantation of fruit bearing trees etc is part of such activities. This institutional arrangement was time tested and found to be worthy in fulfilling its objective.2.6 Performance of Tank-based WUAs: A Rapid Survey3

The state of Andhra Pradesh has 11,277 minor irrigation sources, which are under the control of the Minor Irrigation Department. For the first time in country, the Andhra Pradesh had initiated a survey to understand the performance of its tanks and tank based WUAs. The rapid assessment survey covers each minor irrigation source i.e., tank, anicut, overhead channel, lift irrigation schemes etc. The engineering staff of minor irrigation department and local non-governmental organizations participated in the collection of data. The information collected relates to the type of source, capacity, tank bed area, bore wells and other wells in the command area, designed command and actual area irrigated in last five years, water levels during last five years, reasons for gap command etc., the present status of structures like bunds, surplus weir, siltation, growth of weed, encroachment, expected cost of restoration, expenditure on operation and maintenance, and other maintenance during last five years. In addition to this, the status of functioning of each water users association like number of farmers, female farmers, SC & ST farmers, involvement of farmers in maintenance of structures, tax collection, regulation of water, SRI Paddy cultivation, productivity levels, information on social capital like Rythu Mithra Groups (Farmers Group), Self help groups in village was also collected.

Key findings of the survey are: a) More than half of the tanks (56%) have a command of less than

200 acres. Tanks having command up to 500 acres constitute 81 percent of the total number. One percent of the tanks have an command greater than 2000 acres, while 12 percent of tanks have an command of greater than 500 acres and less than 2000 acres.

b) Status of structures: The status of a range of structures like tank

bund, surplus weir, sluice, shutters, minor channels and feeder channels is collected in survey. The responses have been registered as good, satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Between 60 to 70 percent of the MI tanks have structures that are in Good physical condition, while roughly 30 percent of tanks have structures that are in satisfactory state and the remaining 10 percent of tanks have unsatisfactory state of structures. Minor channels are in Good condition in up to 70 percent of the tank followed by Shutters in about 68 percent of tanks. The status of Surplus weirs is Unsatisfactory in up to 12 percent of tanks.

3The Irrigation and Command Area Development department of the Government of Andhra Pradesh has carried out during the year 2005, a rapid survey of all major, medium and minor irrigation projects based WUA survey to understand their performance and status. The key findings presented here are based on that rapid survey results and based on the Jalayagnam, a report released by the government of Andhra Pradesh in the year 2005.

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c) Distribution of MI tanks according to levels of water: The distribution of MI tanks based on water levels for the past five years. In the year 2000-01 about 32 percent of MI tanks were full, while in the year 2002-03 only 15 percent of tanks were full and more than half (55 percent) of tanks received only 25 percent of water inflows. Over the period of five years about 15 percent of tanks have been filling up to half of their total capacity.

d) Implementation of WARABANDI: It is revealed that is 36 percent of the tanks people are aware about warabandi and are implementing it. In 23 percent of the cases warabandi has been successfully implemented However in 64 percent of tanks warabandi is not being implemented. Of this 64 percent 33 percent are aware of warabandi and are not implementing it while 31 percent are not aware of warabandi.

e) Awareness of SRI Paddy: Survey has captured the distribution of tanks based on the awareness levels of the tank users. It is found that in about half (47%) of the tanks the users are not aware of SRI. In 53 percent of tanks farmers are aware of SRI. In 14 percent of tanks farmers have agreed to take up SRI. In 17 percent of tanks farmers need technical know-how to adopt SRI.

f) Demand and collection of taxes: Distribution of tanks based on the demand and collection of taxes is arrived at as one critical finding of the assessment. In 20 percent of tanks the tank users are not aware of tax collection. In 44 percent of tanks the tank users are aware but have not taken any steps to take up tax collection. In 36 percent of tanks users are aware and have taken up tax collection. In 14 percent of tanks the collection is up to 50 percent of the total stipulated amount, while 10 percent of tanks have collected between 51 to 75 percent of the stipulated amount and in 12 percent of tanks the collection is above 75% of the stipulated amount.

2.7 Policy and Legal Framework

Long-term Vision. Andhra Pradesh is the first state in India to promulgate a long-term vision through the document, Vision 2020: Swarna Andhra Pradesh. Both the irrigation policy and legal framework were in tune with the long-term vision adopted by the State. The vision document (GoAP, 1999) has set ambitious goals, which are to be achieved through: a) building local capabilities; b) focusing on high potential sectors of the economy and c) transforming governance. As a part of capability building, the Vision document highlights participation of civil society in managing public services. It states that an effective way to provide quality and responsive services is to decentralise them and ensure that people have a role in managing them. Andhra Pradesh's own experiment in water management reform demonstrates the power of people's participation.

Following passage of the APFMIS Act, 1997, first priorities were the three-fold increase in water charges, establishment of WUAs throughout the state and

2.14

elections for leaders of WUAs. These steps were taken within three months of passage of the Act. These actions were followed in November 1997 by state-wide elections for the second tier of WUA management structures, the Distributory Canal Committees. In order to succeed and create positive impacts, these initial reform actions required the following subsequent steps:

efforts to restore and improve the productivity of the existing irrigation systems;

efforts to assure sustainable management of irrigation systems by transferring management to the new WUAs; and

efforts to put the sector on a sound financial footing.

a) Key Provisions of the APFMIS Act of 19971. The Andhra Pradesh Farmer Managed Irrigation Systems Act came into effect in Andhra Pradesh in April 1997.2. The Act facilitates:

a) formation of WUAs on the basis of a hydraulic boundary; b) the inclusion of landowners and tenants; c) making a person eligible to become a member of more than one

WUA; d) the right of only members to vote (either owners or tenants).

3. The Act has provisions for the election of president and members of the managing committee for a period of three years at three levels: i) WUA level, ii) distributory level, and iii) project level. Members have a right to recall the elected president and managing committee after one year, based on their performance.4. The act also stipulates that the elected members are “progressive.” The Act says, "a person having more than two children shall be disqualified for election or for continuing as a Chairman or a President or a member of the Managing Committee" (p.13). In addition, "the person shall be disqualified, if he/she is a defaulter of land revenue or water tax or charges payable either to the government or to the WUA; and if he/she is interested in a subsisting contract made with, or any work being done for, the gram panchayat, mandal parishad, zilla parishad, or any state or central government or the WUA". Such clauses are rare in other irrigation acts in India.5. The APFMIS Act has clearly underlined the objectives, functions and resources of WUAs. The Act also identifies specific responsibilities and tasks of government officials and WUA leaders.

Policy Framework:

2.8 Some Critical Issues

Recent studies have indicated several emerging issues, which need to be taken care during the rejuvenation of tanks in any state (Gomatinayagam, Sakthivadivel and Shah, 2004; Shah and Raju, 1999; Raju et al, 2003, Ramakrishna, Osman and Wani, 2006). These critical issues also apply to the state of Andhra Pradesh, which has highest number of tanks (both MI and PRI tanks) in South India.

2.15

a) Institutional performance: Measured by the structure and composition of the tank user’s group; their decision-making process; effectiveness in augmenting tank storage; rules and tools for operation and maintenance; conflict resolution procedure; the institution’s ability to make plans according to water availability so as to provide social safeguards against water scarcity; avenues of resource mobilisation, and interventions undertaken/ or to be taken for improving the tank performance. For the first time in the country, Irrigation and CAD department of Andhra Pradesh has evolved criteria to measure the performance of water user associations in the tank systems.

b) Tank contribution to livelihood: Livelihood performance is assessed by people’s dependency on the tank not only for irrigation, but also for other uses like fish rearing, cattle use, and domestic use. The use of the tank bed and adjoining ‘poramboke’ (wasteland) for vegetable cultivation, tree cultivation, fuel wood cultivation, cattle grazing and employment generation; women’s representation in the institution; non-farm activities relating to tank use, and tank water scarcity forcing migration.

c) Enabling conditions: Factors such as the socio-economic condition of villagers, favourable hydrology to ensure adequate water to the tank, eviction of tank bed and supply channel encroachment, cooperative ethos within the community, infrastructure development and access to the markets, employment generation and reinvestment of net income in agriculture to compute the enabling environment performance.

d) Agricultural performance: The success of an irrigation institution depends on its capability to bring water, manage it effectively and distribute it equitably. To measure these functions, the increase in agricultural production, increase in area irrigated, income generated and development of other associated non-farm activities will be collected.

e) Objective-based impacts: The impact of the performance of an organisation is measured by the fulfillment of its objectives. Successful tank institutions strive to conserve water to enable multiple uses. The productivity per unit of water must increase. Successful agricultural practices were identified together with employment generation and the re-investment of net income in agriculture by the tank users. All these factors will be measured to assess the impact performance.

f) Institutional sustainability: The sustainability performance of a tank institution is measured in terms of leadership; adequate water supply; rules and tools and powers to impose sanctions; support from other development agencies including the government; conflict resolution process; and role of traditional village council.

g) No rights on usufructs: Even though the primary stakeholders viz, tank user groups are contributing for and implementing the tank rehabilitation works for future maintenance they have to depend on external sources because they are not in a stage to utilize the income out of tank system. Transfer of rights over the usufructs in tanks will greatly help those groups to maintain the rehabilitated works in good shape year after year.

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h) Inadequate collaboration

a. Between local panchayats and WUAs: Lack of collaboration among the tank user groups and local panchayats has created a gap, which in turn affecting the overall development of the tank systems of village development.

b. Between WUAs and line departments: This is a major issue from the time of implementation to management of tanks. This needs to be improved for effective rehabilitation and the sustainability of these small scale water resources.

i) Peri-urban tanks and encroachments: Increasingly a large number of tanks, in the peri-urban area, are getting encroached for urban land use. The unabated growth has seriously damaging the tank ecology and dependent groundwater recharge regimes. Even more serious is the problem of quality of water in these tanks. Often, the urban sewage with industrial effluents enter into the river courses. Serious health and livelihood issues as well as contamination of aquifers is a very critical issue.

j) Rejuvenation of tank in isolation: In recent years, without clearly understanding the hydrological impacts, tanks are selected in isolation both for construction and rejuvenation. This has affected the sub-basin level water flows in the down stream areas.

k) Lack of integration with canal systems: There is lack of stress on integrating the existing and centuries old tanks with the recent canal system network in the major irrigation projects. This has led to blocking the inflows and reduced storage levels in these tanks. Thus, resulted in damaging of canal network in several places, in turn leading to reduced flows in the canals.

l) Breached and Dysfunctional tanks: There are a number of tanks which have ceased to be tanks due to tank breaches occurred some years or even decades ago. Repairing or restoring these tanks would entail social and ecological costs (both in qualitative and quantitative terms) as in the case of formation of new tanks.

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Chapter 03

Social Assessment of tank systems

3.1. Tank irrigation in Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh has a long history of tank irrigation. Right from Vijayanagar dynasty to the Nizam all the rulers paid attention to this flexible and ecologically most desirable water impounding system. The private – public partnership in management of the tank system has proved as the most convenient water impounding structure. These structures were created as instruments for a specific purpose (irrigation tank, drinking water tank, percolation tank, water source for religious rituals etc). The initial investment came from the rulers and it was handed over to the society for the purpose of maintenance. Hayatkhan tank has one such Copper Plate inscription, which states that a representative of the ruler Hayatkhan provided the land and initial investment to construct the tank. The Copper Plate inscription clearly mentions the purpose of maintenance of the tank abundantly clear.

Tanks as water impounding structures have greater advantages, which include ecological suitability and administrative flexibility. Tanks offer effective use of rainwater in addition to storing it and replenishing the ground water table. Tanks also mitigate water stress during summer. It also strengthens an institutional setup in the village communities among the stakeholders. It increases the interdependences in the villages, as well as provides for occupational diversification. The entire village society gets weaved around the tank in various capacities as stakeholders. These are not always formally established, but subtly and informally work over the years. Often the village committees gather near the tank to celebrate a festival for a deity or some annual religious village gathering. Invariably, in most of the tanks there is a village deity established on the tank bund either in the form of Maihsamma or a Peer (Muslim saint). The villagers believe that these deities or religious figures are the protectors of the village and the tank. In other words, the village community perceives tanks as the major savior of their life-stream. Here, baseline information is presented about the tanks selected for the purpose of rejuvenation in Andhra Pradesh. For this purpose 50 tanks were selected. This chapter includes general information about the tank, as well as its interface with the village society. The data used are of three types. First set includes the data provided in the tank profiles along with the written notes on field visits to the tanks. Second includes, the focus group discussions conducted with the stakeholders, and ideas given by them, which form an important base for this chapter. Third, a wide field survey was undertaken in order to understand the views of the stakeholders and that data set has also been used.

This Chapter starts with the base line information about the selected tanks. Further, it also incorporates discussion on the tank-livelihood-stakeholders linkages to have a better understanding of the functioning of tank resource system. An attempt is made here to understand the stakeholders’ dependence on the tank system. The analytical framework includes four interdependent characteristics namely the resources, stakeholders, institutions and the other external factors. All these together dictate the management of the tank and its distribution network. Figure 3.1 presents the framework.

3.1

Figure 3.1 Analytical Framework for the Tank Resources-Stakeholders-Livelihood Linkages

3.2 Resource Characteristics

The following sections generate further understanding of the tank systems.

3.2.1 Distribution of Tanks across agro-climatic zones

Before analyzing the stakeholders’ dependency, there is a need to have a brief understanding of tank characteristics. For a better understanding, the selected tanks are grouped into four types based on the size of their command area across seven agro-climatic zones. The agro-climatic zones are:

1. High Altitude & Tribal Areas 2. Krihna-Godavari Zone 3. North Coastal Zone 4. Northern Telangana Zone5. Scarce Rainfall Zone6. Southern Telangana Zone7. Southern Zone

Table 3.1 presents a summary of tanks distributed across agro-climatic zones.

3.3

Resource Characteristics

Stakeholders Characteristics

Institutional Arrangements

Relationship with External factors

Organizations for Resource Management (WUA)

Outcome in terms of Tank Management and Livelihood

Table 3.1 Tanks across Agro-climatic Zones (Units are in average to total sample tanks)

Zone

No of tanks

No.of villages

dependent on the tank (Command, Catchment and Tank

bed)

Command area in Acres

Command area HH

1 3 2 744 4832 4 6 1013 7503 6 6 1497 20014 15 2 449 3135 6 2 1224 5556 7 1 175 1807 9 8 1727 1356

AverageTotal Tank

504 922 759

Source: Focus group discussions. Agro Climatic Zone numbers as listed earlier.Note: - * The bund length here includes two anicuts namely Karedu and Bammalla Chevera. If these Anicuts are excluded then the average length of the bund is 2.2 kms.

The average sample tank size varies from 50 acres to more than 850 acres. The biggest tank is Vemuloor of zone 2 and the smallest is Nungerla tank of zone 7. The number of villages dependent per tank is high in zone 2 and 3 (Krihna-Godavari Zone and North Coastal Zone). The average command area also varies across the zones (highest in zone 7) The average of the beneficiary households in the command area in zone 3 is the highest.

3.2.2 Distribution of tanks by their age

Andhra Pradesh has tanks constructed by Nizams and other Kings. There are some tanks, about which the inscriptions and history are available; however, not many tanks have these records properly maintained. According to the people surrounding the tanks and the stakeholders, the latest constructed tank is three years old, whereas, the oldest is in existence for more than 300 years. Interestingly, the relatively new tanks are not necessarily performing well. It is also erroneous to conclude that the older tanks are falling into disuse. The older tanks are largely located in North Telangana and Scarce Rainfall Region, whereas, the Coastal Region has relatively new tanks. The distribution of the tanks presented in Table 3.2 clearly indicates that tanks have high density in the arid and semiarid regions in the state.

Table 3.2: Age of the Tanks (In Years)

Agro-Climatic Zones Typology of Tanks by SizeType I Type II Type III Type IV Average

High Altitude 60 60 30 - 50Krishna Godavari Basin 40 48 30 50 42North Coastal 3 20 25-65 60 21North Telangana 100-200 120-200 26-300 100-150 40

Scarce rainfall 26-350 - - 36 38

South Telangana 100 150-200 100 - 65Southern zone 30-70 3-8 90-100 57-200 31Average 120 94 97 75 103

Note: Age in years as told by the respondents in Focus Group Discussions. Ranges are for tanks more than one.

3.2.3 Present condition and use of tank systems

3.4

Box 1TankSl No01 Tank is totally depleted; there is hardly any water in the tank, not used for years.06 This is a canal (Valagalamandha Main Channel) which has a regulator. The anicut

storage is about 30 acres. 07 This is also a canal (Damarla Cheruvu Anicut Supply Channel) with regulator feeding

6 tanks. Tail-end tank completely damaged.13 Totally depleted tank due to huge breaches.14 Totally depleted tank and field channels in disuse. Breached 25 years back15- Water used only for the purpose of temple and graveyard. Sluice dosed. 17 Fully silted, covered with shrubs and totally depleted. No possibility of water storage. 18 Not in use, totally depleted. As the bund is totally damaged.24 No bund totally depleted, it is needed as water impounding is not feeasible now. 27 No water, field channels are totally damaged. Water was available 25 years back now

totally depleted.33 Not used, as the bund is totally damaged. 41 This Anakapalli Ava system where a rivulet is bounded and water is stored42 This is Cherlopala channel carrying water 4 Kms from river Sarda.48 Damaged with two huge breaches, water is not used for crops. Replenishes ground

water.50 No water for last 4 years. Severely damaged

The field study observed that out of 50 tanks, about 15 tanks have various problems, which are specific to the locality (see Box 1). Eight tanks are totally out of use, while another seven have typical problems of their own. These are listed in box one. As can be seen from the Box 1 there are eight totally depleted tanks. In this list there are four tanks that are actually Ayacuts in which water is impounded at one place. Interestingly, there is one tank, which serves only specific purpose for a temple to perform religious rituals. A portion of the tank is being used as a graveyard.

3.5

3.2.3.1 Water Availability and tank Use

Table 3.3 : Water Availability in tanksSl No

Agro-Climatic ZoneWater Availability Water Not

Available#

Total TanksAll Seasons Rainy

Season Only

1 2 3 4 5 61 High Altitude 1 1 1 32 Krishna Godawari

Basin4 - - 4

3 North Coastal 4 2 - 64 North Telangana 5 3 7 155 Scarce Rainfall 3 2 1 66 South Telangana 1 3 3 77 Southern Zone 1 7 1 98 Total number of

Tanks19 18 13 50

38 % 36 % 26 % 100 %Note: #- These are the tanks where water is not available but the tank bed is used for other purposes in the case of six tanks.

Table 3.3 presents the water availability in the tanks. It can be seen that 38 percent tanks are all season tanks whereas 26 percent of tanks do not have water availability even for one season. Most of the all season tanks are located in North Coastal and Krishna Godavari regions. Approximately the same number of tanks provide support in terms of availability of water for only one season. Among the 13 tanks where water is not available, eight tanks are totally depleted and out of use.

All these tanks are used for irrigation and one of the same is used for the purpose of a temple. A large number of them (24 tanks or 48 percent) are multiple use tanks, and water is used for irrigation, drinking, washing animals, fishing, brick making, washing clothes and various other purposes. Table 3.4 presents the zone-wise use of tanks.

Table 3.4: Water use and conditions of tanks

Sl No

Agro-Climatic Zone Water Use Tank ConditionDrinkin

g Other Uses

Total (3+4) Tanks that are not in any use

1 2 3 4 5 81 High Altitude 1 2 3 -2 Krishna Godawari Basin 3 - 3 -3 North Coastal 2 6 8 -4 North Telangana 2 6 8 55 Scarce Rainfall 3 3 6 16 South Telangana 3 1 4 27 Southern Zone 4 6 10 -8 Total number of Tanks 18 24 42 89 Percentage to Total tanks 36 % 48 % 84 % 16 %

Note: Tanks are used for drinking water (18) as well as other purpose (24). Totally 42 (84 %) tanks are used for various purposes and remaining 8 (16 %) are not in any use.

3.7

3.2.3.2 Tank inflow systems

Status of Catchment

It is well known that the catchment area acts as the feeding system of a tank and its size determines the effectiveness and life of the tank. Thus, dependence of a tank on its catchment needs no emphasis. Out of

the 50 tanks, taken for the study, four tanks are actually dependent on Canals or channels from the rivulets. The other 46 tanks depend totally on the catchment area. The siltation of the tank takes place, mainly because of the degradation of catchment forests and vegetation. This increases the rate of siltation in the catchment area and the entire silt is carried to the tank, thus filling the tank. There is a direct co-relation between vegetative conditions of the tank catchment area and decline in functionality of tank.

Table 3.5 shows the vegetative cover in the catchment area. There are about eight tanks, where the catchment area is totally degraded and several other

tanks where the vegetative cover in the catchment area is moderate to low. Table 3.5: Vegetative Cover in the Catchment Area

Agro Climatic Zones Vegetative ConditionForest High Low-

ModerateDegraded

High Altitude 1 1 1 -Krishna Godawari Basin 1 1 2 -North Coastal 1 4 1North Telangana 5 3 5 2Scarce Rainfall - - 4 2South Telangana - 3 3 1Southern Zone - 1 5 3Total 8 13 21 8

Source: Focus Group Discussions. These are no of tanks with the vegetative cover.

Status of feeder channels

The feeder channels are largely ill-maintained and have an almost similar distribution as that of the bunds. A direct co-relation among functionality of tanks and status of feeder channels was observed during the field study.

3.2.3.3 Water Storage System

The Tank Bed

Understanding of the tank systems needs a complete picture of the tank water storage system covering present condition of water, capacity utilisation, and condition of the bunds, sluice gates and feeder channels. This sketch is drawn, based on the household level survey, as well as discussions with the focus group. All the stakeholders of the tank, as well as other functionaries of the village attended the focus discussions.

Water spread area at full tank level

3.8

The Catch in the Catchment

The catchment area is quite crucial in the life of the tank and its maintenance can make or break a tank. A simple fact rarely paid attention to. The rate of siltation is a direct determinant of the vegetative cover and slope of the catchment. That decides the degradation of the catchment. Most of the tank rejuvenation schemes largely concentrate on desilting of the tank, treatment of the tank bed and canal system but miss focussing on the catchment.

Water spread area is demarcated during the project design stage considering water storage at full tank level. This information, though available with the irrigation and revenue officials, is not known by the local people. Moreover, at the field level, people understand the same based on the experience of water availability over a period. The study includes the information generated from the focus group discussions. Table 3.6 gives the distribution of tanks across sizes and by the area as reported from the field.

Table 3.6: Perceived Water Spread Area of the Tanks (In Acres)Agro-Climatic Zones Typology by Size of Tanks

Type I Type II Type III Type IV Average1. High Altitude 54 199 130 - 1282. Krishna Godawari Basin 400 2560 174 333 8673. North Coastal 200 350 39-120 267 1764. North Telangana 40-300 200-400 60-1600 283-287 3955. Scarce Rainfall 40-72 - - 60-100 586. South Telangana 360 100-120 50 -NA- 1987. Southern Zone 70-250 50 400-550 300 258

Average 172 421 410 246 302

Source: Focus Group Discussions. Ranges are given for the substantial variations in the size of the tanks. These figures indicate the demarcated water spread area of the tanks.

The tank size is based on full tank level water spread area. The study tanks indicated had a wide range of water spread area, from 40 acres to 2560 acres. The largest tank is located in Krishna Godavari region and the smallest in the scarce rainfall region. The scarce rainfall region's specialty is small water impounding structures which are dictated mainly by the natural conditions including rainfall and vegetation.

Actual water spread area

The actual water-spread area of the tanks is presented in table 3.7. This is much less than the water spread at full tank level. It ranges from 30 acres to 2000 acres.

Table 3.7: Actual Water Spread Area of the Tanks* (In Acres)

Agro Climatic Zones Typology by Size of Tanks AverageType I Type II Type III Type IVHigh Altitude 46 180 110 - 112Krishna Godawari Basin 300 2000 100 324 681North Coastal 185 300 30 200 129North Telangana 30-40 50-260 40-1450 250 288Scarce Rainfall 30-50 - - 43-60 43South Telangana -NA- 20-80 30 -NA- 43Southern Zone 60-250 30 350-400 250 209Average 85 298 340 208 227

Source: Focus Group Discussions. * Normally Observed water spread areaGenerally, water spread area is higher in the Krishna Godavari region, whereas, the lowest water spread area is in the scarcity region. South Telangana, also has low water spread area. There is a good relationship between the agro-climatic region and the availability of water. Similarly, the conditions of the catchment area also dictate the water spread.

3.9

Standing water levels

The frequencies of the tanks by the standing water in the tank are presented in Table 3.8. This clearly indicates the capacity of the tank and makes it clear that the distribution of tank is well spread across the different heights of the standing water. It is surprising that there are a few tanks which have standing water capacity above 20 ft., in most of the seasons.

Table 3.8: Frequency of tanks by level of standing waterLess than 5

ft 5 to 10 ft 10 –15 ft 15-20 ft Above 20ft

High AltitudeUsual - - - 1 2Summer 1 2 - - -

Krishna Godawari Basin

Usual - - - - 4Summer - 4 - - -

North CoastalUsual 2 - - - 4Summer 2 3 1 - -

North TelanganaUsual 4 1 6 3 -Summer 5 4 4 1 -

Scarce RainfallUsual - - 1 - 5Summer - 6 - - -

South TelanganaUsual 1 - 2 - 1Summer 3 1 - - -

Southern ZoneUsual 2 1 1 - 5Summer 6 2 - - 1

Source: Focus Group Discussions.

There are a few tanks which have water less than 5 ft. usually, which further goes down in the summer. The predominance of five to 10 ft. height of water, as also high frequency in 10 to 15 ft. range can also be seen from the table. Again, it is agro-climatic regions that seem to dictate the conditions of water holding.

Encroachments in tank bed Table 3.9 shows the encroachment in the tank bed area per tank. These data are

obtained in the focus group discussions and hence may be grossly underestimated. However, on an average about 27 acres of land of the tank bed seem to have been under encroachment.

Table 3.9 Area of the tank bed encroached

Agro-Climatic Zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Average Per tank

Area Encroached per tank (in Acres) 13 40 33 23 17 10 49 27

Siltation in tank bed

Siltation is an important issue confronting the tank irrigation. As indicated in earlier section, siltation occurs due to degradation of the land in the catchment area and deficiencies in waterways. Observations emerging from the Focus Group Discussions about the silted area across the tanks revealed that the highest siltation is in South Telangana followed by North Telengana (see table 3.10). The lowest siltation is in the north coastal region. On an average, 42 per cent area of the tank bed has been silted. Similarly, weed infestation is also a major problem curtailing the capacity of the tank. This is prevalent in

3.10

most of the tanks in smaller or larger proportion. North Coastal Andhra Pradesh and southern zones have the highest weed infestation. On an average, 27 percent of the tanks have weed infested tank bed.

Table 3.10: Siltation of the tank bed and weed infestation(Percent to the Size of the tank bed)

Agro Climatic Zones Silted Area Weed Infested Area

High Altitude 45 27Krishna Godawari Basin 44 28North Coastal 7 38North Telangana 48 22Scarce Rainfall 40 34South Telangana 66 18Southern Zone 29 34Total 42 27


Conditions of the Bunds and Sluices

The conditions of bunds and sluices has been ascertained in three categories viz., those in good condition, those requiring repairs (RR), and those totally damaged (TD). It is found that out of the 44 tanks (there are six tanks which are largely canal system but listed as tanks), twenty tanks have good condition bunds and do not require much repair whereas 12 bunds are damaged with various types of damages and these require repairs (see table 3.11). Among the total number of bunds, 12 bunds are fully damaged and require almost reconstruction. The largest number of totally damaged bunds are in North Telangana whereas North Coastal Andhra Pradesh seems to have better conditions.

3.11

Table 3.11: Condition of bunds and sluice gates(No of bunds and Sluice gates)

Agro-Climatic ZonesBund Condition Sluice gates Condition

Good RR TD Good RR TD

High Altitude 2 - 1 - 5 3

Krishna Godawari Basin 1 2 1 2 6 -

North Coastal 3 2 - 6 8 -

North Telangana 5 2 7 10 4 11

Scarce Rainfall 3 3 - 3 2 4

South Telangana 2 1 1 1 2 3

Southern Zone 4 2 2 2 7 4Total 20 12 12 24 34 25

Note: Good; RR- Require repairs but not Extensive; TD – Totally Damaged Source: Focus Group Discussions.

3.2.3.4 Tank Command AreaThe command area of a tank as given in the record is different than that from the perspective of the stakeholders. Over years the irrigated area expands and the farms close on the boundary of the command area also get incorporated. The data collected from the stakeholders, which is close to the ground truth, is utilized in the study. According to the Focus Group Discussions, the command area ranges from 50 acres to 10,000 acres. On an average, the command area ranges between 3000 acres to 4000 acres. North Telangana region has larger command area, as compared to Krishna Godavari region.

The size of the command area does not necessarily mean that the water is available through out the region and for a major part of the year. From the stakeholders’ perspective, even if water is available for a few days in the year, together with water from the sub Canals or natural waterways, they consider it as the benefit flowing from the command area. Therefore, the official perception and that of the stakeholders may not tally. Table 3.12 gives the spread of command area across tanks.

Table 3.12: Average command of the tanks in acresAgro-Climatic Zones Type I Type II Type III Type IV AverageHigh Altitude 183 550 1500 - 744Krishna Godawari Basin 50.9 700 1100 2200 1013North Coastal 160 3495 3352 4000 2952North Telangana 1730 3180 5410 4350 3447Scarce Rainfall 886 - - 6500 2757South Telangana 600 275 250 NA 400Southern Zone 785 1560 1824 9905 4228Average 960 1922 3183 6402 2756


3.12

3.2.3.5 Distribution System

Irrigation channels

The irrigation channels are largely ill-maintained and have an almost similar distribution as that of the bunds. Of the total tanks, 19 tanks had better condition of irrigation channels as against 21 tanks, which required repairs. Irrigation channels of 10 tanks require full reconstruction.

3.3 Stakeholder Characteristics

3.3.1 Socio –Economic Profile of Sample Households

The study included a field survey covering nine hundred households spread over the tanks in the four types. The following section details out the information on demographic and social characteristics of the stakeholders.

Table 3.13 presents the distribution of households across the agro-climatic zones along with land holding. Table 3.14 presents the distribution of HH across head, mid and tail reach of tank distribution system.

Table 3.13: Distribution of the Sample Households across Agro Climatic Zones (%

HH)

Agro-climatic Zones Less than 1 acre

1-2 acres 2-5 acres 5 acres and more

Percent to total

High Altitude 26 37 35 2 5Krishna Godavari Basin 33 26 26 16 7North Coastal 44 30 22 4 14North Telangana 41 27 23 9 32Scarce rainfall 6 23 36 35 12South Telangana 24 37 26 14 9Southern zone 40 33 23 3 21Average 34 30 26 11 100

Source: Household level survey.

Table 3.14: Spread of the Sample Households across Reaches

Head Reach Middle Reach Tail End TotalNo Percen

t No Percent No Percent No Percen

tLess than 1 Acre 282 67 160 54 104 56 546 601 to 2 Acres 97 23 83 28 59 32 239 262-5 Acres 30 7 39 13 16 8 85 10Above 5 Acres 15 3 15 5 8. 4 38 4Total 424 100.0 297 100 187 100.0 908 100.0Percent to Total - 47 - 33 - 20

Source: Household level survey

It can be seen that tank farmers are mainly marginal farmers. 64 percent of the sample households had land holding less than 2 acres and 26 percent households have land holding upto 5 acres.

3.13

The predominance of the small and marginal farmers is quite visible across the tanks. Thin density of the households in the tail-end region is also visible. The spread across agro-climatic zones shows the dominance of marginal farmers in North Coastal, North Telangana and Southern Zones.

3.3.1.1 Caste-wise distribution of sample households

The data is spread across different castes. From the total survey of households, 50 Percent are from other backward caste. The percentage of other caste is highest in Scarce Rainfall Zone and the Southern Zone. In North Coastal Zone, backward class is the dominant caste. Table 3.15 gives the sample characteristics and caste structure across the agro-climatic zones. Figure 3.2 gives the caste structure across the tank types.

3.3.1.2 Housing

The information relating to housing of the sample households is presented in Table 3.15. It indicates that 40 Percent have semi-pucca house, 33 Percent pucca house and 28 Percent kutcha house. More than 50 Percent of houses are pucca in agro-climatic zone 5.Table 3.15 Demography Characteristics of HH across Agro-climatic Zones (percentage)

Agro-climatic Zones

Obser-vations

Male (%)

Female (%)

Castes Kind of house

OC OBC SC ST Kutcha Semi-

Pucca Pucca1. High Altitude & Tribal Areas 44 100 0 11 49 2 38 56 20 242. Krihna-Godavari Zone 75 96 4 23 53 7 18 32 42 263. North Coastal Zone 115 98 2 10 88 2 1 37 24 384. Northern Telangana Zone 264 91 9 15 49 25 11 15 63 225. Scarce Rainfall Zone 100 92 8 44 23 19 14 19 30 516. Southern Telangana Zone 109 97 3 13 55 31 1 23 51 267. Southern Zone 179 98 2 38 39 20 3 39 18 43Total 886 95 5 22 50 18 9 28 40 33

Source: Source: Household level survey.

Figure 3.2 Castes Structure across Tank Types

3.14

3.3.1.3 Asset Holding

Information on asset holding is considered to assess the economic status of households. Table 3.16 presents the data on percent households owning different assets. More than half of them owned a motor pump and about 50 percent have a telephone connection. Of the total number of households, 45 Percent have a cycle, and more than one fourth own a four-wheeler. Table 3.16: Percent of Households Owning AssetsAssets holding

Type I Type II Type III Type IV Total

Cycle 42 46 52 38 45Plough 40 43 47 27 38Bullock cart 33 31 30 24 29Rickshaw 0.6 0 0.4 1 0.7Scooter/ M.bike 15 9 14 16 14Television 10 2 3 10 7Telephone 50 44 53 49 49Fan 21 15 14 16 16Motor Pump 56 58 64 53 57Four wheeler 33 30 24 23 26


Figure 3.3 Household Dependent on Livestock Activities

The asset ownership indicates poverty status on some of the items. Only 38 percent households have a plough. Cycle indicates facility for local mobility, however, the sample indicates that 45 percent households have this facility. In terms of other assets communication seems to have quite a higher priority and about half of the households have a telephone facility. Information on other asset holding indicates that there is much disparity in asset holding across the households though most of them are marginal and small farmer households. 57 percent households have a motor pump which indicates importance of the same in rural households. This probably also has an implication of operational expenditure as well as water utilization. About half the survey households do not enjoy a sound economic position.3.3.1.4 Livestock holding

Livestock rearing is an age-old occupation associated with the agrarian communities. It is observed from the survey that livestock is the second major occupational practice after agriculture. In North Coastal Zone, the average number of bullock is around 420 per tank. In High Altitude and Tribal areas and North Coastal Zone, the average number of buffaloes is very high per tank surveyed. Almost all villages have sheep and goat. The number of sheep and goats per tank is highest in the North Telangana Zone. This suggests the

3.16

Livestock (% of HH)

0102030405060708090

High Altitude Krihna-Godavari

North Coastal NorthernTelangana

ScarceRainfall

SouthernTelangana

Southern Zone

Zones

Milch animal BullockSheep/goat

dependency of livestock on tank is very high. Table 3.17 gives the details of the numbers of the livestock across agro-climatic zones. In Krishna-Godavari and North Coastal, more than 70 Percent of households have milch animals. Figure 3.3 gives the household dependency on livestock.

Table 3.17: Livestock across Agro-climatic Zones (Nos Per tank)Agro-climatic Zones Bullock Buffaloes Sheep/goat Cow1. High Altitude & Tribal Areas 190 357 600 832. Krihna-Godavari Zone 152 187 500 1403. North Coastal Zone 420 383 575 1424. Northern Telangana Zone 52 25 2205 1385. Scarce Rainfall Zone 132 84 1247 2006. Southern Telangana Zone 105 50 467 1177. Southern Zone 128 206 1225 400

Note: Number of livestock per tank. Source: Focus group discussions.

Figure 3.3 indicates milch animals are more in the households in Krishna-Godavari and north coastal zone. Bullocks are more prevalent in Telangana zone indicating use of bullocks for draft purpose. Practice of sheep and goat rearing is observed more in Krishna Godavari zone followed by scarce rainfall zone.

3.3.1.5 Land holding

A. Table 3.13 (presented above) presents details of landholding of the sample households.

b. Land Holding across Various Social Groups

Table 3.18 gives the land holding across various social groups. Table 3.18: Distribution of land holdings across social groups

Caste Marginal Small Medium LargeOC 40 34 14 11BC 63 27 8 2SC 71 21 7 1ST 68 18 12 2

Total 60 26 9 4Source; Based on Household Survey.

Almost all households have marginal or small land holding. Over 71 Percent of SC households have marginal land holding; 1 Percent household have large holding. The Other castes have 40 Percent marginal, 34 Percent small, 14 Percent medium and 12 Percent large holdings. Majority of tribals (68 percent) also have marginal land holdings. All castes excepting OC, own minimal land holdings.

These land holdings put forth the need of improving productivity of existing lands for improving livelihoods of these social groups.

b. Tank bed area cultivation

3.17

The households survey focused on understanding the cultivation by farmers in tank bed. It was observed that 11 percent of households do practice tank bed cultivation, who do not have any patta allotted to them. Such type of encroachments is high in tank type I and III ( about 16Percent). The percentage of households and area under cultivation is presented in table 3.18 a. The area of cultivation without Patta varies from 10 Guntas to 400 Guntas.

Table 3.18 a Extent of cultivated land with out Patta according to respondents (% of Respondents)In Guntas* Type I Type II Type III Type IV TotalNo response 24 3 12 1110 8 8 12 920 4 8 330 4 10 4 740 8 100.0 31 28 2450 3 4 260 4 18 980 8 10 20 12100 5 2120 28 8 8 13150 4 1160 8 3 3400 4 3 2Total 100 100 100 100 100

Source; Based on Household Survey. *1 acres is equivalent to 40 guntas

3.3.1.6 Sources of credit

Need of credit is a general characteristic in rural areas. The credit support is needed for agriculture for farmers and other livelihoods by the people. A number of sources exist in rural areas including formal and informal credit. The study attempted to understand the sources of credit from the household survey. Generally farmers borrow money from various sources. Figure 3.4 shows sources of borrowing across agro-climatic Zones. The data indicates that Over 60 Percent of farmers borrow money from bank and 30 Percent of farmers borrow from money lenders. SHG is another small source which has a very small share of 2 percent. In agro climatic zones like Krishna-Godavari, North coastal, North-Telengana, 40 Percent farmers are dependant on money lenders for funds in time. This is due to non-availability of easy credit facilities to the farmers. However, in the Scarce rainfall zone, banks do play a dominant role in providing credit support facility. With regard to borrowing sources across tank-type, around 80 Percent of farmers in type I (small tanks) get credit from banks. 25 Percent - 40 Percent of farmers from tank type II, III and IV borrow money from moneylenders.

Figure 3.4 Sources of Borrowing across Agro-climatic Zones

3.18

Figure 3.12 Sources of Borrowing across Tank Types

3.31.7 Use of land and water resources and livelihoods

Land Use Pattern

The land use pattern has been largely dominated by paddy in the study region. However, except sugarcane, chilies, groundnut and cotton, other cash crops are not grown significantly. Even under these crops, the area share is generally less than 10 per cent with the exception of sugarcane. There are a few cash crops grown in the scarce rainfall region and the southern zone but largely paddy dominates the entire cropping system. The cropping pattern in the tank area is presented in Table 3.19. Table 3.19: Cropping Pattern in the Command Area

(Percent to total Cropped area)Agro-Climatic Zones

Paddy

Sugarcane Jowar Sun-flowe

r

Red Gram

Chilly Cotton Groundnut

Other Cash Crops

High Altitude 62 39 - - - - - -Krishna Godawari Basin 83 17 - - - - - - -North Coastal 75 25 - - - - - - -North Telangana 31 - 21 - - 35 13 - -Scarce Rainfall 16 - 13 19 27 5 - 14 5South Telangana 51 - - - 10 - 8 31 -Southern Zone 53 13 8 13 13Average 50 7 3 7 7 4 10 3Source: Focus Group Discussions. Note: The cropping pattern represents average of all tanks. It is matter of common knowledge that the cropping pattern in command area is diversified and no more mono crop paddy.

The cropping pattern has been ascertained, through two different methods. In the focus group discussions, the farmers were asked to indicate approximate area under the crops and specifically, the major crops. This provided an approximation of the cropping pattern in the command area. In addition, individual farmers were asked about the cropping pattern followed on their farms. This has been aggregated in order to present the cropping pattern of the farm households. Table 3.20 presents cropping pattern in the command area as reflected in the focus group discussions, whereas, table 3.30 pertaining to cropping pattern is based on information obtained from households through interviews. Same information generated through household survey indicates major variation. It is observed that 87 percent of land is under paddy cultivation.

3.19

Table 3.20: Cropping Pattern Across Tank Types

Source: Household level survey Note: Percent of area under the crop to Gross Cropped Area .Name of Crop Type I Type II Type III Type IV Total

Paddy 80 80.6 96.6 87.0 87.2Maize 3 3.1 0.9 0.3 1.5Sugarcane 5.0 0.9 0.3 1.3Ground nut 7 3.8 2.0 2.6Cotton 5 2.5 1.3Bajra 1.9 0.4Kandulu 8.7 3.1Pesarlu 0.3 0.1Chilli 0.4 0.1Nuvvulu 0.6 0.1Turmeric 3 0.3 0.6Amudam 1.9 0.3 0.5Sunflower 1 0.6 0.4Mango 1 0.2Banana 0.3 0.1Papaya 0.3 0.1Soybean 1.3 0.4

3.3.2. Production

Table 3.21 presents the average productivity of main crops across the agro-climatic zones. Productivity of paddy ranges between 1600 kgs to 2,600 kgs per acre Sugarcane productivity is around 20 tonnes whereas jowar productivity is in the vicinity of 600 kgs per acre only. The productivity of the land or crop has been quite low mainly because of non-availability of water as well as the low level of technology adopted by the farmers.

Table 3.21(a): Average Productivity of Crops (in Kgs per Acre)

Paddy

Sugarcane (In tons)

Jowar Sunflower

Red Gram

Cotton Groundnut

High Altitude 1600 - 600 - - - -Krishna Godawari Basin 2300 20 - - - - -North Coastal 2400 22 - - - - -North Telangana 2800 - - 240 800 1020 -Scarce Rainfall 2535 - 675 1000 540 - 1250

South Telangana 2335 - - - 400 1000 1500

Southern Zone 2400 18 625 - - - 835Source: Focus Group Discussions.

Comparison of the productivity figures with the state average indicate lower productivity of crops in the tank areas.

3.20

Table 3.21 (b) : National and State Level Crop Productivity (2003-04) ( In Kgs/acre)

States PaddySugarca

ne JowarRedgra

m CottonGroundn

utIndia 4957 145695 1885 1660 763 3369AP 7432 178099 2828 1032 948 1630Source: Agricultural Statistics At A Glance 2005Note: Productivity figures are not available by Agro-climatic Zones at State Level and at all India Level

Around 45 Percent of farmers are producing 1000-2000 Kgs of paddy per acre. The quantity of crop production is high in tank type I. 41 Percent of farmers have produced more than 2000 Kg per acre. In all tank types except type I, more farmers are producing 1000-2000 Kg of paddy per acre. The average yield of paddy per acre is presented figure 3.5.

Figure 3.5 Paddy Production

Table 3.22: Percent distribution of households by ranges of yield of paddy in Kgs per acrePaddy production (kgs) /acre

Total

Upto 150 Kgs 4

150-500 Kgs 13500-1000 Kgs 81000-2000 Kgs 462000 Kgs and more 29


The percent distribution of households based on paddy yield indicates wide variation in production levels. This necessitates identification of area specific issues and providing support to farmers in terms of technology demonstration, inputs, skill trainings etc.

The question relating to increasing productivity levels of crops was asked to the farmers to understand people’s perspective and identify specific needs. The household survey indicates that 70 percent of the farmers agreed to the possibility of increase in productivity levels.

3.21

The focus group discussions helped the farmers to identify intervention areas to increase yield and majority of them felt that it was possible only through better seeds and fertilisers. The farmers also indicated economic constraints in adopting new technological inputs. About 9 percent of the respondents felt that production could be increased by a combination of dependable water resource and fertilizers, whereas only about two percent cited water and good seeds as a means of increasing productivity. It is surprising that only about eight percent farmers cited repair and desiltation on the tank as means of increasing productivity. Over 6 percent of farmers felt that repairs Canal systems, would provide impetus to increase productivity.

Consumption of chemical fertilizers, organic manures and pesticides are indicative of the adoption of new technology. Large numbers of farmers use 50 to 150 kgs of chemical fertilizers per acre, but less than three cartloads of organic manure. About 34 per cent of the farmers use, 50 to 100 kgs of fertilisers, whereas 32 Percent of the farmers use 100 to 150 kgs of fertilizers per acre. Those farmers using more than five cartloads of organic manure are about 13 percent but a large number of them use three to five cartloads of organic manure per acre.

3.3.3. Tank based livelihoods

3.3.3.1. Cattle grazing

The field study indicates that most of the household use tank catchment area for livestock grazing. In Southern Telangana Zone, over 70 Percent of household use tank catchment area for grazing. In North Coastal Zone, 24 percent Percent of households depend on the tank for grazing. This figure is very low compared to other zones except Zone 2. In zone 3, a few villages get water from the reservoir through canals. Table 3.23 provides the details of households dependant on tank for livestock grazing.

Table 3.23: Livestock grazing in the tank catchments (% of HH)

Zones Grazing near Tank (% of HH to Total HH in the Village

1. High Altitude & Tribal Areas 412. Krihna-Godavari Zone 283. North Coastal Zone 244. Northern Telangana Zone 505. Scarce Rainfall Zone 256. Southern Telangana Zone 737. Southern Zone 24Source; Focus Group Discussions

3.3.3.2. Drinking water for livestock

The field study indicated that though drinking water for livestock is a need of villagers, minor irrigation tanks are less used for this purpose. The communities have alternative water facilities for livestock drinking. The survey

3.22

shows that in tank type I and II, more than 50 Percent of household are dependant on PWS for livestock drinking. Around 23 Percent of households are dependant on tank for livestock rearing in all tank types; this figure being high in tank type I and II. It was observed that large number of household depend on open wells for livestock drinking except in tank type I. Table 3.24 explains the water-source availability for the livestock rearing.

Table 3.24 Water for Livestock

Type Sample MWS PWS Handpump Openwell Tank PWS & Handpump borewell

I 174 2 51 11 3 29 1 0.6II 163 0 55 2 23 20 0.6III 238 4 40 4 20 27 5IV 311 10 37 11 18 17 4All type 886 5 44 7 17 23 0.3 3

Source; Based on Household Survey. Information from 886 households is available

The survey has collected data on stakeholders’ preferences/dependencies for/on tank for livestock grazing, livestock drinking and irrigation. 61Percent of households have given high-preferences for tank use for irrigation and 82 Percent for livestock grazing and drinking.

3.3.3.3. Fisheries

Apart from agriculture and grazing, the fisherfolk also are dependant on fisheries in tank areas. The study reveals that, more than 60 Percent of tanks are used for fishing activities. Few tanks have Fishing Cooperative Societies like in Ooracheravu tank, Vengalrayasagar and Raningari. Table 3.25 gives the percentage of households dependent on tank for fishing (both formally though fishing cooperative and informally) to total number of households.

Table 3.25: Household Dependency on Tank for Fisheries Zones Dependency on Fishing (% of HH to Total HH in the

Village)High Altitude & Tribal Areas 9Krihna-Godavari Zone 18North Coastal Zone 8Northern Telangana Zone 11Scarce Rainfall Zone 4Southern Telangana Zone 20Southern Zone 7

Source: Focus Group discussions.

3.3.4.Other tank based livelihoods

Tanks have a large number of stakeholders and majority of them are farmers. Farmers form the first and largest stakeholder group of tank systems. Fisherfolk are the second largest stakeholders as fisheries support livelihood system. Washerfolk, brick-makers and fuel wood gatherers are other occupational groups dependent on tank.

3.3.5. Water Sources and use

3.23

3.3.5.1. Drinking Water

The field study observed use of tanks for dinking water as well as for livestock. There are 18 tanks of which water is used for drinking but the Household survey indicated preference for other sources of drinking water. Alternative sources are MWS, PWS, hand pump, open well and bore well. In all agro-climatic zones PWS plays a major role in supplying drinking water (60 Percent HH are depending on PWS). Open well is the second major source for drinking water. In North-Telengana, over 40 percent of households are dependent on open well for drinking water. Details of drinking water source to the communities are presented in table 3.26. Despite having of various sources of drinking water, the communities face drinking water scarcity in summer. The level of drinking water scarcity is presented in figure 3.6.

Table 3.26: Percent of household by main sources of drinking waterAgro-

climatic Zones

MWS PWS Hand pump

Open well

Tank PWS and Hand pump

Bore well

High Altitude 9 36 7 38 11Krishna Godavari Basin

5 68 19 1 7

North Coastal 2 73 17 8North Telengana 3 46 9 40 1 0.4Scarce rainfall 83 13 2 2South Telengana 5 41 21 16 2 15Southern zone 4 77 15 1 2 2Total 3 61 14 18 1 1 2

Source; Based on Household Survey. MWS – Municipal Water Source; PWS- Public Water Source

Figure 3.6 Stakeholders’ Perception on Drinking water Scarcity

3.3.5.2. Water for Irrigation

The household survey identified that the major resource of irrigation tank and bore well, apart from rain water. The community members use these

3.24

sources in combination as well as some of them also rely on other water sources available in the area viz. rivulets, streams and open wells. Figure 3.7 (a) and 3.7 (b) indicate use of various sources for irrigation in Kharif and rabi seasons. It is observed that about half of the local population depends on tank irrigation both in kharif and rabi and about 12 percent on borewells.

3.25

Figure 3.7(a): Dependence on Sources of Water for Agriculture in Kharif Season

Figure 3.7 (b): Dependence on Sources of Water for Agriculture in Rabi Season

The decline and dependency on tanks for irrigation is mainly due to poor conditions of tank systems. Increasingly, it is being substituted by bore wells and open wells. This transition can cause a dual negative externality. On the one side, it will deplete the tank bed and allow unabated growth of weeds. If the depleted tank is used for cultivation, it may not serve its purpose as recharging zone. On the other side, it may lead to increase in bore wells. The field study made an effort to understand the community preferences and over 30 percent of farmers indicated preference to . This percentage is higher in the scarcity region and in South Telangana. More than 20 percent of the farmers interviewed also felt that bore wells should be encouraged further in the command area. This indicates people’s choice for private sources of irrigation unlike tanks that are public sources of irrigation where water use discipline is crucial.

3.3.5.3. Zone-wise distribution of water sources

Table 3.27 and 3.28 provide details of irrigation water sources across the agro-climatic zones in Kharif and Rabi seasons. In kharif, tank is the major source for irrigation, and in Krishna Godavari zone 82 Percent of households are depend on the tank water for irrigation in kharif season. But in

3.26

the Scarce rainfall zone, the dependency on tank for irrigation is very low (only 8 Percent). In North coastal, 50 Percent of households use stream water for irrigation.

Table 3.27: Percent of HH depending on various sources of water: Kharif SeasonAgro-climatic Zones

Rain Open well

Tank*

Stream

Rivulets

Bore well

Open well + bore well

Rain +tank

Open well +Tank

Open well +stream

1.High Altitude 44 0 51 0 0 0 0 0 4 02. Krishna Godavari Basin 4 0 82 0 0 8 4 0 1 03. North Coastal 0 1 46 50 0 1 0 0 2 04. North Telengana 24 3 42 1 2 13 1 9 5 15. Scarce rainfall 21 21 8 12 0 23 5 6 2 26. South Telengana 18 28 18 6 4 23 0 2 0 27. Southern zone 10 11 59 0 1 10 2 3 6 0Total 17 9 43 9 1 12 2 4 3 1

Source; Based on Household Survey. Note: * These figures show the farmers depending solely on tank for irrigation. Rest are in located in command area but do not use / get water from tank for irrigation.

Table 3.28: Percent of HH depending on various sources of water: Rabi SeasonAgro-climatic Zones

Rain Open well

Tank* Stream

Rivulets

Bore well

Open well + bore well

Rain +tank

Open well +Tank

Open well +stream

1.High Altitude 71 2 24 0 0 0 0 0 2 02. Krishna Godavari Basin 30 0 57 0 0 10 3 0 1 03. North Coastal 19 0 41 37 0 2 0 0 2 04. North Telengana 17 1 60 1 2 8 1 3 7 05. Scarce rainfall 15 23 12 11 0 29 6 0 1 26. South Telengana 5 14 29 14 5 31 0 0 0 27. Southern zone 6 12 59 0 1 15 1 1 6 0Total 19 7 45 9 1 13 2 1 4 1

Source and Note: same as above table.

In Zones 4, 5, 6 and 7, more households depend on bore-wells for irrigation. Though tank water is directly use, the recharge of borewells depend on the tank.

3.3.5.4. Availability of borewells Figure 3.8 and 3.9 present details of average number of the bore-wells across the tank types and agro-climatic zones. The smaller tanks (type I) indicate higher number of borewells (more than 50Percent HH). But agro-climatic zones-wise, zones 5, 6 and 7 have more HH with bore wells.

3.27

Figure 3.8 Bore-wells across Tank Types Figure 3.9 Bore-well across Agro-climatic zones

Bore-wells across Tank types

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

I II III IVTank Category (size)

% o

f sam

ple HH

Bore-wells across Agro-climatic Zones

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 2 3 4 5 6 7Agro-climatic Zones

% o

f Sam

lpe

HH

Availability of borewells leads to moer pump sets in the area. The household survey observed more pump sets in bigger tank areas. (type III and IV) Generally 5 HP motor pumps are observed. However, the study also came across use of 10 HP pump sets in use. Details of motor pumps are presented in Table 3.29.

Table 3.29:: Percent of households using Pump sets of different HP in each categoryIn Hp Type I Type II Type III Type IV Total1 7 0 1 2 2.93 14 29 23 27 22.74 0 2 0 0 0.35 68 66 53 41 56.07 6 0 7 11 6.58 2 0 1 10 3.910 3 4 15 9 7.8

Source; Based on Household Survey.

3.4 The Stakeholders

The above deliberations indicate that tank is a resource-livelihood system in rural areas. It is beyond a water body, comprising a broader socio-cultural-ecological significance. They serve as most dynamic life-support system having enormous socio-economic-cultural-ecological importance to the communities depending on tanks for their livelihood sustenance. Traditionally the communities around tank used to manage/use the tank without any external body (state, organizations external to the village). The communities evolved their institutions (rules, norms) to manage the natural resource (NR) like tank in order to sustain the community life. The multiple uses of tanks include water for drinking and irrigation, as well as support to tank based livelihoods including fisheries, forest plantations, wildlife, recreation, tourism etc. Though endowed with such diversity, complete potential of tank systems does not get exploited dur to multifunctional characteristics of tank with conflicting interests for water use. Lacunae and gaps in water management by the local community is another problem at the grassroots level.

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There are multiple stakeholders associated with the tank management/use. The participation of stakeholders depends upon the diversity of benefit flow - both in quantity and quality and alternative resource availability to the communities around the tank. Major stakeholders in the surveyed tanks are farmers, grazers, fisherfolks, borewell users, brick makers and potters, washerfolks and fuel-wood collectors. These stakeholders are can be grouped on various basis such as head-reach, mid reach tail-end, castes, gender, command area, non-command areas of same villagers, command and non-command area of other villages etc. Table 3.30 gives the typology of stakeholders. Table 3.30: Typology of stakeholders and implications

Type Stakeholders in the community

Level of stakes/ dependence Current Post-implementation

Command Area Farmers: Location of land owned

Head-reach Water for irrigation Avoid water logging Mid-reach Partial irrigation Full irrigation Tail- reach Inadequate water for irrigation Tail end farmers receive water

for irrigation

Command Area Farmers

Own land cultivators Water for agriculture, High dependence, Low productivity levels search for alternative sources, or keep land fallow / dry cultivation

Continued dependence, minimized need for alternatives

Tenants and Sharecroppers Additional source of income, rent seeking

Subject to norms, members of WUA

Farmers with alternative sources

of water in command area

(Well, pond, tubewell)

Water Sellers Additional source of income, rent seeking

Reduced sale

Water Buyers (75 to 100 per cent)

Additional expenditure Reduced expenditure

Tank bed cultivators (Instituionalised / without)

With Patta Crop Cultivation in rabi season

Land acquisition / surrender for tank improvement, Norms governing allocating rights, transparent, charges levied provide additional source of income to WUA

Seasonal Patta

Encroachers

Encroachers in tank foreshore area

Risk to physical structure in terms of blockage of inflows, reduced storage capacity

Encroachment removed for tank improvement, resettlement of poor during the project period

Encroachers in distributional channels

Block field channels affecting water distribution

Tank based livelihoods other than farming

FisherfolkRights auctioned, non- transparent, conflict of interest with command farmers, low productivity

Share of lease amount received by WUAs, Improved production of fish in selected tanks, TransparentDeveloped partnership between WUA and Fisherfolk Cooperatives

Women Co-option of women GP members not done Not involved in tank management

Active members and decision-makers

Livestock owners Dead storage not maintained. Roads and pathways blocked.

Pathways cleared or made, norms on dead storage.

Landless No stakes except opportunity for labour

Better labour opportunities, involvement in foreshore plantation

Farmers in the catchment

Ayacut farmers Watershed, recharge of groundwater, soil and silt erosion into the tank

Non ayacut farmers from command area villages

Watershed, recharge of ground water, soil and silt erosion into the tank

Ground water users

Non-command farmers with wells

Unacknowledged recharge, water market

Better recharge

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3.5 Organizational and Institutional Arrangements

Tanks provide a wide array of benefits to the communities around it. Considering the multiple uses of tanks, it is observed that there are many stakeholders leading to multi-dimensional issues and challenges in resource management.

The fundamental difficulties in the sound management of natural resources (NR) like tank are rooted in the social, economic, institutional and/or political conditions. The sustainability question is embedded in the ownership and property rights (right of access, control and management) over the resources and to a great degree the challenge of organizational models and institutional frameworks associated with the resources perceived as common or considered as “local commons” or required to be managed as some form of common property, be it pastures, forest, water harvesting structures or canal irrigation systems (Geevan and Bedamatta 2006). Therefore, successful institutions for governing them have emerged as crucial to solving the sustainability puzzle. Institution, in this context, is defined as a set of rules, eligibility criteria, decision-making arrangements, punishment structures, and action assignments (see Ostrom, 1990). The different players involved in NRM, act within some institutional framework, where the institutional framework is a prevalent set of norms or rules, which, by convention or law, mediates the nature of relationship between people and resources. It creates the system within which economic transactions take place in the short run and resource management takes place in the medium to long terms (Chopra & Gulati, 2001). The sustainability of resources is strongly related to capacity of stakeholders to design and share institutions that are maintained and continuously adapted in the face of changing conditions. Authors like Tushaar Shah has argued that certain ‘design concepts’ are central to the success and ‘robustness’ of organizations such as that of farmer’s associations.

The state government set up Water Users Association as per the APFMIS Act 1997. These WUAs are functioning from 1997. The field study found that 35 tanks (about 70 percent) have WUAs. Generally the command areas household are members through notification. Each WUA has six members in the managing committee. WUA meetings are held to discuss water release schedule and water sharing arrangement. Issues relating to water distribution are generally resolved by the Minor Irriation Department (MID).

This section looks into the functioning of the WUA and its institutional arrangements associated with the tank management. The parameters considered for understanding the functioning of the WUA are cooperation among members, cooperation with MID, cooperation with Panchayat and other villages, collective action in resource management and community life, leadership, role of the women, tank management and conflict resolution. Besides this, this section also analyses stakeholders’ awareness on problems in physical structure, ecological changes of tank resource and stakeholders Willingness to contribute for the tank management.

3.5.1. Representation of farmers in WUA

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The field study looked into the issue of representation of farmers in WUA. Table 3.31 provides details of representation of farmers in WUA.

Table 3.31 Representation of farmers in WUA Agro-climatic Zones NO response Yes NoHigh Altitude 44 47 9Krishna Godavari Basin 12 53 35North Coastal 0 81 19North Telengana 28 47 25Scarce rainfall 21 70 9South Telengana 15 45 40Southern zone 18 58 24Total 19 56 25

Fifty-six percent of stakeholders agreed that the WUA have representation of all farmers. But in South telengana and Krishna Godavari zone, more than 35 Percent of respondents observed that the WUA does not represent all farmers in the command area. The respondents also suggested inclusion of other stakeholders in the tank management efforts. Of 175 respondents, 62 Percent suggested inclusion fisher folk in the tank management and restoration efforts.

3.5.2. Water Management

Water management is one of the important functions of WUA. Therefore, it is essential to look into the prevailing water management practices and perceptions of the respondents about water management. The understanding of water management was captured through the household survey. Table 3.32 presents the findings of the survey. They indicate that over 66 percent of the farmers consider WUA, as the responsible body for water distribution. The responses vary across agro-climatic zones. North Telengana and scarcity zones farmers indicated Minor irrigation Department. This definitely brings forth a need of awareness generation about roles and responsibilities of the WUA in tank areas.

Table 3.32 : Decision Maker for Tank Water DistributionAgro-climatic Zones WUA Panchayat MI Dept.High Altitude 48 36 16Krishna Godavari Basin 62 20 18North Coastal 90 10North Telengana 52 1 47Scarce rainfall 52 3 45South Telengana 90 4 6Southern zone 70 0.6 30Average 66 6 28

Source: Household Level Survey.

Water distribution arrangements

Table 3.33 presents the water distribution arrangements across the agro-climatic zones. Traditional water distributor ‘Neerganti’ looks after the water distribution. It was observed during the survey that a few villages had Laskar employed by MID for water distribution. More than 65 Percent of respondents

3.31

informed that Neerganti system of water distribution is functional in their tanks. Neerganti is working in more than 80 percent of tanks in zone 4 and 7. But in agro-climatic zone 5, more than 60Percent of villages have temporary arrangement for water distribution. Further analysis will be needed to understand how these temporary arrangements have been working amidst so much diversity in socio-economic structure and requirements.

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Table 3.33 Responsibility of Water Distribution (% of HH)

Source; Based on Household Survey.

The stakeholders informed that the traditional Neeraganti implemented the water supply decisions. When asked about the efficiency of the traditional Neeraganti, about 20 percent of the respondents felt that this institution was in-efficient, and about 80 percent approved their efficiency, albeit at different levels. The respondents also indicated their preference about the institution that should take care of the tank irrigation in the village. Majority of them indicated that the stakeholders should look after the tank, and about 26 percent felt that the WUA should be the body looking after the tank.

Perceptions about WUAs are an important component factor that would set right the water distribution and inculcate water use discipline among the stakeholders. The WUAs are presently not uniformly present and may have to be constituted in the Command areas of the tanks taken up for rejuvenation. But it is quite heartening that more than 75 percent of the respondents have called WUAs as efficient institutions to manage tanks. Only about 3 percent have found these as inefficient while others did not express any opinion.

3.5.3. Indicators of good water management

The stakeholders were also asked about the good water management practices and their response was in favour of equitable distribution of water and timely supply. Table 3.34 presents the details of responses.

Table 3.34: Indicators of good Management of Tank WaterIndicators Total

Flow of water to tail end 8Timely supply of water 16Equal distribution 57Water levels in tank 5WUA meetings 14Total 100

Note: Percent of respondents by their views expressed.Source: Household level survey

3.5.4. Willingness to contribute to tank improvement

Tank improvement is the central theme of the study. Hence, the opinion of respondents on willingness to contribute was sought as part of the study. 73 percent were not ready to contribute towards the work. The differences however exist across the size of the tanks. In the smaller size tanks, more respondents were ready to contribute whereas respondents from the big tanks were not so willing to contribute. This was in view of the need of major works and significant investments to be taken up as perceived by the community members. However,

Agro-climatic Zones Traditional Neerganti MI Dept. Temporary

watermanHigh Altitude 56 24 20Krishna Godavari Basin 57 19 24North Coastal 68 14 18North Telengana 88 10 2Scarce rainfall 0 34 66South Telengana 61 30 9Southern zone 80 14 6Average 66 18 16

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70 percent respondents were ready to undertake the operation and maintenance either through WUA or on their own after the tank improvement. Table 3.35 presents preferential institutional arrangements for operation and maintenance after tank improvement indicated by respondents.

Table 3.35 Responses on institutional arrangements for O &M after tank improvement Type I Type II Type III Type IV Total

WUA 20 40 32 18 27CA farmers 42 35 48 44 43All stakeholders 1 1 1 0.6Panchayat 2 1 2 4 2MI Dept 34 23 18 33 27Others 1 0 0 0 0.4

Source: Household level survey

3.5.5. Willingness to pay water charges

Another important aspect is the willingness to pay regular water charges. The field responses indicated willingness to pay water charges and the amount varied between less than Rs 100 to more than Rs 300/acre.

3.5.6. Functioning of WUA

Table 3.36 provides details of functioning of the WUA. This information has been collected based on the community perceptive of WUA functioning and observation of the investigators.

3.34

Willingness to pay for Water Use Rs/Acre

%RespondentsLess than Rs 10068Rs 100-

20024Rs 200-3002Rs 300 and more6

Table 3.36 Organizational Set up and Institutional Arrangements

Functioning of the OrganizationsHigh/Good Moderate Low Remarks

Functioning 29 35 2115 villages either defunct or WUA is not there

Co-operation among WUA members

29 38 1815 villages either defunct or WUA is not there

Cooperation with MID 35 32 18

15 villages either defunct or WUA is not there

Co-operation with Panchayat 21 24 47

8 No cooperation

Co-operation with other villages 27 38 27

8 no Cooperation

Collective action 24 44 24 8Either Defunct or no WUA

Leadership 24 50 15 11 Either Defunct or no WUA or leadership crisis

Women in Executive Committee

95 % WUA do not represent women member in the executive committee

Role of the women Role at the time of voting onlyInstitutional Arrangements

Institutional Arrangements (Rules, Norms) in Practice High/Good Moderate Low/Bad Remarks

Awareness regarding Institutional arrangement

32 56 12

Norms for Irrigation 6 30 53

11No observation

Norms for Grazing3 12 68

17No observation.

Norms for Fishing18 6 59

17No observation

Norms for fuel wood collection 0 3 80

17No observation

Penalty and sanction for violation of norms

There is no such practices observed during our survey

The traditional way to stop grazing encroachment is no more in to existence. Like Bandela Doddi in Andhra Pradesh, Pashu Gaundi in Karnataka, Dhor Dabba in Gujarat and Kanjia Gatta in few places of Orissa

The data indicates that 24 percent of WUA have good leadership and about 50 percent WUAs have moderate leadership skills. Collective action is observed in 24 percent of WUAs and another 44 percent WUA have some activities undertaken collectively.

The data indicates very minimal participation of women’s in WUA. (observed in 5 percent tanks). The role of women is marginal in all surveyed tanks. Only women land owners have voting rights.

Very few WUAs have own norms, rules for tank management. The data indicates that 29 percent WUAs have norms for irrigation and 17 percent WUAs have norms for fisheries. Hardly any norms for cattle grazing were observed during the field work and as informed by the respondents.

3.5.7. Conflict Resolution

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This section discusses conflicts in resource use, conflict between Head-reach tail-end, between different stakeholders like farmers and fisherfolks, between stakeholder who use tank water directly from tank and those who use bore wells. Table 3.37 presents the details of conflict scenario and intensity of the same. It was observed that the bore well users put pressure on the WUA not to release water from the tank. This was observed in some tanks. Table 3.37 Conflict Scenario (% tanks)

Type/Nature High Moderate Low RemarksHead reach/Tail

end38 27 32 3 No observation

Different stakeholders

44 26 27 3 No observation

Conflict resolution is generally done by WUA, Panchayat and MI Department. Around 50 percent of households expressed WUA playing a dominant role in conflict management. But in High Altitude and Krishna-Godavari zone, Panchayat is also involved in the conflict resolution. In North-Telengana and scarce rainfall zone, more than 50 Percent sample reported MI Department playing a good role in conflict management. Table 3.38 presents the quantification of field observations. Table 3.38 Conflict Resolution in Water SupplyAgro-climatic Zones WUA Panchayat MI Dept.High Altitude 16 84Krishna Godavari Basin 36 62 2North Coastal 80 17 3North Telengana 40 9 51Scarce rainfall 14 16 70South Telengana 62 21 17Southern zone 70 27 3Total 49 24 27

Over the years the communities have evolved their rules, norms and practices for conflict management. There are three types of village level norms e.g. penalty (financial or kind), restriction on water use and social boycott. 52 Percent of respondents informed that they have taken measures to restrict water use. The conflict resolution measures are presented in table 3.39.

Table 3.39 Conflict Resolution Measures

Agro-climatic Zones Fines/penalty

Restriction on water use Social boycott Others

High Altitude 100Krishna Godavari Basin 37 59 2 2North Coastal 17 83North Telengana 28 55 3 14Scarce rainfall 20 10 10 60South Telengana 86 6 8Southern zone 60 30 10Total 34 52 4 10

3.6. Conclusion

The tank systems in Andhra Pradesh have been one of the major supports to the agricultural economy of the State. Tanks are also seen as equity oriented resource, being common pool resources. This being a community-based

3.36

resource, needs to be managed by the community. Over the years, a large number of tanks are depleted and the use of the same is reduced. This has disturbed the livelihood system of many poor in the various regions of Andhra Pradesh. Largely the impact has been quite serious in Telangana and scarce rainfall regions. Rejuvenation of tanks would benefit largely the small and marginal farmers as well as weaker sections among the social groups.

Traditionally Village communities used to manage the common property resources like tanks with well defined operational rules and norms for water use. It can be observed that degradation of the tank resources is due to break-down of traditional indigenous village level institutional arrangements with external changes. A number of changes are observed in tank environment. These tanks may have become ‘inefficient’ in their original function of providing flow irrigation, but as they have degraded over time, they have evolved into valuable systems that support people’s livelihoods in a number of ways. In addition to providing water for irrigation, tanks also contribute in a major way in recharging groundwater in the influence zone. Similarly a number of tank based livelihoods are practiced by local communities. These include fisheries, drinking water for animals, washermen, cattle grazers, brick makers and potters. The adjacent communities also use fertile silted soil for improving the quality of lands.

All these have brought forth newer challenges in tank improvement and management by creating stakes of multiple users of tank apart from command area farmers.

The study identified following issues and action areas that need to be focused as part of tank improvement.

3.6.1. Key Issues and action areas

Formation of WUAs: GoAP has formed the Water Users Association as per the APFMIS Act 1997. The field study observed that in some tanks, WUAs were not found. This aspect needs to be probed further and actions on setting up WUA need to be planned for all the tanks.

Stakeholders in tank management: The APFMIS Act has identified tank as a multiple use resource and provided for inclusion of tank users other than command area farmers. This process is not completed in tank areas and it needs to be completed right at the beginning of tank improvement so as to create stakes of various tank users. Inclusion of fisherfolk is well understood at community level and 62 percent respondents indicate need of inducting them in tank management. Specific facilitation will be needed to create stakes for other tank users.

Co-option of GP members:The Act provides for co-option of GP members in WUA managing committee. The study results indicate that this is not done at the field level, which leads to tank management on informal arrangements. The tank improvement plan should take up this as an important and early stage intervention, as the GP as an institution has a major stake in managing the tank

3.37

resource. This is especially important for works to be taken up under the existing state government schemes such as desilting under the APREG Act.

Women’s representation & participation in tank management: Women form one of the important stakeholders group in tank areas. However, the field study observed that only 5 percent tanks had women in the WUA. Moreover, they are not actively involved in tank management. There is a specific need of creating awareness among women about WUA, roles and responsibilities of WUA as well as undertake specific leadership development trainings for women. These efforts will provide encouragement to women to contest WUA elections.

Women are active partners in livelihoods in rural areas. It is essential to plan specific actions to involve them in tank based livelihoods as well as increase their technical knowledge and skill in agro-based livelihood activities.

Other actions required to be planned by the state government is provide equal rights to women by bringing in amendments in Act to provide voting rights to women. This can be done by introducing household based membership of WUAs similar to VSS.

Awareness and capacity building of WUA: The state reforms agenda has a focus on decentralized community based management of water resources. APFMIS Act is a clear indication of the commitment of GoAP. However, there is a need of specific efforts including resources allocation and capacity building for implementation of the act. The efforts need to start from awareness generation about the WUA, its roles and responsibilities, and providing handholding support to WUAs to set up self-management systems. Introduction of participatory planning and implementation process for tank improvement: The field study observed a direct relationship between physical status of tanks and community involvement in tank management. It is essential that the tank improvement is planned by the state government in consultation with the community members. Physical works for tank improvement need to be planned with the WUA and the WUA should also be encouraged to take up some works on their own. Contribution of WUA members should also be made mandatory so as to create a sense of ownership. The contribution can be planned both in cash and kind so as to All WUA members. This will lead to bringing in ownership among the WUA members.

Participation of WUA in encroachment clearance: The field study observed that suboptimal functionality of tanks has led to encroachments in tank bed and tank foreshore areas. In some tanks, cultivation is practiced by farmers without any patta allotment. Tank improvement works will necessitate removal of encroachments. WUA need to be given the primary responsibility of identification of such encroachments, discussion with the community members, mobilizing them for voluntary surrender and providing support to the poor and vulnerable through need based support of tank based livelihoods. This will be crucial activity for the tank improvement. The project needs to make specific support provision to poor whose livelihood depends upon the tank.

WUA involvement in water charges collection: Water charges is the main source of WUA for regular operations and maintenance. The field study observed

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that multiple departments are involved in water charges demand estimation and collection. WUA plays a minimal and supportive role in this activity. It is crucial that WUA takes up active role in the water charges collection. This needs amendments in the APFMIS act which will go a long way in improving efficiency of WUA and implementation of Participatory Irrigation Management.

Interventions for resources mobilization by WUA: Apart from water charges, the APFMIS Act provides for resources mobilization by WUA for undertaking regular O&M activities. The tank improvement needs to include activities for this purpose. The state experience indicates foreshore plantation as one of the promising avenue. Similarly, improvements in fisheries production, support for marketing and review of lease amounts for fisheries and its share to WUA are the other intervention areas that will provide resources for tank management.

Convergence with other government programmes/schemes: The study identifies de-silting, need of extension support for productivity enhancement, credit requirements as the community needs. It would be useful if the tank improvement plans incorporate WUA capacity building on accessing support from the existing government schemes. The process of mobilizing these resources will give the confidence to WUAs of self-management with linkages. Tank Improvement: The intervention approach should not overlook the gradual evolution of a tank’s role in the community and the multiple contributions of tank systems in livelihoods. The classical rehabilitation approach (renovating the tanks by desilting the tank-beds or raising the bunds, repairing the outlets and lining the canals leading into them) may deprive a sizeable proportion of poor populations in return to few advantages to farmers irrigating in the command areas. There is a need to have a balance in interventions involving the multiple stakeholders. However, this needs to be done with definite ownership built in the tank management.

Setting up a coordination authority/ body for overall improvement: The multiple uses of tanks and the multi-disciplinary issues of tank management necessitate coordination of activities and events to achieve optimum benefits. The field study observed multiple institutions playing role in tank management not only at tank level but also at higher levels. At tank level, WUA, gram panchyat, fisheries cooperatives are the institutions engaged in tank management. At the district level, there are a number of departments/agencies engaged in contributing to improved returns from tank systems. These include Minor Irrigation Department, Panchayat Raj Department, Water Resources Department, Agriculture and Horticulture Department, Forest Department, Fishery Department and Environment Department etc. There is a need to have a co-ordinated effort among these departments for tank improvement and management.

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Chapter 04

Review of Environmental Baseline and possible impacts

4.1 Introduction

The proposed Andhra Pradesh Community Based Tanks Project (APCBTP) is aimed at rejuvenating the existing tanks. This chapter provides information on baseline environmental status as context for tank system in Andhra Pradesh as well as specific information based on the selected 50 tanks survey carried out across the state as part of this study. This chapter also includes an assessment of policy and legal framework pertaining to the environmental aspects of tank systems in Andhra Pradesh, a sectionwise analysis of thematic areas of water resources, water quality, biodiversity, agro-chemicals, land use change, deforestation, and tanks and groundwater linkages. This chapter also delineates the anticipated positive and negative environmental impacts linked to the proposed project interventions at the sub-project (tank) level.

4.2 Context

Physical setup: Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest Indian State in terms of area and population. It has an area of over 2,75,045 sq. km and a population of 75.7 million with a density of 275 persons per sq. km as per the 2001 census. The state has 23 districts, each of which is divided into revenue mandals. Each mandal has around 20-35 revenue villages with Gram Panchayats (village government). Each revenue village may have between 1– 5 habitations. The state can be also divided into three regions - Coastal Andhra, Rayalaseema and Telangana on the basis of history and social and cultural divisions. The tribal dominated hilly areas which spread across the Telangana and Coastal Andhra regions can be considered a fourth zone as they have a unique set of issues.

Geology of State: The major part of the state lies in the plateau zone. There are a few isolated hills in this plateau and it is underlain by Archean granitoids. Rocks ranging from the Archean to the Gondwana period dominate the geology of the state. The majority of this plateau (parts in the state) is drained by Krishna river and its tributary, Tungabhadra. The northern part of the state lies in the right bank of Godavari river. Towards the northwestern part of the state, Deccan traps and associated black cotton soils are found. The Eastern Ghats form a series of disjointed hill ranges parallel to the coast along the western border of the coastal plains. Towards their northeastern part bordering Orissa, the Eastern Ghats are continuous hill ranges and have elevation as high as or more than 1200 msl. River Godavari cuts across these ranges.

Water Resources: The state is drained by three major perennial rivers, Godavari, Krishna and Pennar, and several other rivers of lesser significance. The majority of the rivers flow easterly towards the Bay of Bengal. The state has areas rich in water resources, but also has semi-arid regions where agriculture is mainly rainfed. Droughts and water scarcity in summer months are a recurrent phenomenon in these semi arid zones. Rainfall varies considerably across the state. For example, although

4.1

average annual is 1000mm, the southwestern area of Rayalaseema district typically receives less than 700mm. One third of the population of AP lives in a drought-prone area. Droughts tend to hit the Rayalaseema and Telangana districts most. On average one in five years the average state rainfall is below 750mm. However, drought years are often consecutive.

Surface water schemes: Two major inter-state rivers, Krishna and Godavari contribute almost 90% of the state’s surface water resources. There are 40 major and minor rivers in the state. Total surface water resources availability in the state is 77.75 BCM (2,746 tmc) and utilized is 49.63 BCM (1,753 tmc). The potential created by utilizing these water resources through major, medium and minor irrigation sources is about 3.6 million ha till 2006. Available water resources are used for irrigation, power generation, drinking water purposes and industrial requirements. Sectoral water allocation will assume significance in near future as the conflicting demands of various sectors emerge and strengthen.

Tanks: Tanks were the main source of water supply for ages. At the end of the First Five Year Plan, there were 58,518 tanks in Andhra Pradesh with an irrigated area of 1.07 million hectares (mha), which is about two-fifths of the irrigated area of the state. Many tanks were built in a series so that no wastage of water took place. Moreover, the storage tanks enriched the water table through percolation. An institutional system also evolved and enabled tanks to be the major source of irrigation. A more serious problem is regarding the functioning of tanks. At the state level 69 percent of the tanks are under repair, which account for 82 percent of the area irrigated by tanks. Minor Irrigation, under which tanks are categorised, contributes to 67% of the state irrigation4. The gamut of minor irrigation comprises minor irrigation tanks (>40 hectare command), Panchayat Raj Tanks (<40 hectare command), lift irrigation schemes and ground water based irrigation systems.

There are 77,452 small and big irrigation tanks dotted over the state irrigating over a million ha in the most drought prone and semi arid regions of the state. These structures that are common in the Deccan Plateau have survived over centuries, providing water for irrigation and domestic uses. Breaking down of local institutions responsible for managing the tanks, has resulted in state of disrepair and sub-optimal production from these tanks. The area under irrigation from tanks is drastically reduced. The percentage of area dependent in Andhra Pradesh on tanks for irrigation has reduced to less than half in 45 years - from 39% in 1955 to 16% in 2000 (GoAP, 2005).

Table 4.1 Sizewise category and number of Tanks in Andhra PradeshSize in ha Number

of tanks% to total

Managed by Remarks

Below 40 (100 acres)

66,175 85.44 Panchayat raj Bodies

15,000 tanks have command of above 20 ha. Gets financial allocation of Rs.70 million during the year 2004, for all 66,175 tanks.

Above 40 (100 acres)

11,277 14.66 Minor Irrigation

8000 tanks have a command of 40-202 ha

4 Irrigation in AP is classified into Minor, Medium and Major irrigation depending upon the magnitude of the command served. Major irrigation comprises large irrigation projects with their commands above 10000 ha and Medium irrigation comprises projects with commands between 2000 ha to 10000 ha.

4.2

Department 1000 tanks are above 202 ha. Total 77,452Source: Collected from the Chief Engineer Office, Minor Irrigation Department, Hyderabad.

Groundwater: The state as on year 2006, has utilized 450 TMC of groundwater (12,749 m cum) with balance availability of 611 TMC and total groundwater irrigated area is 2.64 m ha. More than 80 percent of the population is situated in the hard rock regions, ground water availability becomes a critical issue to ensure drinking water availability in this state. These regions do not have surface water options and status of ground water in various hydrological blocks is shown in table 4.2. Out of the total 1229 blocks, 187 blocks are facing over exploitation of groundwater and only 757 blocks are in the safe category. In the entire state, groundwater irrigated area is 62% and owing to easy access to credit and lower tariff for power supply, over extraction of groundwater is unabated, including in the hard rock regions.

Table 4.2: Status of ground water in Andhra Pradesh

S.No DistrictCategory Total

Over Exploited

Critical

Semi-Critical Safe

1 Anantapur 48 8 20 23 992 Warangal 19 0 5 37 61

3 Rangareddy(&Hyd) 15 5 10 10 40

4 Medal 14 11 18 10 535 Nizamabad 14 3 13 18 486 Kadapa 12 18 29 18 777 Prakasam 12 2 6 42 628 Chittoor 11 8 15 41 759 Karimnagar 10 7 5 40 6210 Kurnool 9 2 9 60 8011 Mahaboobnagar 8 6 19 24 5712 West Godavari 4 4 4 28 4013 Nalgonda 3 5 30 27 6514 Nellore 2 1 10 32 4515 Khammam 2 0 1 67 7016 East Godavari 2 0 0 50 5217 Adilabad 1 0 3 34 3818 Guntur 1 0 1 62 6419 Krishana 0 2 3 52 5720 Visakahapatnam 0 0 2 40 4221 Srikakulam 0 0 0 18 1822 Vizianagaram 0 0 0 24 24

Andhra Pradesh 187 82 203 757 1229

Note: Numbers refer to hydrological blocks Source: Government of Andhra Pradesh, 2006

4.3

Forests and Biodiversity: Forests play the multipurpose role in water and soil conservation, production of valuable timber fuel, fodder and non-wood produce and in maintaining biodiversity. The forests, especially in the catchment areas function as sponges absorbing rain water and supplying to river basins which finally form the major sources of surface water. The forest cover also ensures better recharge of groundwater. As per the State Forest Report, 2001, published by the Forest Survey of India, Dehradun, the forest cover is 16.23% and recorded forest area is 23.20% of the State geographical area. The changes in forest cover as per 2001 assessment as compared to 1999 assessment shows a gain of 408 sq. km. These are in the districts, which happen to be catchment areas of Godavari, Vamsadhara, Swarnamuki and other small rivers, with rich biodiversity. Biological Diversity encompasses all species of plants, animals and microorganisms and the ecosystem and ecological processes of which they are parts. It covers even hydrological, geological and terrestrial systems. Biodiversity is a synonym for the variety and variability of all life forms on this earth. It is a vital resource, which needs to be conserved carefully for our future generations. Biodiversity is found in varied ecosystems like soil, water sources, hills, rocks, swamps, etc., From the point of view of conservation, the State Forest Department has identified the following as pressures: a) Free grazing and unscientific management of cattle population leading to overgrazing of forests; b) Fragmentation of forest habitat leading to isolation; c) Diversion of forestland for non-forestry purposes; d) Large man-made structure like dams leading to interference with discharge and free flow of water; e) Downstream, affecting salinity and coastal forest namely mangroves; f) Annual ground fires affecting the bio-diversity and regeneration of the forests.

Agriculture: The agriculture and allied sectors contribute close to 30% of the State’s GDP and provide employment to 64.55% of the population. According to estimates, about 32 lakh hectares of land in the State has been degraded in one form or the other. The degraded lands account for 10 percent of the geographical area and 19 percent of the cultivable area. Wastelands are spread over 36 lakh hectares. Fallow lands are also spreading fast particularly in the dry-land areas of Rayalaseema and Telangana.

Agro-Chemicals: To retain the productivity, agrochemical consumption is increasing and the impacts are getting conspicuous year after year, which is a consequence of improper use of pesticides and fertilisers. With introduction of better irrigation facilities and high yielding varieties, agrochemicals more so, pesticides have become very important ally of farmer to realize the higher productivity rates and on average, pesticide consumption in India is 288 g/ha. At the state level, pesticide consumption is shown in table 4.3. Crop wise consumption of pesticides at all-India level is given in Figure 4.1. Liberal and continuous pesticide usage in the agriculture has following ramifications in addition to the increased cost of inputs of farming: a) Destruction of natural biota of soil; b) Development of resistance in pests, thus necessitating higher doses; c) Persistence of some chemicals and their entry to food chain; d) Killing of some natural predators; e) Disturbing the lifecycle of members of food chain; f) Health disorders in the persons applying these chemicals etc.

4.4

Figure 4.1: Consumption of pesticides crop wise Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, 2006

4.5

Table 4.3. Consumption pattern of pesticides in StateYear In 00 MT1990-91 1341993-94 108199-97 871998-99 472000-01 402001-02 38.5

Livestock: The State is endowed with rich livestock and land resources. It’s livestock population is estimated at 35.01 million, where as it was 32.90 million in 1992. Seventy percent of the small and marginal farmers and agricultural labourers depend upon livestock rearing. The requirement of fodder for livestock is met mostly from the residues of various food crops and in a limited way from the fodder crops and the ever-diminishing pasturelands. Major productive and reproductive problems of livestock are arising from nutritional deficiencies. Very few farmers depend on stall-feeding of animals. Crop residues provide 60 percent of the nutritional requirements of livestock in the State. In case of adverse seasonal conditions, the fodder situation would be grim in the State. Dwindling forests, pastures, grazing lands due to preference for cash and commercial crops are adversely affecting the fodder availability. During drought livestock, especially milch and breedable animals, owned by small and marginal farmers, suffer due to lack of Water and fodder.

4.3 Legal and Policy framework

Broadly, the proposed intervention in terms of upgrading the existing tanks would bring some temporary and permanent changes. Some of these changes and their potential impacts have been addressed by various legislative enactments and guidelines both at central and state level to ensure least environmental damage and they have been described in the following sections along with policy gaps if any.

4.3.1 National Legal Regime a) The Prevention and control of Water pollution Act, 1974, of the

government of India, has objective of preventing, controlling and restoration of water quality to their original status. The Act has prescribed various standards for polluting sources, which are mostly point source in origination. Further, it has categorized the water bodies into various classes based on their present quality and intended uses (Class A to Class E). The Act is primarily concerned with point sources but does not address non-point sources including the agricultural practices. To classify the tanks under study, the water quality tests need to be conducted.

b) The Environmental Protection Act, 1986 has concern with projects dealing with water bodies, but they are limited to the major activities like reservoir construction, changes in water flow regime and others. The present study does not come under the purview of this enactment. Further, as the work is minor irrigation in nature, other MoEF guidelines are not applicable.

4.6

c) The National Environmental Policy, 2006, suggests to take holistic view to deal with the tanks. Considering the nature and scope of proposed project, a proactive approach has been taken to assess the possible environmental impacts involving land, water and bio-diversity issues

4.3.2 State legal regime

Over the years, the State has introduced several Acts and Rules to ensure sustainable management of its natural resources and overall ecology of the state and its governance through active users participation.

a) The Andhra Pradesh Water, Air, Land and Trees Act, 2002 (WALTA), is a comprehensive act to promote water conservation, tree cover and regulate the exploitation and use of ground and surface water resources. Specific references are shown in the Table 4.4.

Table 4.4. Highlights of AP WALT ACT, 2002 related to Tanks

Sec Sub Sec Provides forSec 6 A Promote tree cover

F Community Participation22 Ensure optimum use23 2 Measures to prevent and evict encroachment

3 Prevent undesirable materials to water bodies26 Prevent and restore the breaches of tanks29 A guidelines in case of removal of tree cover30 Guidelines for plantation along the banks32 Advise for non-conventional energy sources fringe area

population

b) The state government, over the years, has issued several government orders pertaining to the tank management are given in the table no. 4.5. Comparative statement on policy, laws of national and that are recommended by funding agencies like World Bank is shown in Annexure 4.1.

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Table No. 4.5: Government Orders related to Irrigation tanksGO No and date of issue

Main Concern Focus Expected Action Objective

Rt No.523, 27.5.1997

Allocation of maintenance grants to WUAs

Maintenance of tank and required actions

WUA to prepare the required actionPrioritizationCommittee (constituted by govt) will examine the plans of maintenance to suit head, mid and tail enders

To hasten the maintenance works of the tanks

Ms No 952 on 28.7. 1997

Incentive to unanimously elected WUA society

Rs 50,000 per WUA as incentive

Incentive to be used for repair and maintenance works of WUAs

Ordinary repairs such as desilting, weed removal, embankment repairs, repairs to shutters, masonry and lining etc

GO Ms No. 1, dated 01.01.1998

Speedy execution of works and delegation of works

To hasten the execution of works and delegation of powers to select engineers

GO Ms. No. 70 dated 23.07.1998

Allotment of inland fishery rights to Fishermen co-operative society under MI Tanks

Fishing rights Auction of fishing rights to be auctioned by Fisheries department and preference will be given to the fishermen society

GO Rt No. 338 dated 12.10.1998

Assistance to WUAs of Laskar

Service of Lasker to WUAs

CE can redeploy the existing Laskar to make available to one or more WUAs for manning headworks, main canals, distributory lacks and other regulatory structure

Memo No. 15844/ APERP/99-1 dated 30.4.1999

Exemption of Seigniorage fee

WUAs are exempted from Seigniorage fee on works entrusted to them. Further, sand and metal are made available to Farmer Organization (FO)

4.8

c) The water sector in the state, besides other Acts and Rules, are also governed by a) The Andhra Pradesh Water Tax Act, 1988; b) The Andhra Pradesh Water Tax Rules, 1990; and c) The Andhra Pradesh Farmers’ Management of Irrigation Systems Act and Rules, 1997. The APFMIS Act, 1997, has enabled the formation and function of WUAs across the state, including tank based WUAs.

4.3.3 Safeguard Policies of the World Bank

A comparative assessment of World Bank Operational Policies (see Annexure 4.1) relevant to the project and corresponding state and national policy regimes reveal that the proposed project falls into category ‘B’ as per the WB Operational Policy 4.01. Sub-project specific analysis based on the field visits to tank sites indicates that although the project interventions are expected to result in overall environmental improvements in the tank systems, potential adverse impacts could occur if the interventions are not properly designed and implemented. The objective of the environmental assessment conducted as a part of this study is to identify the base line environmental issues, as well as possible environmental impacts of the project interventions, and to develop an appropriate framework for environmental management.

4.4 Institutional Arrangements at State Level

The Government of Andhra Pradesh through legislative enactments have established various institutions and line departments to conserve and protect the environment in the state as follows:

a) To take care of the ecology and environment, the state has Departments of Environment, Forests, and special purpose vehicles like a) The A.P. State Pollution Control Board to control the pollution and protect the environment, b) State Forest Department Corporation. These departments take care of social forestry and protection of forests in the tank catchment areas and enables avenue plantation on tank bunds.

b) In case of Water Resources, the state has, a) Water Resources Department, under that Minor Irrigation Wing, Command Area Development, Groundwater department b) Lift Irrigation Corporation, c) for capacity building purposes, Water and Land Management Training and Research Institute. The Minor Irrigation Wing, takes care of tanks maintenance (Above 40 ha) and its repairs.

c) Department of Mines and Geology, which also takes care of sand mining both in the tank bed and riverbeds.

d) For fisheries development both in tank storage areas and large reservoirs, the Fisheries Department undertakes both development and capacity building activities.

e) The Department Revenue facilitates, record keeping of lands, its transfer, encroachment, if any, and any damage to it both below and above the tank structure.

4.9

f) Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) are responsible for upkeeping of tanks with below 40 ha command.

g) The agriculture department has to take care of crop related activities in the tank command areas.

The roles of various departments can be summarized in the following table:

Sl no.

Resources Department/Agency

1 Water in the tank bed, inflows, distribution

Water Resources Department, Minor Irrigation, Lift Irrigtion Corporation

2 Trees, forest both in catchment and bunds, biodiversity

Forest and Environment Department

3 Water quality AP Pollution Control Board4 Sand and soils in the tank

system areaDepartment of Mines and Geology

5 Fisheries Department of Fisheries6 Land Revenue Department7 Tanks with <40 ha

commandPRIs

8 Crop husbandry Department of Agriculture

Essentially, any intervention in the tank system has to be in consultation with these departments, and if necessary appropriate refinements need to be carried out, if required, in their roles and responsibilities, in view of the proposed project interventions.

4.5 Tank environment

Methodology: The Assessment used a combination of different methods for the purpose of data gathering and consultations. They included, Participatory Transect Walks, PRAs and Focus Group Discussions, Questionnaire Canvassing, Consultations with the officials of various line-departments, secondary data collection from various sources. To validate the findings and understanding of them, there were a series of internal and consultative external reviews, and feedback workshop involving members of the village community, experts and state government officials. The study was carried out in two stages: a) Preparing profiles of the selected 50 tanks and carrying out household survey, b) Based on tank profiles and household survey data and field observations, preparing analytical chapters on social and environmental assessment.

Environmental baseline information like species diversity, agrochemical consumption etc was collected through filed survey and secondary data was collected from various agencies. Water quality was analyzed by chemical analysis by Ground Water Dept of GOAP.

4.5.1 Water Quality

River water quality: River waters in the state are extensively utilized for irrigation, industry, aquaculture and drinking purposes with a result of degradation of water quality. Rivers such as Godavari, Krishna, Musi, Pennar etc. are found to be polluted at different stretches, mainly due to industrial, domestic

4.10

and agriculture pollution. Among all the rivers, Musi is the most polluted and some streatchs of river Godavari is polluted. About 4 percent of study tanks are downstream to river Musi and receive water from Musi. Water analytical reports indicate that tank water is lower receive water from Musi in addition to 4 percent tanks where it is envisaged to draw water from Musi

Ground Water Quality: Due to frequent poor and erratic rainfall, there is a pressure on groundwater utilisation. Indiscriminate tapping of groundwater in the State by too much drilling and construction of deep tube wells and bore wells, followed by unregulated pumping of wells have resulted in over exploitation and depletion of groundwater resources in certain areas. The trend of the depth to water level from 1998 – 2002 indicates an average fall of 2.97 M in the State in addition to the pollution of Groundwater. According to a report of the State Ground Water Department, fluoride concentration is high in ground water in Nalgonda and Karimnagar districts. In this region, some wells show high potassium content due to use of potassium-based fertilisers. In Coastal Andhra salt water intrusion was found. In Anantapur district of Rayalaseema region high fluoride concentration is found in groundwater. Florisis has reached endemic proportions in Nalgonda, Ranga Reddy, Kurnool, Karimnagar and Prakasam districts. In 6000 out of 69,732 habitations, fluoride content in water is high. This affects several thousands of people. In Nalgonda district where the occurrence is highest, about 70,000 people in 215 villages are suffering from florisis.5

Table No. 4.6: Ground Water Quality ProblemsContaminants Districts affected in parts

Salinity East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, Prakasam

Fluoride Prakasam, Nellore, Anantapur, Nalgonda, Rangareddy, Adilabad

The tanks, particularly close to urban centers, were found to contain contaminents originating from the urban centers, for instance Banda Ravilala Tank system has no Dissolved oxygen at all in some streaches. Coliform bacteria count was observed in several times higher than the prescribed limits. TDS is also higher in at least two of the three tanks for which data is available including the ground water. Obviously, a substantial effort is needed to gather good quantitative data for implementing various interventions.Table No.4.7: Water Quality parameters (BIS norms in parenthesis. Units are mg/l and for E coli in numbers)

TDS (500)

F(1) NO3(10)

B(1) Zinc(5) Fe(0.30) BOD (7) Total coliform (<50)

E coli(0)

Annadahavaram (Khammam District)Catchment 205 0.17 40 - 0.807 5.4 1.6 900 11Tank 134 0.16 8 - 0.22 0.78 4.4 900 40Command Area 220 0.43 14 - 0.812 2.4 4 900 22Bore well 290 0.1 22 0.06 0.252 0.01 - - -Vengalrayasagar (Khamam District)Catchment 532 0.62 8 BDA 0.058 BDA 2 50 BDA

5 As per the studies conducted by Mission Support Unit, Water Conservation Mission, GoAP, with the increasing population, Andhra Pradesh could be moving from the water scarce to severe situation by 2020.

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Tank 208 0.23 5 BDA 0.057 BDA 2.4 900 240Command Area 225 0.28 5 BDA 2.036 BDA 2.6 90 11Bore well 589 0.1 101 BDA 0.043 0.05 BDA BDA BDAYathavakilla, (Nalgonda District)Catchment 322 0.72 1.75 0.3 SNA 0.72 1.6 1600 BDATank 355 0.76 1.04 0.31 SNA 0.7 2 1600 BDACommand Area 512 1.2 0.91 0.33 SNA 1.1 1.9 1600 1600Bore well Sample not analysed (SNA)

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To assess the community perception about the quality of water, field study was conducted regarding the source of water, quantity available, and quantity. The results are given in the below figure 4.2 and Table 4.8.

Figure 4.1: Stakeholders’ Perception on Drinking water Scarcity

Table 4.8: Perceptions about the ground water quality (Percentage of households)AC Zone Hard

water SalineGood Smell

Good Colour

Don’t Know

High Altitude 0 0 0 0 0KG Basin 0 0 43 3 0North Coastal 1 2 4 1 0North Telengana 4 4 15 10 0Scarce Rainfall 0 0 83 0 0South Telengana 12 7 27 4 3Southern Zone 0 1 39 1 1

As found in the field survey, none of the tanks is being used as source of drinking water directly Regarding the perception of the community on the quantity and quality of drinking water across the agro-climatic regions following pictured emerged (table 4.9).

Table 4.9: Drinking water sources (% of HH)Agro-climatic Zones

MWS PWS Hand pump

Open well

Tank PWS and Hand pump

Bore well

High Altitude 8.89 35.56 6.67 37.78 0 11.11 0Krishna Godavari Basin

5.41 67.57 18.92 1.35 6.76 0 0

North Coastal

1.74 73.04 17.39 7.83 0 0 0

North Telengana

3.41 46.21 9.09 40.15 0 0.76 0.38

Scarce rainfall

0 83.00 13.00 2.00 2.00 0 0

South Telengana

4.59 41.28 21.10 16.51 0 1.83 14.68

Southern zone

3.91 76.54 14.53 1.12 2.23 1.68 0

Total 3.50 60.61 13.88 17.49 1.24 1.35 1.92

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N=886

As health is directly dependent on the quality of water, community perceptions were collected regarding the out break of the water borne diseases and the details are given below (table 4.10)

Table 4.10: Perceptions of households regarding the Waterborne diseases

Rarely

Often Quite Often

No outbreaks

High Altitude 33 11 55 0KG Basin 22 55 8 2North Coastal 26 32 42 0North Telengana 72 19 9 0Scarce Rainfall 97 2 0 0South Telengana 80 10 1 0Southern Zone 19 14 1 20

4.5.2 Forests and Biodiversity

The cyclic nature of the tanks, as dry bodies for some months has also helped in the diversity of species. The vegetative growth in and around the tank and its environs has attracting various forms of life – avian, amphibians, reptiles etc as it offers good base. A survey was conducted across 50 tanks as part of this study to list species diversity – floral and faunal variety.

About 12 percent of the tanks, which near the urban/ peri urban places has availability of water in the tank round the year with water quality either ‘C’ or lower. Eutrophication is observed to be in advanced stages. Wader community of birds are found to dominating indicating the poor quality of water

Tanks near rural areas: Majority of the study tanks belong to this category. Salient features of these tanks are: a) inflows are influenced by run off from cultivated lands with possible contamination of agrochemicals; b) tanks conversion into dry bed for a a couple of months, and c) high levels of Siltation.

Tanks with catchment in undisturbed area: About 25 percent of the tanks belongs to this category where the catchment is either natural forest and/ or degraded natural forest. Salient features of these tanks are: a) water quality is good (A or B); b) minimal rates of siltation and c) maximum diversity of both flora and fauna.

Avian Diversity

A detailed survey of the avian community was carried out. Avian community being natural predator in ecosystem forms ready indicator for not only the quality but also ecosystem at large. The details of field survey are presented in Table 4.11.

4.14

Table No.4.11: Number of Avian Species observed Catchment in Urban areas Catchment in agricultural

regionsCatchment in undisturbed areas

38 28 75

4.5.3 Floristic diversityVarious floral species observed in and around the tanks are given in the

following tables 4.12. Tanks with good catchment area conditions were found to have more diversity in terms of the species present.

Table No.4.12: Details of Floristic diversity Catchment in Urban areas Catchment in agricultural

regionsCatchment in undisturbed areas

24 12 67

4.5.4 Agrochemicals

Study tanks are spread in seven agro-climatic zones and the pest incidence are varying from one zone to another and their intensity also varies according to zone and climatic conditions as well. Most of the command area is under the paddy cultivation (for details on crop-wise cultivated area, see Chapter 3) in kharif season with very few exceptions of cultivation of maize (limited to tail end fields where the water availability is problem). With paddy being common crop, various pests that were reported are listed in the table below.

Table No.4.13: Common pests of PaddyInsect Pest Disease(1) Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens) (2) Paddy stem borer (Pyricularia oryzae) (1) Blast disease ((Scirpophaga

incertulas) (3) Paddy leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)

(2) Sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani)

The consumption rates of pesticides by the marginal and small farmers of are lower compared to that of the medium and large farmer segment in all the agro-climatic zone. One of the reason is the availability of financial means to purchase the pesticides. Majority of the farmers have to purchase the pesticides from the market only and to few farmers, the credit facility is available, but for large section of the farmers need to pay the cash to procure the same. As observed in the agroclimatic zones of High Altitude and Tribal belt, particularly in the Annadaivam project command areas, significant farmers have not applied the pesticides in timely manner due to financial reasons. To some extent the fertilizers are supplied through the Co-operatives, but for pesticides are not. The decision of choosing the pesticide is the recommendation of the availability of certain brand and the recommendation of the dealer. The percentage of households of sampled population in various agro-climatic zones are given in the following table.

4.15

Table No.4.14: Percentage of HHs sampled and quantum of pesticide (in liters) use

ZoneLess than 1 li 1 – 2 li 2 – 3 li

3 and more

High 86 4 2 2KG 66 7 18 0North Coast 82 8 0 2North Telengana 41 25 16 4South Telengana 45 18 3 0Southern Zone 66 16 3 0Scarce Rainfall 73 8 1 0

As can be seen from the table above, the highest number of farmers in the north coast apply less than 1lit of pesticide per acre, while highest amount was applied both in K&G and again north coast.

4.16

Table No.4.15: Pesticides used in the study area and their toxicity6

Extremely hazardous

Highly hazardous Moderately Hazardous

Slightly Hazardous

Unlikely to present acute hazardous

Phorate (OP) Carbofuran (Carbamates)

Dimethate (OP) Malathion (OP) Carbendazim (carbamate)

Monocrotophos (OP) Quinalphos (OP)Profenofos (OP) Endosulfan (OP)Carbofuran (Carbamates)

Carbaryl (Carbomate)Chloriyrifos (Pyrethroid)

The awareness of toxicity of the pesticides is found to be minimal in command area of all the study tanks the precautionary measures taken while applying pesticides are minimal. Means of Pesticide Procurement is through the market only.

4.5.5 Fertilizer Consumption

As farming is the primary activity in the study area, with paddy being the most preferred crop in the command area, the use of fertilizers are common in the study area. Major fertilizers used are N, P, and K. As the inputs into the farming have potential to influence the soil and water quality in the study area, the details regarding the agrochemicals was collected from sample households and details are given in the following tables. Various kinds of nutrient supplements that were observed in the study area are also given in the table 4.16. In addition fertilizers are also used and the consumption is given table 4.17.

Table No. 4.16: Nutrient supplements observed in the study areaOrganic manures Inorganic manures

Bulky Concentrated ArtificialBulky (Slow acting with large quantities of organic matter) Eg: Cattle, Sheep Poultry, Goat manures, Compost, Green Manures, Sewage.

Concentrated (Quick acting with small quantity of organic matter. Eg: Groundnut cake, Castor cake, Cotton seed Meal), but comprises only small contribution and also limited to the farmers having dry lands for these inputs.

(Artificial manures, Chemical fertilizers very quick acting with No organic matter. Eg: Nitrogenous, Ammonium, Phosphatic, Potassic and Sulphate fertilizers.

Table 4.17: Fertilizer Consumption details (per crop per season per acre in kgs)7

AC Zone >50Kgs 50 – 100 100 – 150 <150High Altitude 0 51 41 8KG Basin 16 23 45 15North Coastal 1 48 51 0North Telengana 19 33 26 20Scarce Rainfall 3 20 13 41South Telengana 6 28 27 21Southern Zone 19 23 15 26Average 9 32 31 18

6 The use pattern of pesticides is more dependent on the dealer recommendations and followed by the experiences of fellow farmers rather than any scientific recommendation of agricultural extension services.7 Primary data collected from Command Area farmers and paddy is principal crop.

4.17

Regarding the procurement of fertilizers for the paddy crop, a bulk of it is being purchasing from the market ( table 4.18). Consumption of organic manure is common practice among the farmers having the livestock. In addition, command area farmers reported to supplement with goat and sheep manure (table 4.19).

Table 4.18: Details of Fertilizer procurementAC Zone Market

Co-operative Society

Extension Counters Others

High Altitude 91 0 0 0KG Basin 68 7 9 0North Coastal 80 2 2 0North Telengana 85 0 2 0Scarce Rainfall 74 1 0 0South Telengana 62 2 6 0Southern Zone 78 0 2 1Average 76 1 3 0.14

Table No.4.19: Details of Organic Manure consumption (in cartloads)AC Zone < 3carts 3 – 5 carts 5 –10 carts >10 cartsHigh Altitude 5 62 2 0KG Basin 32 45 0 3North Coastal 23 40 3 0North Telengana 19 39 6 1Scarce Rainfall 25 23 6 5South Telengana 42 5 2 0Southern Zone 21 33 13 4Average 23 35 4 2

As can be seen from the tables above, 62% of the command area farmers use 50 – 150kg of fertilizers per acre with 78 percent of them procuring from market source. About 23 percent use 3 cartloads and 35 percent use 3 – 5 cartloads of organic manure. Highest application of organic manure was found in North Coastal zone.

4.5.6 Livestock

Livestock dependence on the various water sources is given in Table no 4.20 and it can be observed that major source of drinking water for livestock is either tank, Public water supply system. However, all these sources are directly dependent on the tanks for their recharge.

4.18

Table No.4.20: Details of water source for livestock in various agro Climatic zone (percentage of households)AC Zone MWS PWS Hand

pumpOpen Well

Tank PWS & Hand pump

Bore well

High Altitude 0 0 2 14 84 0 0KG Basin 0 44 7 1 48 0 0North Coastal 2 11 4 16 51 0 16North Telengana 0 45 3 32 19 0 0Scarce Rainfall 0 74 14 2 6 2 0South Telengana 34 36 2 11 7 1 1Southern Zone 1 81 15 2 0 1 0Source: Focus Group Discussions

4.6 Key findings

Tanks are not commonly used as primary source for the drinking water. The field survey indicated that only two tanks are occasionally used for drinking water purpose.

Considering the fact that tank water is not being used as primary source for drinking water, the water quality in most of the tanks is does not emerge as a serious concern for their main uses like agriculture and fisheries. However, tanks in peri-urban areas have serious concerns of water quality, as the field survey indicated. The water quality in these peri-urban tanks corresponds to category ‘C’ or lower.

Forests: None of the study tanks fall within protected areas like forest or sanctuary. However, some of the tanks have their catchment in the forest area. Preliminary consultations with the local officials indicate this may be true across the state. However, this needs a detailed understanding.

In general, the study did not found the common prevalence of IPM and INM. Lack of adequate awareness and skills are indicated as major reasons for such practice.

Biodiversity: Tanks with tree cover are found to offer ideal roosting place for avian etc. No threatened species were observed in the study tank area.

Deforestation and siltation: Siltation of tank bed and feeder canal, distributory canal network, weed growth, poor physical structures are major issues that are effecting the tanks role as wetland.

Availability of water is most important but weakest link in influencing the local ecology as well economy.

Tank and groundwater linkages: Tank water is multiplier effect by recharging the groundwater. Across the state, particularly in the hard rock region, farmers vouch for the tank’s pivotal role in influencing the groundwater table, in some cases, up to 4 km in the downstream. Ground water thus recharged, provide critical irrigations to the farmers, particularly tail enders.

4.7 Anticipated Impacts of the Proposed Project

The proposed project will induce both positive and negative impacts. e.g, on the negative side, owing to increased use of irrigated agriculture, it increases the use of agro-chemicals. This triggers the World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.09 on pest management. According to the Millennium Development Goals, although irrigated agriculture has negative impacts, as far as groundwater recharge is concerned it has positive connotations.

4.19

However, it is necessary that the proposed project provides plans and strategies to safeguard the wider interests of the community members. To proposed project interventions is expected to have impacts on environmental aspects in two stages: a) construction stage and b) post-construction stage. Some of the envisaged impacts are discussed below. 1) Impacts during Construction Stage

The proposed project interventions, as listed below are bound to have impacts of varying degree and duration.

a) lining of distributory canal networkb) improving feeder canal, c) strengthening tank physical structure like bunds, sluices, waste weir

etc.

4.20

Table 4.21 : Anticipated Impacts during construction stageIntervention

Activity Duration (short term->6 months Long Term: >12months

By products Possible primary impact Possible secondary impact

Renovation of tank

Physical Clearing of site

Physical Construction (bund strengthening etc)

Desiltation

Short term Excavated materials Loss of vegetative

cover

If dumped on the nearby fields, land productivity will affect

Soil exposure

Standing crop, if any, and land productivity may suffer

Loss of roosting place for avians.

Enhanced soil erosionLong term Movement of

machinery Borrow pits

Suspended particulate matter in ambient air

Loss of fertile lands Siltation of tank bed

Respiratory problems Borrow pits becoming water

collection and subsequent health concerns

Reduced groundwater recharge

Modernization and extension of distributory canals

Lining of canals

Excavation Deployment

of labour

Short term Construction debris Loss of top soil Residential camps for

work force

Disposal on nearby fields Soil erosion Pressure on natural

resources like trees, water. Waste disposal

Effect on land productivity Loss of tree cover (for fuel

wood) Contamination of water

sources Spread of contagious

diseasesImprovement of feeder channels

Physical clearing of channels

Remodeling to original shape

Temporary Reduced environmental flows

Water impoundment

Changes in soil vegetation cover

Becoming mosquito breeding place

Health problems

4.21

The potential adverse impacts during the construction stage (as shown in table 4.21) though of short-term, need to be addressed in environmental friendly manner.

2) Post-construction stage

The anticipated project induced changes will have impact on environment as shown in the Table 4.22.

4.22

Table 4.22 : Anticipated induced changes owing to proposed interventionResult of intervention

Anticipated Change

Trigger Negative PositiveShort term Long term Short term Long term

Restoration of tank

Enhanced water storage capacity

Environmental Flows

Ground water recharge

Fisheries- Adoption of intensive fisheries

Reduced flows Increased rate of

GW extraction for cultivation in non command area

Conflict over use of water – farming and fisheries

Nil. As return environmental flow would compensate reduction

Water logging, if proper drainage is not present

Cultivation of cash crops

Higher consumption of agrochemicals

Loss of local species

Increased soil moisture content – better grass cover

Security of PDS in off season as well

Availability of cheap protein

Rise in ground water table level

Dilution of naturally occurring contaminants like TDS etc

Increased income levels

Modernization and extension of distributory canals

Better water delivery

Water supply to more fields

Bund stabilization

Crop intensity

Additional land cultivation

Social forestry

Agroforestry

Changes in cropping pattern

Adoption of water intensive and HYV – subsequent higher demand for water

Higher consumption of agrochemicals

Salinization if proper care is not taken

Reduced wastage of water

Loss of native cultivars

More Farm employment

More fodder for livestock, generation of organic manure

Enhanced availability of fuel wood

More horticulture crops

Availability of water for critical irrigation

More crop production Enhanced farm and

allied activities based jobs

Reduced migration to urban centers

Increased household income

possibility of biogas plants

Habitat for wild life Augmentation of

protein intake and income

AP-Tanks/ISEC/SEA/Chapter 5/081206 Chapter 05

Social and Environmental Management Framework

5.1 Introduction

The proposed project interventions involve the restoration of tanks spread all over the state, which have multiple issues relating to social and environmental aspects. The key issues identified during the study of 50 tanks are presented below. A Social and Environmental Management Framework is prepared to serve as a road map to be followed by the implementing agencies during all five stages of sub-project (tank system):

a) identification, b) preplanning, c) planning, d) implementation and e) post implementation.

The SEMF focuses on identifying and addressing social and environmental concerns in the sub-project by incorporating the safeguards for social and environmental aspects in the main planning and implementation process. The overall framework covers the following aspects.

Identify social and environment concerns at the sub-project level. Identify anticipated social and environmental impacts of the proposed

interventions at the sub-project level. Propose management measures to address identified social and

environmental issues and possible impacts, at various stages of sub-project cycle along with outcomes at each stage.

Prepare detailed strategies for addressing key social and environmental issues, for the project implementation agency, to serve as the basis for preparation of specific social and environmental management plans for each specific sub-project.

Develop indicators for monitoring of social and environmental parameters and implementation of social and environmental management plans.

Propose appropriate institutional arrangements to ensure effective management of the identified social and environmental aspects of the project interventions at each level.

Identify critical gaps and suggest any additional studies required to address them.

5. 1

AP-Tanks/ISEC/SEA/Chapter 5/081206

5.2 Key Social and environment concerns

Table 5.1: Social and Environmental Concerns Sr No Social Concerns Environmental concerns1 Encroachment (based on census survey of 5

tanks) Area/tank range 7-57 No PAPs 5-30 Two-third families are nuclear 83% PAFs are illiterates 3% PAFs are women All PAFs are below poverty line

Water Quality (based on water quality tests in 10 tanks)

Coliform range 50-1600 (std <50) TDS range 134-589 (Std 500) Non-potable water in many peri-

urban tanks owing chemical,

2 Inadequate and poor participation of WUA members in

Tank Management covering regular O&M

Payment of Water charges Collective action as WUA Water distribution Maintenance of distribution network

and sluices

Lack of environmental awareness among farmers, community members, extension workers

3 Conflicts on water use Head and tail enders Fisherman and tank bed cultivators Tankbed and command area cultivators Upstream and down stream users in

cascade system of tanks

Likely Use of higher quantities of agro-chemicals due to change in cropping pattern

4 Tail end issues Less number of irrigations compare to

head enders Poor distribution system Poor maintenance Head and middle reach farmers store

up during scarcities

Likely construction stage impacts

5 Status and returns from tank based livelihoods

Reduced over time High levels of siltation has reduced

storage levels Less number of irrigations Less groundwater recharge

Base flows to be maintained

6 Poor participation in WUA Lack of consultation process

7 Low participation of women in tank management

Poor representation in WUA

5.3 Stage-specific SEMF interventions and outcomes

The SEMF will be applied to all proposed sub-project activities, through the different stages of the sub-project cycle. The proposed SEMF interventions are designed on the basis of the current understanding of social and environmental issues identified and discussed in the previous chapters. As the project planning and implementation gains momentum, more learnings will be generated, and the SEMF will be altered accordingly. The proposed SEMF interventions during the sub-project life cycle (see Annexure 5.1) are schematically presented below.

5. 2

AP-Tanks/ISEC/SEA/Chapter 5/081206 Table No. 5.2: Schematic Plan of SEMF in various stages of sub-project cycle Stage Key sub-project activities SEMF Activities Outcome Documentation

responsibilities Identification

Hydrological and technical assessment of tank

Delineation of water spread area up to FTL, feeder channels and command area of tank

Collection of baseline physical data

Collection of baseline environmental, and social data

Identification of encroachment in tank area (if any) identification of land acquisition requirements Identification of impacts on forest lands/

natural habitat, cultural properties, if any) screening of sub-project from the social and

environmental perspective

Completed social and environmental screening of sub-projects

Preliminary assessment of land acquisition required and encroachments in the tank system

Preliminary assessment of critical environmental issues in the tank system

Completed form SEM-1 (by xyz)

Pre-planning

Project sensitization and awareness generation through meetings with tank stakeholders (including groundwater users in the influence zone)

Involve village level functionaries of line departments / PRI department

Organize tank based consultation with all stakeholders (Including fishermen, catchment farmers, groundwater users in influence zone, etc.)

Assessment of WUA readiness for contribution towards restoration & rehabilitation of tank

Agreeing on draft MoU between WUA & DPU

Signing of MoU between WUA & DPU

Maintenance of documents, books and accounts by WUA

Social Mapping & identify all tank stakeholders (including groundwater users in the influence zone)

Assess readiness for Voluntary surrender of land Agree on resettlement action plan (RAP)

Agreed resettlement action plan

Complete form SEM-2 (by xyz)

(RAP details, tribals)

Planning Implementation of RAP Data collection through

All entitlements extended to eligible PAPs Ensure productive use of R&R assistance

RAP implantation is completed

Complete form SEM-3 (details

5. 3

AP-Tanks/ISEC/SEA/Chapter 5/081206 Stage Key sub-project activities SEMF Activities Outcome Documentation

responsibilities Participatory Rural Appraisal.

Assessment of technical aspects of tank, catchments area & command area / tank influence zone

Assessment of demand and collection of water charges

Provide initial training to WUA members on TIMP preparation (Particularly on micro-planning, preparation of estimation, procurement, etc)

Form the four sub committees on Works, Finance, Monitoring, Evaluation & Training and Water Management

Provide training to all sub committee members on their roles and functions

Mobilize groundwater users in tank influence zone into groundwater user groups and affiliate them to the WUA

Awareness generation among groundwater user groups about project groundwater interventions

Prepare TIMP including Design, estimate of Civil works, Training Plan

Livelihoods Plan, Ratify TIMP in WUA General

Body meeting Identification of activities for

Gram Panchayat implementation and submit the list to the GP

Open WUA bank account for contribution (separate from WUA account)

Mobilization of cash contributions

Appraisal of TIMP by DPU

Assess tribal related issues and prepare tribal development plan (TDP)

Assess gender related issues and prepare gender action plan (GAP)

Assess pest and nutrient management issues and prepare integrated pest and nutrient plans (IPM and INP)

Assess tank safety issues and prepare tank safety plan (TSP)

Assess cultural property impact, if any, and prepare cultural property plan (CPP)

Identify anticipated construction stage impacts and develop appropriate management measures to address these impacts.

Specific guidelines for selection of appropriate mitigation measures are presented in section 5.6 Based on comprehensive identification of social and environmental issues, as indicated in SEM-1 and 2, appropriate mitigation s measures are identified.

Consolidate all the above plans (RAP, TDP, GAP,

IPM, INP, CPP, TSP), as well as construction stage management measures, with the associated costs and institutional arrangements, into integrated social and environmental management plan (ISEMP) for the sub-project.

Ensure that ISEMP (including its costs) is integrated into the TIMP before submission for the ratification by the WUA general body.

Ensure that construction stage social and environmental management measures are identified in the ISEMP and are adequately incorporated in the tender documents.

ISEMP prepared and incorporated in the TIMP

Construction stage social and environmental management measures are incorporated in the tender documents

of RAP implementation and ISEMP)

(by XYZ) Completed

form SEM-4 (construction stage management measures to be attached to tender documents)

(by xyz)

5. 4


responsibilities Inclusion of TIMP in District

Annual Plan Sign Agreement on TIMP

implementation between WUA and DPU

Prepare procurement plan for materials & manpower for works by WUA

Preparation of tender documents for works to be tendered

Maintenance of documents, books and accounts

Implementation

Public display of project information on wall / notice board

Implementation of civil works by WUA, and other TIMP activities (EMP /TDP)

Implementation of civil works by contractors

Supervision of both type of works

Quality assurances through agreed mechanism and reporting

Work completion report Carry out trainings (WUA

management / livelihood / financial management / O&M / M&E / water management / groundwater management, etc)

Implementation of participatory hydrological monitoring

Crop-water budgeting and crop planning for groundwater based irrigation in tank influence zone

Promotion of water efficient technologies in groundwater based irrigation

Institutional strengthening of groundwater user groups

Mobilization and formation of

Monitoring impact of RAP implementation Monitoring implementation of construction stage

social and environmental measures Ensure implementation of ISEMP Monitoring ISEMP implementation

Completed implementation reports of RAP. No construction activity to be allowed unless RAP completion is certified in the report.

Final payment on construction contracts to be released only on successful completion of construction stage social and environ mental measures, as certified in the implementation completion report.

Completed form SEM-5

(by xyz) Completed form

SEM-6

5. 5


responsibilities common interest groups for agri-business promotion

Implementation of livelihoods & agri-business plans etc.

Strengthen linkages with departments, commercial banks and private sector

Maintenance of documents, books and accounts

Participatory monitoring at village level

Post Implementation (last 6 months of the sub-project cycle)

Assessment of WUA for refresher trainings

Refresher Training for WUA Update seasonal O&M strategy,

plans and estimates Operationalize O&M plan Maintenance of O&M fund Maintenance of documents,

books and accounts Preparation of project

completion report on agreed format

Monitoring of ISEMP parameters pertaining to the post-implementation stage of sub-project, including

o Implementation of IPM and INM planso Implementation of TDP, GAP

Completion of GAP, TDP Status report on

implementation of INM and IPM activities.

Post-implementation stage monitoring and evaluation report

Post implementation after the sub-project cycle

Monitoring at WUA performance every 6 months by PMU

Project level monitoring and evaluation on sample basis ?

Continued implementation of IPM, INM plans Project level monitoring and evaluation of select

social and environmental parameters, including implementation of IPM, INM plans

Two external environmental and social audits, (each covering 5% of the completed sub-projects ) during the duration of the project

Information on longer term social and environmental impacts of the sub-project

Half-yearly monitoring report (including basic social and environmental parameters) by PMU

Annual Environmental and social audit report

(integrated with the overall project level M&E strategy and report) Two external

audit reports

5. 6


5.4 Project Level SEMF Activities

In addition to social and environmental activities at the sub-project level the SEMF stipulates assessments and studies required to identify and address the macro level social and environmental aspects of the project intervention. These include provisions for studies to address the issues that may emerge during the project implementation and to suggest approaches for addressing the identified SEMF deficiencies.

The PMU shall coordinate the collection of information on basic social and environmental parameters, as a part of the regular half-yearly monitoring of WUA performance. The relevant social and environmental parameters are presented in the table 5.4.

The SEMF also stipulates integration of the detailed social and environmental auditing with the overall project M& L strategy.

In addition, the SEMF requires two (one, prior to the mid-term review, and another at the end of the project) additional external environmental and social audits, including an assessment of social and environmental impacts owing to project interventions and the adequacies and effectiveness of SEMF activities. The audit shall be conducted on 2% of the sub-projects completed by the time of audit.

5.5 Processes for Implementation of SEMF activities

At the sub-project identification stage, the DPU and social and environmental specialist, conduct site specific preliminary assessment for the proposed sub-project, with the objective of identifying social and environmental issues. Form SEM-1, is to be completed as part of this assessment and it includes recommendations for selecting or dropping the sub-projects in consideration. Form SEM-1 is submitted to the District Project Director, who will take this recommendation in finalization of the sub-project selection.

For all selected sub-projects in the pre-planning stage, SOs will facilitate WUA in undertaking social mapping, identifying resettlement issues, and developing RAP, if required. Form SEM-2, will be completed by WUA with assistance from SO and will be submitted to the respective specialist of DPU. MOU between WUA and DPU shall not be signed unless the district project director certifies (ensuring the conformity of RAP with the project R&R policies) and counter signs Form SEM-2.

At the planning stage, WUA will be responsible for implementing the RAP with support from SO, as well as DPU specialist. At the same time, a detailed assessment of various social and environmental issues expected from the proposed sub-project interventions will be undertaken by the WUA, with assistance of SO and DPU specialist. Similarly, WUA will prepare the required management plans (TDP, GAP, INM, IPM, CPP, and TSP). DPU specialists, to assess their conformity with the project SEMF, will review these plans. DPU

5. 7

AP-Tanks/ISEC/SEA/Chapter 5/081206 specialists, who will also document it in the Form SEM-3, will consolidate the finalized plans as ISEMP. This Form will also include the status of RAP implementation. The agreement between WUA and DPU on TIMP shall not be signed unless the TIMP includes completed Form SEM-3, duly certified and countersigned by the project director.

The DPU specialists will also complete the Form SEM-4 (prescribing appropriate construction stage linked social and environmental management measures) in consultation with the WUA and SO. This Form SEM-4 will be attached to all tender documents pertaining to the physical works of the sub-project.

At the beginning of implementation stage, the WUA will testify to the complete implementation of the RAP, by completing the Form SEM-5. This form is forwarded to DPU where the relevant specialist shall verify (through site visits) RAP completion and countersign the Form SEM-5. The concerned specialist will attach this form to the order for the release of first installment to the contractor. The district project director shall ensure no payments are released to the contractor, unless the Form SEM-5 is completed and certified by the specialist as described above.

The WUA with the assistance from SO will ensure the implementation of the agreed construction stage social and environmental management measures. The WUA shall certify the adequate implementation of these measures in the Form SEM-6, which shall be forwarded to the DPU. The district project director will ensure that the last installment of the contractor’s payment is not released without the receipt of Form SEM-6, indicating the satisfactory completion of construction stage social and environmental management measures.

5.6 Guidelines for selection of appropriate social and environmental management measures

Various suggested mitigation measures are required to minimize the negative impacts of the proposed intervention and given in the table 5.3 and Environmental Management Plans during various stages.

5. 8

AP-Tanks/ISEC/SEA/Chapter 5/081206 Table 5.3: Mitigation measuresStages Impacts Mitigation Measures ResponsibilityPre-planning stages Acquisition of land –

Encroachment, private lands, CPR for extension of canal network

Ecological impacts due to cutting of trees, tank bund and bed

Storage of construction materials

Emergencies and contingencies

Avoid or minimize the area of acquisition Identify area impacted Identify land losers Make a decision on project selection Discussion with WUA Initiate process of voluntary surrender Preparation of land acquisition plans during the design stage Prepare RAP after details identification of PAPs Payment of compensation to PAPs – Market prices for owners, lease

holders, encroachers, squatters and replacement value for agricultural land and assets

Replacement of any trees lost due to tank Improvement works Provision for taking care for planted trees Suitable sites to be identified for storage Ensure the compensation if private lands were identified Instructions about person to be contacted in case of emergency

DPU Project preparation team

Support Organization Contractor, WUA and

DPU Contractor, Quality

Monitoring agency DPU

Planning stage SOCIAL Loss of land and structure Loss of livelihood/

trade/occupation Loss of agriculture land Loss of access to common

resources and facilities Low participation of tribals

and existence of 10-50% tribals in tank command areas

Low participation of women Lack of involvement of local

community

Prepare RAP and ensue compensation and R&R entitlements as per the R&R entitlement Matrix prepared for this project (recommended one attached in RAP framework)

Preparation of tribal development plan covering items detailed out in Tribal development Plan (recommended as part of the study – Chapter 7)

Co-option of women GP members in WUA Training of women co-opted members of GP Involve women in production forestry component as livelihood support Specific trainings to women for tank based livelihoods Exposure visits of women to increase their exposure and create

awareness Involve NGOs

DPU with Support Organization (SO)

DPU, Support Organization

DPU, SO DPU /PMU

CONSTRUCTION STAGE IMPACTS

5. 9

AP-Tanks/ISEC/SEA/Chapter 5/081206 Stages Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Site clearance Site accesses and

cleanliness Participation Borrow pits and quarries for

construction materials Earth Work excavations Management of excavated

earth, desilted material and debris

Water stagnation and associated health problems

Increased air, noise, water pollution

Suspended dust particulates Loss of top soils in

agricultural fields Disturbances to natural

drainage Damage to works,

structures etc Cultural relics Planning of labour camps Social disruption

Ensure not to dump material on private lands Vegetation to be removed only in the required areas Cultivated lands should not be disturbed if crop is grown. Site of labor camp to selected in consultation with community Ensure unobstructed natural drainage Dispose surplus excavated materials at identified sites Use if silt quality is found good and required by local farmers or for

bund improvement. If not, should be disposed in borrow pits Awareness and sensitization program Involve community based organizations to mobilize community Dress the sites for proper and natural drainage Restrict noisy operations to normal working hours Avoid construction works in night if close to habitations Provision of protective care to labour force Prior information to local community regarding operations Remove excavated materials to identified sites Frequent sprinkling of water Preserve top 30 cm layers for restoration after completion of

construction Avoid any temporary works near natural canals Control the silt entry to ponds, streams, canals by construction of silt

traps Provision of by-pass arrangements for natural drainage during

construction Take necessary precautions to avoid any damage to irrigation works,

canals, roads, trees and other features If found, should be handed over to concerned department and work

should be stopped till further instructions Contractor shall setup the labour camp with adequate facilities before

starting of works in consultation with local community to minimize stress on natural resources

Facilities should confirm to labour standards. No child labour Equal wages Preference to local labour/ skilled persons Ensure wages at least at prevailing local minimum wage rates

Contractor DPU

5. 10

AP-Tanks/ISEC/SEA/Chapter 5/081206 Stages Impacts Mitigation Measures ResponsibilityImplementation stage

Procurement of construction materials

Disposal construction debris Domestic sewage and

refuse management Water pollution

Ensure that construction materials are procured from only permitted sites and quarries

Periodic inspection of vicinity for construction debris Check for adequacy of sanitation at labour camps Examine for a) Blockage of flowing water, b) Soil erosion due to

construction activities, c) Contamination due to oil, fuels etc at construction sites

Contractor, WUA, Quality Monitoring agency, DPU

Post-implementation stage

Excessive irrigation affects soil fertility

High usage of agro-chemicals

More usage of HYV

Introduce improved water management practices Enable WUA to adopt IPM, INM Introduce better soil management practices Adopt crop rotation Protection of germplasm

WUA, SO, DPU

5. 11


The SEMF developed a methodology for screening and assessing the environmental and social issues during various stages of project planning and implementation. In the screening criteria, 7 parameters are considered: a) Forest land required (1 = No, 2= yes), b) Natural Habitats (1- No, 2 = Yes), c) Culture Properties, d) Need for land acquisition, e) Does the project has more than 25% under acquisition, e) Involve more than 50 families.

5.7 Institutional Arrangement

The project proposes to adopt a community-based approach in tank improvement and management. Hence it is essential that right from the beginning community participation in addressing social and environment concerns is planned and integrated in the overall project framework and plan.

Social and environmental issues and concerns identified definitely affect the performance and utility of tank system. Hence, due importance needs to be given to address these concerns in the planning and implementation process. Essentially, appropriate institutional arrangements, including adequate staffing with specialization in social and environmental management, need to be ensured at the different levels of project institutional structure. Accordingly, the following institutional structure is proposed.

a) Project Level: The Institutional Development expert in the, the Institutional Development Unit will focus on social and environmental management If required, additional professional will be inducted from the government staff on deputation.

b) District Level: The District Project Unit, Similar arrangement will be made at district level for supporting the District level Institutional Development Unit, if required, through deputation of government staff with specific experience and subject matter expertise, to ensure proper implementation of SEMF activities at the sub-project level and coordination between the field and project management unit.

c) Sub-project level: These responsibilities will be vested with the SO (support organization) and WUA. The TOR for SO will include specific responsibilities to manage social and environmental management activities. The project will develop capacities both WUA and SO through training to plan and implement social and environmental management activities.

5.8 Monitoring of environment and social aspects

Monitoring of social and environmental issues forms one of the important elements of SEMF. Actions need to be planned by the project to integrate the monitoring within the project monitoring and learning system. The monitoring and learning will involve not only the progress on activities and inputs but generating learning’s on results and outcomes of project interventions on social and environmental issues.

6.12


5.8.1 Internal monitoring: This is done at three levels. At the WUA level, as a part of participatory monitoring, the Representative of WUAs, SO and Representatives of PAPs would be monitoring the progress of the implementation and report to WUA and DPU. At the District level, DPU will monitor the implementation of Resettlement Action Plans, Tribal Development Plans, and Environmental Management Plan. The DPU will submit quarterly progress reports to PMU. At the state level, the PMU will monitor implementation of SEMF. Both at DPU and PMU levels the respective Social Environmental Units will be overall responsible for monitoring of implementing of the SEMF.

5.8.2 External Monitoring: The monitoring of SEMF should be made an integral part of the overall M&L system. The M&L agency will be given specific tasks for monitoring of SEMF based on the indicators identified. These consultants would undertake preferably crop-season based social and environmental auditing. 5.8.3 Impact Evaluation: This will be done as part of impact assessment as part of the project M&L system.

Table 5.4: Indicators for MonitoringParameter Indicator Frequency AgencySoil Fertility through soil

testing Extent of waste land

through survey

Annual DPU, WUA – after training

Water and Quality Surface and sub surface Water quality through testing for

Standard parameters Pesticide residues (both in

water and sediment)

Pre monsoon Post

Monsoon

DPU, WUA – after training

Agri chemicals Consumption of Fertilizers, pesticides through Survey

Crop-season DPU, WUA – after training

Biodiversity Changes in diversity and density of avains, natural predators, weeds in water bodies, fields

Fish growth

Pre monsoon Post

monsoon


Social Encroachment Participation of WUA Water conflicts Tail ender issues Tank based livelihood Women participation

Annual Seasonal


6.13


5.9 Activity Specific Plans 5.9.1 Integrated Nutrient Management Plan

Preparation

Unbalanced and excessive use of chemical fertilizers along with lack of application of micro-nutrients not only have reduced the efficiency of these inputs but degraded the land and soil resources adversely affecting its texture and structure. Incidence of degradation is more in Rayalaseema and Telangana regions where agriculture is predominantly dry land-based dependent on rainfall (Reddy 2003.4). Degradation in some parts of these regions has reached irreversible levels. The Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) has given way to Desert Development Programme (DDP). The ideal ratio of N, P and K for the use of fertilizer is 4:2:1. and in order to improve the efficiency of fertilizer use it is essential to encourage judicious application of NPK and micro nutrient fertilizers, also referred to as Integrated Nutrients Management (INM).

It would also be essential to promote the use of bio-fertilizers as an environment friendly, cheaper and supplementary source of plant nutrients, which would help in improving the soil texture and fertility. This ensures the improvement of efficiency of plant nutrients, conserving the land resources and protection of environment. Institutional Arrangement and Implementation

Integrated Nutrient Management Plan will be prepared as a component of TIMP and implementation will be synchronized with Agricultural Extension Centers and WUAs. PMU should have a Agricultural Extension Officer with expertise in sustainable agriculture in in its Social and Environmental Management Cell. This expert will assist in designing, implementation, monitoring and studying the impacts of INM. This however, would call for activities like strengthening of soil testing facilities, capacity building of organic farming, biofertilizers production units, hatcheries for vermi-culture and training to the personnel engaged in the system along with the farmers through field demonstrations.

Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring of INM will constitute a component of overall monitoring system of project with assistance of SO. It will be scheduled according to cropping patter using the appropriate formats developed by Agricultural Extension Officer for progress in implementation and monitoring.

6.14


5.9.2 Integrated Pest Management Plan

PreparationDevelopmental efforts in the field of plant protection aim at minimizing crop losses due to ravages of insects, pests, diseases, weeds, rodents etc. At present, the State occupies the first position in the country with an average of 0.82 kgs of technical grade/hectare as against the 0.3 kgs per hectare in India. An ecofriendly approach for managing pests and diseases encompassing available methods and techniques of pest control such as cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical in compatible and scientific manner comprises Integrated Pest Management Plan. To develop a IPM, WUAs in association with DPU will conduct a field survey with assistance of SO. The findings would determine precise nature of IPM plan.

Institutional Arrangement and ImplementationIPM will be prepared as a component of TIMP and implementation will be synchronized with Agricultural Extension Centers and WUAs by SO. . PMU should have Agricultural Extension Officer with expertise in sustainable agriculture in in its Social and Environmental Management Cell. This expert will assist in designing, implementation, monitoring and studying the impacts of IPM. To popularize IPM technology among the extension functionaries and farmers, the demo-cum-training programmes should be taken up at large scale. Further activities of production and release of bio-control agents should also be strengthened.

Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring of IPM will constitute a component of overall monitoring system of project with assistance of SO. It will be scheduled according to cropping patter using the appropriate formats developed by Agricultural Extension Officer for progress in implementation and monitoring.

Capacity Building INM and IPM programmes have to be considered as integral part of sustainable development of irrigated agriculture. For improving INM system, it would be desirable to strengthen the existing soil testing laboratories, upgrade the skill of the staff through training / workshops etc. working in the field. The financial and logistic support may also be provided for capacity building of organic farming, bio-fertilizers production and hatcheries for vermiculture. Similarly for IPM, training for both field staff and farmers would be required to give thrust to the programme. Some financial incentive/ assistance may also be provided for organization of Demo-Cum- Farmers Field Schools, for IPM.

6.15


5.9.3 Cultural Property Plan (CPP)

Preparation and Implementation

In order to prepare the Cultural Property, WUA will in association with Gram Panchayat and SHGs in village, conduct and identify all sites with cultural aspects/ significance with assistance of village community. This would be carried out before preparation of TIMP. This identification would determine the precise nature of interventions and activities needed to address issues and problems. All such actions proposed will form the Cultural Property Plan (CPP).

CPP will form an integral part of the TIMP and its implementation will be coordinated by WUA in association with GP. The overall approach in planning and implementing CMP is to extend program designs like relocation of deity temporarily, improvement of embankments for trees with religious significance, betterment of approach roads etc for the welfare of village community. In this regard, WUA and DPU have major responsibility to ensure that appropriate measures are taken.

Institutional ArrangementsCPP will be prepared and implemented as component of TIMP and it will be implemented with regular institutional arrangement of the project. However, WUA and Gram Panchayat and if required DPU need to coordinate the activities.

Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring of CPP will constitute a component of overall monitoring system of the project and will be scheduled accordingly. Appropriate formats will be developed by Anthropologist/ Sociologist for monitoring the physical work in implementation of CPP. DPU will monitor these activities with SO and WUA support.

6.16


5.9.4 Dam Safety Plan (DSP)

Preparation and ImplementationIn order to prepare Dam Safety Plan, DPU in association with SO and WUA will conduct a geological and physical assessment of plan with all precautions to be adopted. This would be carried out before TIMP. The assessment would determine precise nature of measures to be adopted and will form DSP

DSP will form an integral part of TIMP and its implementation will be coordinated by PMU in association with DPU.

Institutional Arrangement

The DSP and the project will be prepared and implemented as a integral part of the project under regular institutional arrangements of the project, i.e. Dam Safety Expert in PMU, will develop appropriate guidelines to be adopted

Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring Dam Safety will constitute a component of overall monitoring system of the project and schedules accordingly. Appropriate formats required will be developed by Dam Safety Expert.

6.17


SEM – Form 1

Social and Environment Assessment during Sub-project Identification Stage

Screening criteria Sl. No

Issues Question Remarks

1 Encroachment Do the proposed project intervention involve land acquisition.

If yes, do not select the tank.

Does the project involve encroachment in the tank bed?

If yes, and encroached area is more than 25 percent of the tank bed area, the tank should not be selected.

Will the project activities adversely affect more than 50 families.

If yes, and if they don’t agree for voluntary surrender, tank should not be selected.

2 Forest Is forestland required for tank rehabilitation activities..

If yes, tank should not be selected.

3 Natural habitats Do the tank rehabilitation activities adversely affect / require areas, which serve as natural habitats for any endangered species.


4 Cultural properties

Do the tank rehabilitation activities envisage unavoidable or permanent damage to local cultural property.

If yes, and if the cultural property in question cannot be adequately protected, the tank shall not be selected.

6.18


Form SEM 2 Identification of PAP and RAP preparation

Forms to be used – include identification of encroachers, voluntary surrender of land and Resettlement eligibility and assistance plan (These will be used as part of the RAP finalized by the WUA )SEM – Form 2

Identification of PAP and RAP

SEMF Activities Status ReasonCompleted Partially

completedNot started

Delineation of water spread area up to FTL, feeder channels and command area of tank Interaction with WUA on encroachmentsInteraction with Revenue department officials Census survey undertakenIdentification of encroachmentVoluntary surrender of land agreed Resettlement eligibility and Assistance defined Resettlement Action Plan prepared Encroachments removed Resettlement Action Plan implemented

Support formats to be used for completing actions defined in SEM-2

Form SEM-2AIdentification of PAP and RAP

Census Survey form S

NoVillage

Name of PAP

PAP's Father Name

Sex (1 - Male/ 2 - Female)

Caste (1- OC/ 2- BC/ 3- SC/ 4- ST)

Family Type 1- Joint / 2- Nuclear

Education

Occupation

Average Income /Month in Rs

6.19


SEM Form – 2 B

Voluntary Surrender of LandOn a Rs. 10/- Stamp Paper

1. This deed of voluntary surrender is made and executed on ............................ day of ...................………. between Sri/Smt ...............................................S/o W/o……………………….. Age………… Occupation ……………………………………. resident of ......................................................................... herein after called the “Title holder / Encroacher” on one part. This expression shall mean and include his legal representatives, successors – in-interest, heirs, assignees, nominees etc.

AND

Sri. ……………………………. S/o …………………. Aged………………………. Designation……………………………. herein after called the “ Recipient” which term denotes to “for and on behalf of Minor Irrigation Department, Government of A.P” on the other part and shall mean and include his successors –in-office, nominees and assignees etc.2. Whereas, the details of the Location of the, land are given below:

Location DetailsTankVillageGram PanchayatMandalDistrict

Title Holder/ Encroacher DetailsName of Title Holder/EncroacherFather/ Husband’s Name of Title Holder/Encroacher Age occupation Residence Gender

Schedule -Land Details/StructureLand in QuestionAreaLocationNorth BoundaryEast BoundaryWest BoundarySouth Boundary

Note: Detailed Map to the scale is appended.

3. Where as the Title Holder is presently using/ holds the transferable right of the above mentioned piece of land in the village mentioned above falling under the tank mentioned above.

Whereas the Encroacher does not hold any transferable rights of the above mentioned piece of land in the village mentioned above falling

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under the tank but has been along standing encroacher dependant on its usufruct hereditarily.

4. Whereas the Title Holder/Encroacher testifies that the land is free of encumbrances and not subject to other claims/ claimants.

5. Whereas the Title Holder/Encroacher hereby voluntarily surrenders the land/structure without any type of pressure, influence or coercion what so ever directly or indirectly and hereby surrender all his/her subsisting rights in the said land with free will and intention.

6. Whereas the Recipient shall construct and develop the …………………… tank

and take all possible precautions to avoid damage to adjacent land/structure/other assets.

7. Whereas both the parties agree that the ………………………tank so constructed/developed shall be for the public purpose.

8. Whereas the provisions of this agreement will come into force from the date of signing of this agreement.

Signature of Title Holder/Encroacher

Signature of MRO

Name of Title Holder/Encroacher Name of MRODate DateIdentified by 1.2.

WitnessesSignature of WUA PresidentWUA President Name

Signature of Gram Panchayat PresidentGram Panchayat President Name

Signature of Village SecretaryName of Village Secretary

Signature of SO (NGO) RepresentativeName of SO (NGO0 Representative

Signature of Minor Irrigation EngineerName Minor Irrigation Engineer

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SEM – Form 2 CResettlement Eligibility and Assistance

S No

Name of PAP

PAP's Father Name


Caste(1- OC/ 2- BC/ 3- SC/ 4- ST)

Ration Card(1- BPL/ 2- APL/ 3- No Card)

Loss Suffered(1- Land)

Encroached Land Holding in Guntas

Total Own Land in Guntas

Total Land

Extent of Land Loss in Guntas

Left over land in Acres

% of Loss

Eligibility

Total R&R Benefit in Rs.

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Form SEM -3Summary Status of TIMP integrating SEMF Actions

To be filled by WUA and SO as part of TIMPSEMF Activities Status Reason

Completed Partially Completed

Not started

Identification and senstization of all Stakeholder (in tank influence zone)

Command Area farmers

Catchment area farmer

Catchment area farmers

Ground water users Fisher men

community Washer men

communities Shepherds

Assessing WUA for contribution

Willingness of stakeholders to participate in

Planning Restoration O&M

Identifying key environmental and Social aspects requiring safeguards

TIMP Preparation of

Integrated Pest Management Plan

Preparation of integrated Nutrient Management Plan

Preparation of Dam Safety Plan

Preparation of Cultural Property Plan

Preparation of Tribal Development Plan

Preparation of Gender Development Plan

Preparation and finalizaiton of Tank Improvization and Management Plan

RAP Completion of land acquistion and disbursal of compensationFinalization of livelihood options

Agreement on MoU Agreement on Draft MoU between WUA and DPU

Signing of MoU Between MoU and DPUIntegration of all plans Consolidation all Plans

into Integrated Social and Environmental Management Plan (ISEMP)

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Form SEM 4 – Safeguard measures for minimization of Construction stage impacts

To be attached to all tender documents

CONSTRUCTION STAGE IMPACTS Site clearance Ensure not to dump material on private lands

Vegetation to be removed only in the required areas Site accesses and cleanliness

Cultivated lands should not be disturbed if crop is grown. Site of labor camp to selected in consultation with community Proper and timely upkeep of construction premises Construction materials should be kept in orderly manner

Participation Participation of marginal sections should be encouraged at all stagesBorrow pits and quarries for construction materials

Not to be done in the catchments areas Ensure materials are not dumped on private lands

Earth Work excavations

Ensure unobstructed natural drainage Dispose surplus excavated materials at identified sites Ensure minimum hindrance to normal local activities Avoid damage to permanent structures

Accumulation of excavated earth, silt and debris

Use if silt quality is found good and required by local farmers or for bund improvement. If not, should be disposed in borrow pits

Transport and dispose all debris to environmentally suitable sites Daily inspection at work sites for construction debris for safe collection

and disposal Awareness and sensitization program Ensure active involvement of stakeholders Involve community based organizations to mobilize community

Water stagnation and associated health problems

Dress the sites for proper and natural drainage

Increased air, noise, water pollution

Restrict noisy operations to normal working hours Avoid construction works in night if close to habitations Provision of protective care to labour force Prior information to local community regarding operations

Suspended dust particulates

Remove excavated materials to identified sites Frequent sprinkling of water

Loss of top soils in agricultural fields

Preserve top 30 cm layers for restoration after completion of construction

Disturbances to natural drainage

Avoid any temporary works near natural canals Control the silt entry to ponds, streams, canals by construction of silt

traps Provision of by-pass arrangements for natural drainage during

constructionDamage to works, structures etc

Take necessary precautions to avoid any damage to irrigation works, canals, roads, trees and other features

Cultural relics If found, should be handed over to concerned department and work should be stopped till further instructions

Planning of labour camps

Contractor shall setup the labour camp with adequate facilities before starting of works in consultation with local community to minimize stress on natural resources

Facilities should confirm to labour standards. No child labour Equal wages

Social disruption Preference to local labour/ skilled persons Ensure wages at least at prevailing local minimum wage rates

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Form SEM – 5

Implementation of RAP

Activities relating RAP Status ReasonCompleted

Partially completed

Not started

Identification of all Stakeholders

Delineation of water spread area up to FTL, feeder channels and command area of tankInteraction with WUA on encroachmentsCompletion of Census survey Assessing Voluntary surrender

Interaction with Revenue department officialsVoluntary surrender of land agreedEncroachments removed Resettlement eligibility and Assistance definedDispersal of compensation and Livelihood options

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Form SEM -6Implementation of measures relating to construction stage impacts

Form to be completed by WUA and SO – for use by DPU for sanctioning final installment payment to the contractors

SEMF Activities Identification and Assessment

Status ReasonCompleted Partially

completed

Not started

Measures during construction Labour camp established Use of local labour Skilled Unskilled

Men Women

Wage Rate Men Women First aid available at labour campPrior information about blasting to local people (if applicable)Proper drainage to avoid water stagnationConstruction time Working hours -Site clearance Dumping place cleared Disposal of excavated earth completed in an environmentally suitable site Arrangement for removal /reinstatement of points of access Obstructions in drainage channel cleared ( if any )Closing of dug pitsInspection of land fill sites as per agreement

Cultural relics ( if found) – information to concerned department

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Chapter 06

Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy Framework

6.1 Introduction

The proposed Andhra Pradesh Community Based Tanks Project (APCBTP) is aimed at restoring the existing tanks. Under the project, the tank based Water Users Association (WUA) will prepare the Tank Improvement and Management Plan (TIMP) which will contain all proposed measures including mitigation measures to address any adverse social impacts, if any, resulting from the planned project interventions. The District Project Unit (DPU) will review and ensure that TIMP address all adverse social impacts expected on implementing TIMP. Addressing adverse social impacts under the project will be in accordance with the Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) framework described below.

This R&R Framework is broadly based on the state R&R policy, May 2005. It also builds on the lessons drawn from the R&R program planned and implemented in the state in the projects funded by the World Bank including the recently closed AP Irrigation III project, AP Highways project and AP Economic Restructuring Project and the on-going AP Forestry Project, etc. Besides, this R&R framework also addresses resettlement issues identified in the social assessment carried out as part of project preparation.

6.2 Lessons Drawn from Field Experiences

A total of 50 tanks were selected (by CADA) for field visits. This frame work is prepared based on these experiences from the field visits. The list of the tanks along with the observed/ identified R&R issues and likely impacts are discussed separately in the Strategic Integrated Environmental and Social Assessment Report. The impacts are listed below:

6.3 Type of Likely Impacts

The project envisages rehabilitating and restoring tank based irrigation systems. All project interventions are proposed to be taken in the existing tank areas, as such no land acquisition is envisaged, the project also does not envisage any physical displacement of local population. The project interventions are likely to have both positive and negative impacts on the local population.

6.4 Minimizing Resettlement

The proposed project aims at restoring the existing tank systems, improving the tank based livelihoods and strengthening community management of tanks. Since, the interventions are proposed in existing tanks, neither land acquisition, nor physical displacement is envisaged, however, these are not totally ruled out. One of the significant issues identified under the project is encroachment of land in tank system, particularly in feeder channels and tank bed areas and proposed interventions under the project might impact them. All

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efforts will be made through appropriate technical and management alternatives so that adverse impacts on the livelihoods are kept to the minimum.

Where adverse impacts are inevitable, WUAs would make efforts to encourage voluntary surrender of tank system lands for taking up project activities. This process of voluntary surrender will be participatory and transparent and no coercion will be applied on the people dependent on such land. This is described further in this R&R framework in the following sections.

6.5 Land Required for the Project

As part of project preparation, a social assessment was carried out in 50 tanks which found encroachment in 13 tank systems (for details see Table 1). This encroachment by local population was for different purposes but mainly for agriculture. Therefore, all efforts will be made to encourage voluntary surrender of land, both encroached and private (if required for the project) and when all efforts to get voluntary surrender of land, normal process of land acquisition (LA) will be followed and those affected will be supported in their resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R). The process of voluntary surrender of and the LA process is described below.

6.6 Procedures for Voluntary Surrender of Land

As stated above, all efforts will be made to avoid, if not minimize resettlement in the tanks proposed to be covered under the projects. This is reflected in the tank selection criteria that for tanks where there is likely land loss and major R&R issues such tanks will not be selected for project interventions. Further, the WUAs will be encouraged to interact with the farmers and facilitate voluntary surrender of land required for taking up physical works under the project. Under any circumstances, the titleholder/ encroacher will not be subjected to any pressure, directly or indirectly, to part with the land. These actions are expected to minimize adverse impacts on the local population and help in irrigation benefits reaching to a large section of the community in the same area.

The process of voluntary surrender of land will be meticulously documented at all level to avoid confusions, misunderstandings, litigations, etc. at a later stage. This process will be taken up mainly at three levels as described below:

6.2


Level Process Output ResponsibilityWUA/ Tank Level

Based on the revenue survey, encroachers of tank land will be identified and the list of such persons will be prepared. This will be done by WUA with the help of NGO and Panchayat Secretary. WUA motivates the title holders and encroachers (including assignees and ‘D’ form patta holders, etc.) for voluntary surrender of land required for the project. The facilitating NGOs will help in this process.Facilitating NGOs will document the willingness to surrender land by the titleholders and encroachers in the presence of the WUA and Panchayat Secretary in the form of a Willingness Letter.The list of such persons will be displayed at the Gram Panchyat Office.

Willingness Letters WUA, NGO, Panchayat Secretary, Gram Panchayat and affected persons (Titleholder/ Encroachers, Assignees, D Form Patta Holders, etc.)

Mandal Level

Revenue Official surveys the tank land and demarcates the extent of tank area including any private land. The survey will identify the extent of encroachment in the tank area and the extent of additional land required for project interventions. Based on the survey, maps are prepared. The entire process will be carried out along with WUA, NGO, Sarpanch and Panchayat Secretary. The maps will be signed by WUA, Panchayat Secretary, Gram Panchayat and Revenue Officer.

Survey map signed by relevant persons indicating the tank area extent of encroachment and additional land required.

MRO, Surveyor, Panchayat Secretary, Sarpanch Gram Panchayat, WUA, NGO

District Level

Formalize relinquishment of land rights where concerned local people surrender their private land for the project.

Effect Changes in Land Revenue Records

District Collector, RDO/ Sub-Collector/ LAO, MRO

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Original copies of all documentation of land surrender will be kept with the Mandal Revenue Officer with copies at WUA. Complete documentation along with a copy of the final document will be sent to DPU for records and for inspection at a later date.

6.7 Procedure for Land Acquisition

As indicated above, the project does not involve any land acquisition. However, where such exigencies arise lands will be acquired through Land Acquisition (LA) Act 1894 amended in 1984. For any LA, based on the requisition from the Irrigation Department, the Act under section 4 (1) stipulates publication of a notification to that effect in the official district gazette and in 2 daily newspapers circulated in the locality of which one shall be in the vernacular language and the other in English. After the notification, the Land Acquisition Officer (LAO) or his representative will enter upon the land to make a preliminary survey, ascertains suitability and determine the exact portion of the land to be acquired. The substance of this notification is given as a public notice affixed at a conspicuous place in the locality in which the required land is located. The substance of this notification will also be displayed at a conspicuous place in the area under the cover of a Panchanama. Such a notification provides an opportunity to the affected parties to file objections to the proposed acquisition under Section 5A of the LA Act. An enquiry under section 5-A will be conducted and an order will be passed by the LAO in this regard.

In order to proceed with the acquisition of the notified land or any portion of it, a declaration under section 6 of the Act specifies the precise boundaries and actual extent of the area of land required. This Draft Declaration is published in the official district Gazette and in two daily newspapers one in vernacular and the other in English with circulation in the local area. With the appearance of this declaration in the district Gazette, the Revenue Department directs the Collector under Section 7 of the Act to take order for the acquisition of notified land and/or other immovable properties. The substance of this notification is displayed at a conspicuous place in the area under the cover of Panchanama. Section 8 of the Act requires land to be marked out, measured and planned, while under Section 9 (3) and 10 (1), notices are served on the concerned persons stating the intention of the Government to take possession of the land and that any claims for compensation to be made to the Collector. Based on ‘Award Enquiry’, the LAO prepares a preliminary valuation statement for approval by the Collector, stipulated under section 11. The LAO will pronounce this award after serving the notice under Section 12 (2). The award under Section 11 if not made within two years from the date of publication of the declaration, the entire proceedings of the LA lapses and fresh notification under Section 4 (1) needs to be initiated. Once the award is passed, the Collector takes possession of the land, which there upon rests absolutely in the Government free from all encumbrances.

6.8 Determining Compensation Norms

Compensation is generally determined through (i). Consent Award and (ii). Normal Award. These two systems are described below.

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Consent Award: The compensation on the Consent Award system (negotiated settlement) is based on the procedures specified in the LA Act and APLA (Negotiation Committee) Rules 1992 and APLA (State Level Negotiation Committee) Rules 1998 made in accordance with sub-section 3 of section 55 of LA act. Under the consent award, the land loser negotiates with the Collector for the loss of land and other properties and once the compensation amount is agreed upon, the awardee cannot move the civil court for enhancement of compensation. To facilitate this process, a committee has already been constituted by Government under the chairmanship of District Collector and members of the committee will include A Judge of the District concerned not below the rank of Sub-Judge as nominated by District Judge / High Court, The Joint Collector of the District or Special Collector of the Project Concerned, Executive Engineer, Roads and Building / Panchayat Raj, Irrigation (Wherever structures are involved), A nominee of the requisition department not below the rank of District level Officer or any officer authorized by the Government, One retired District Judge to be nominated by Government and LAO concerned concerned i.e., Special Deputy Collector/ Revenue Divisional Officer, Sub-Collector as Member Convenor. , 1 Representative each of WUAs and NGO and 2 Representatives of affected persons will be invited to participate in the meeting of the committee to arrive at the amount of compensation to be paid to the affected persons.

As far as possible, for acquisition of land required for the project, the consent award system will be used. All efforts will be made to ensure that there is transparency in the negotiations and the land loser has voice in the negotiation process. The process of consent award is initiated after the approval of preliminary value of land. Under the consent award system, benchmark market rates for land required would be established by the District Collector. This information is used to negotiate the compensation norms and to avoid any malpractices.

Normal Award: In case the land loser and the project do not reach any agreement, the land will be acquired as per the provisions of LA Act 1894 (amended in 1984), and under this normal process, an aggrieved party can approach the court for enhancement of compensation or any other dispute with regard to LA.

Under LA Act compensation for private lands, trees, structures and other assets is computed based on the prevailing ‘market value’. According to the AP LA Manual, in addition to market value a sum equivalent to 30% of the value of compensation, is paid as solatium, against compulsory nature of the acquisition. Additional market value @ 12% is paid for appreciation in the land value that may occur during the period over which the land is acquired. If there are any delays in payment of compensation, interest @ 9% for the first year and @ 15% per annum thereafter is paid from the date of award or the date of taking possession of the land, whichever is the earliest. If there are any disputes relating to the fixation of rates, at the request of the aggrieved parties these are referred to the court for adjudication and settlement under section 30 of LA Act.

6.9 Compensation for structures and other assets

6.5


Structures: The compensation for structures includes market cost of the assets to build/ procure a replacement asset, or to repair, if affected partially. In determining the replacement cost, depreciation of the asset and the value of salvage materials are not taken into account. Compensation for trees, crops and other assets will be based on the replacement value using existing prices prepared by relevant agencies, taking into account their productivity and/or local market prices.

Common Property Resources: Grazing lands, places of worship, places of heritage value, burial grounds, water points, community wells, bore wells for drinking water, roads, path ways, wood lots, etc. are categorized under this heading. These resources will be restored to an acceptable level at an appropriate place as agreed with the community. Community will be fully involved in their replacement.

6.10 R&R Entitlement Framework

In accordance with the National R&R Policy 2003, Government of Andhra Pradesh has formulated its state level Policy on R&R for Project Affected Families 2005 (the detailed Policy is annexed). The main objectives of the policy include minimizing displacement and supporting those affected people to better or at least restore their standard of living. The policy covering the entire state stipulates preparation of an R&R Plan based on the census survey of project affected/ displaced families and assessment of land required for resettlement. The policy provides details on the contents of R&R Plan and the need to notify such plan before it is implemented. Major R&R provisions for the Project Affected Families (PAFs) include free house site, grant for house construction, allotment of government land where available, grant for cattle shed, support in transporting household materials and specific entitlements (corresponding to the losses) for their economic rehabilitation. For those displaced, the policy also provides subsistence allowance and the basic amenities to be provided in the resettlement centers. Specific provisions have been included for the affected tribal families, particularly land for land and additional financial assistance. The policy also includes a detailed institutional set up for planning and administering R&R activities and for redressing grievances of the affected people.

6.11 R&R Entitlement Framework for APCBTMP

As part of project preparation, a detailed social assessment was under taken in a sample of 50 tanks to understand the R&R issues in relation to the proposed interventions under the project. While the project does not envisage any physical displacement, the encroachment of the tank area has emerged as a major issue besides disputes on the ownership on the tank area. Taking into account the findings of the social assessment and the R&R issues identified there in, the adequacy of the provisions of the sate R&R Policy 2005 was assessed. Based on this assessment, R&R entitlements (in addition to those available under the state R&R policy 2005) required to help the people likely to be affected by the proposed project interventions have been identified and these are presented below:

6.6


Additional Measures Required to Address R&R Issues of the Project

Issue Provision under State R&R Policy

Inadequacy/Gap Proposed R&R Measures under APCBTP

Project Definition

Eligible if more that 100 families in plain areas or 25 or more in tribal areas are displaced en-masse from their lands and houses (Para 3.8)

Definition excludes projects with population displaced below the threshold level. It also excludes projects where there is no physical displacement.

Policy is applicable to all sub-projects under APCBTP irrespective of physical displacement and size of population affected

Project Affected Family

A family whose source of livelihood is substantially affected; more than 50% land is acquired leaving 2 Ha dry or 1 Ha wet; or displaced from dwelling house (Para 3.16)

This definition excludes encroachers and squatters whose lands might be appropriated for project interventions. Substantially affected families but loosing less than 50% of their holding are not eligible for R&R entitlements.

Families losing a minimum of 25% of loss of land holding would be considered as PAFs. (as in AP III Irrigation Project R&R Policy–Clause 3–Definition d).For encroachers/ squatters, the date of census survey would be the cut off date. Their categorization as PAFs will be decided in the Gram Sabha, however, each one of them will have been occupying the required land for the last 3 years.

Community Assets

Identifies only utilities (Para 5.18).

Other common assets like places of worship, grazing lands, places of heritage value, etc. ignored

Other community assets like places of worship, grazing lands, places of heritage value, etc. would be included.

Provisions not Relevant to the Project

Some of the provisions of the state R&R policy are not relevant to the proposed APCBTP. These are indicated in the following.

6.7


Issue Provision under State R&R Policy

Reasons for Non-applicability

Proposed approach

Resettlement Action Plan Preparation and Implementation

Administrator R&R to be responsible for preparation, implementation and monitoring of RAPs (Chapter IV)

APCBTP envisages a participatory RAP preparation, implementation and monitoring

No R&R Administrator will be required for the project since it adopts a participatory process where WUA prepares & implements RAP.

Approval Process

Para 5.19 Not relevant Since it is participatory, DPU is authorized to give approval to tank based RAP

Timing in delivering R&R entitelements

Not addressed Timing for delivery of R&R Entitlements is required to give go ahead signal for civil works

R&R Entitlements would be extended before the initiating physical works.

6.8


R&R Entitlement Matrix for APCBTP

Based on R&R issues identified in the social assessment, provisions of state level R&R Policy, additional R&R measures for the project the following Entitlement Matrix has been prepared, dentifying the type of impacts, eligibilities and entitlements.

Impact Type Entitled Persons

Entitlement as per GoAP Policy (after amendments for APCBTP)

1. Loss of land and structureA. Residencei. With valid title, Assignees, D Form Patta Holders

Displaced Family

Compensation as per LA Act/Consent Awad.Free house site as per Section 6.2 of the state R&R PolicyHousing Grant (only for BPL families) as per 6.3 of the state R&R PolicyPermission to take salvaged materialsTransportation and Subsistence Allowance as per sections 6.8 and 6.14 respectivelyGrant for cattle shed as per section 6.7 of state R&R Policy

ii. With no valid title (Encroachers/ Squatters)

Displaced Family

Free house site as per Section 6.2 of the state R&R PolicyHousing Grant (only for BPL families) as per 6.3 of the state R&R PolicyPermission to take salvaged materialsTransportation and Subsistence Allowance as per sections 6.8 and 6.14 respectivelyGrant for cattle shed as per section 6.7 of state R&R Policy

B. Commercial i. With valid title, Assignees, D Form Patta Holders

Displaced Family

Compensation as per LA Act/ Consent AwardAssistance for Economic Rehabilitation as per Sec. 6.9 of state R&R Policy Permission to take salvaged materials

ii. With no valid title(Encroachers/ Squatters)

Displaced Family

Assistance for Economic Rehabilitation as per Sec. 6.9 of state R&R PolicyPermission to take salvaged materials

ii. Tenants, Sharecroppers, Leaseholders

Displaced Family

Reimbursement for unexpired lease

2. Loss of Agriculture Land i. With valid title, Assignees, D Form Patta Holders

Affected Family

Compensation as per LA Act/ Consent AwardLand for Land for STs, marginal and small farmers and those who become landless as per section 6.4 and 6.5 of the state R&R PolicyAssistance for Economic Rehabilitation as per Sec. 6.10 of state R&R PolicyTraining in Agriculture technology, demonstrations, or adoption support available under agriculture

6.9


component of the projectAssistance to avail benefits from other government schemes.

ii. With no valid title (Encroachers)

Affected Family

Assistance for Economic Rehabilitation as per Sec. 6.10 of state R&R PolicyTraining in need based skills relating to tank based livelihoods Assistance to avail benefits from other government schemes.

iii. Loss of standing crops/trees

Affected Family

Compensation as per the LA Act

3. Loss of livelihood/ trade/ occupation

Affected Family

Assistance for Economic Rehabilitation as per section 6.9 of state R&R PolicyTraining in Need based skills relating to tank based livelihoods Assistance to avail benefits from other government schemes.

4. Loss of access to common resources and facilitiesi. Civic Amenities Community Replacement CPRs/amenities or providing basic

minimum facilities and services as per Government standards, whichever is higher as per section 6.18 of the state R&R Policy.

6.10


Institutional Arrangements

The following institutional arrangement is envisaged in planning and implementing RAP at the tank level. The propsod arrangement will also address the grievances, if any, faced by the affected people of the project.

Level Institution FunctionState PMU Provide guidance in the preparation and

implementation of RAPMonitor planning and implementation of RAP at the tank levelFacilitate formation of Grievance Redressal Committees at the state and District levelsEnsure that appropriate measures are taken on the recommendations of these committees

Institutional Development Unit (IDU)

Follow-up on LA/Land Appropriation cases Monitor the process and progress of compliance with R&R Policy frameworkEnsure that RAP implementation is in accordance with the agreed R&R frameworkForward grievances received by PMU to DPUFollow-up on actions required on the recommendations of the Grievance Committees

State R&R Committees (as dispute redressal mechanism) as per section 7.1 of state R&R Policy

This committee will function as per the state R&R Policy Sections 7.2 to 7.4

District Institutional Development Unit - District Project Unit (DPU)

Provide technical support to WUAs/ SOs in assessing resettlement issues and preparing RAPs wherever required.Ensure that RAPs prepared conform to the agreed R&R frameworkApprove RAP prepared at the tank levelProvide technical assistance to WUAs in all matters including implementation of R&R frameworkProvide assistance in dovetailing other programs particularly for benefiting PAPsCoordinate with other line departments particularly with revenue department on land acquisition and RAPProvide/organize training required on R&R social issues to SOs and WUAsEnsure implementation of the decisions of the Grievance Redressal Committees.Forward grievances unresolved at the district level to PMU and follow-up on actions required

District Level Implementation Committee

This committee will address all grievances received from the affected people and forwarded by PMIUMonitors the implementation of grievance redressal

6.11


Tank Support Organization Work with WUAs in tank areas, in identifying R&R issues, if any. Facilitate preparation and implementation of RAPEnsure that PAPs use R&R entitlements for productive purpose. Monitor and provide technical guidance in maintaining productive assets. Liasion with revenue, agriculture, fisheries, livestock, rural development, tribal development, and other related departments to dovetail the on-going schemes for the benefit of PAPs.

Water Users Association (WUA)

WUA implements RAP at the tank level and addresses all grievances received from PAPs and forwards unresolved grievances to DLIC

Community Participation

The APCBTP has a commitment for community participation in each of the sub-projects taken up by the WUAs. Community Participation process is ensured through a number of mechanisms such as.

The PAPs as members of the WUAs will be involved in the identification of R&R issues and affected people

The preparation and implementation of the RAPs will be done with the active involvement of PAPs.

PAPs with grievances have opportunities to approach DLIC for their redressal.

The list of PAPs will be displayed at the GP.

Monitoring

Implementation of R&R Policy framework and RAPs will be monitored as described below:

Monitoring will be done at three levels. At the WUA level, as a part of participatory monitoring, the Representative of WUAs, SO and Representatives of PAPs would be monitoring the progress of the implementation and report to WUA and DLIC. At the District level, DPU and DLIC will monitor the implementation of RAP and submit quarterly progress reports to PMU. At the state level, the PMU will monitor implementation of R&R Framework. Both at DPU and PMU levels the respective Institutional Development Unit will be overall responsible for monitoring of implementing R&R Policy Framework and RAPs.

Impact Evaluation: This will be done by consultants appointed by PMU at the end of project completion.

Budget

6.12


The project will make adequate provision for funds required for planning, implementing and monitoring the provisions of R&R Framework or RAP. RAP will form an integral part of TIMP and accordingly funds for RAP will be included in TIMP. 6.12 Resettlement Action Plan - D Agraharam Tank (Tank 10)

6.12.1 Need for RAP

Since, the proposed interventions are in the existing D Agraharam tank (Tank Number 10), no new land acquisition is envisaged. However, there are families who have encroached upon the tank system land for cultivation. In order to restore the tank to its original shape these families need to be resettled for which an RAP is required to be prepared. The following process has been adopted to identify the Project Affected Families (PAFs) and prepare RAP.

Identification of Land Required for Sub-project

Since the revenue and tank system maps are not available, the whole exercise was conducted through a process of physical verification at the tank system area.

An assessment through PRA was done to verify the extent of encroachment and PAFs.

Involved Minor Irrigation Engineer, WUA, and Gram Panchayat members in identifying tank system land

Confirmation was obtained from the above members on the ownership of land and in the present case it is categorized as ‘encroached’ land

Families encroaching tank bed land were identified with the help of WUA and other community members.

Later met the PAFs for information Based on this information, the list of PAFs was prepared.

6.12.2 Census Survey of PAFs

Based on the list prepared above, a census survey of PAFs was carried out during September 2006 based on contacts with individual PAFs. The secondary data related to the land records was provided by the concerned MRO and Panchayat Secretary.

Constraints

The team had to face some constraints during the field work. These are noted below:

In the absence of detailed designs it was difficult to arrive at the precise assessment of land required for project interventions.

Non availability of tank system maps and revenue maps was a constraint for identification of tank boundaries.

In view of these limitations, the following approach was adopted.

The entire tank bed land is assumed to be required for the project interventions.

As mentioned above, in consultation with local villagers an assessment of tank bed area was done along with the list of encroachers.

6.13


6.14


Land Alienation Details by Village

There seven potential Project Affected Families (PAFs) in this tank area. All PAFs are losing only agriculture land.

S. No. Village Total PAFs Extent proposed for alienation Remarks1 D Agraharam 7 7 Acres 20Guntas 1 Acre = 40Guntas

Total 7 7 Acres 20Guntas

The census details of the potentially affected families are presented in annexure 16.12.1.

6.12.3 Resettlement Plan

Under D. Agraharam tank restoration sub-project, the PAFs suffer one type of loss, i.e.; loss of agriculture land (with no valid title, as they are encroachers). It may be noted that these encroachers were paid compensation at the time of tank construction. They were the original owners of the land on which the tank was built. This land was acquired from them for tank construction and they were suitably compensated for this. As the tank bund has breached, they have occupied tank bed for cultivation. This encroachment started about a couple of years ago. The encroachers have tried to drill a bore well in the tank bed for cultivation. This has been opposed and prevented by the command area farmers with Government support. At this point of time the encroachers have given an undertaking to the MRO that they will vacate the land if the bund repair is taken up. The encroachers and the villagers have given the same information to the field team. Since these people have agreed to voluntarily move out of the tank bed, there is no need for any assistance to be given to them. Though an RAP is not required to be prepared for this tank, this plan is prepared as a model only.

The command area formers (all of them SCs) are unable to cultivate the lands since the tank has breached. Due to this they lost their livelihoods and now collect and sell firewood. They need to be resettled as early as possible by repairing the breach to the bund and restoring water to the tank and thereby their livelihoods. Further it may be noted as they are vulnerables, they do not have any voice to present their grievances. This was observed on site.

6.12.4 Compensation and Budget

No budget is required for this RAP for the following reasons:

The encroachers are willing to surrender the encroached land voluntarily. They have given an undertaking to this effect to the MRO.

The encroachers were paid compensation when the tank was constructed. The encroachers have encroached upon the land about a couple of years ago

and have raised one single crop last year. As the loss of land is less than 50%, the balance land is more that 5 acres and

the land is in their possession for less than 2 years, they are not eligible for resettlement assistance

Hence it is not necessary to provide for any resettlement assistance to these encroachers. The details are given in the annexure 16.12.2.

6.15


6.12.5 Implementation Arrangements

The sub-project for D. Agraharam is yet to be prepared and an implementation plan to be drawn. The RAP implementation will start and be completed before the completion of the implementation of the D. Agraharam sub-project. In the case of this sub-project the implementation of RAP means to orient the encroachers to give up the land as per their commitment to the tank repair. This need to be completed before the start of civil works under the TIMP.

6.12.6 Redressal of Grievances

The Redressal of Grievances and institutional arrangements for this are given in the R&R Policy annexed to this report.

6.12.7 Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting

Regular monitoring of the R&R activities will be carried out by the SO, DPU/ PMU. There are two broad activities to be monitored: first, the transparency in the process involving voluntary surrender of land and second extending R&R entitlements to eligible affected families.

6.12.8 Disclosure of Tank Level

A summary of this RAP along with details of voluntary surrender will be displayed at the Gram Panchayat Office of the village; i.e., D. Agraharam.

6.16


Annexure 6.12.1: Census Survey Details

S.No. Name of PAP PAP's Father Name


Caste(1- OC/ 2- BC/ 3- SC/ 4- ST)

Family Type( 1- Joint / 2- Nuclear

Education

Occupation

Monthly Avg. Income in Rs

1 K.Venkatareddy K.Penchaiah 1 1 Nuclear 1 - 9 th Agriculture 5500

2 Kanala.Gangi ReddyK.Pechala Reddy 1 1 Nuclear Illiterate Labour 4000

3Kanala.Venkata Ramana

K.Chinna Narayana 1 1 Nuclear 1 - 9 th Labour 3500

4Muthyala.Chinnabasireddy M.Basi Reddy 1 1 Joint 1 - 9 th Agriculture 7500

5Kanala.Chinna Narana K.Rami Reddy 1 1 Nuclear Illiterate Agriculture 3500

6Muthyala.Subba Reddy M.Subba Reddy 1 1 Nuclear Illiterate Agriculture 4000

7R.Pedda Chinna Reddy

R.Bhaskar Reddy 1 1 Nuclear Illiterate Old Age 4000

6.17


Annexure 6.12.2: Resettlement Eligibility and Assistance

S No

Name of PAP Caste(1- OC/ 2- BC/ 3- SC/ 4- ST)


Loss (1- Land)

Total Land Holding in Guntas

Land (except affected)Holding in Guntas

Total Operatoinal land


Balance Land in Acres

% of Loss

Voluntary Agrmnt(1 =Yes; 2= No

Years in Possession

Eligibility

Total R&R Benefit

1 K.Venkatareddy 1 1 1 180 140 320 40 7 13 1 2

Not Eligible 0

2Kanala.Gangi Reddy 1 1 1 140 100 240 30 5.25 13 1 2

Not Eligible 0

3Kanala.Venkata Ramana 1 1 1 170 130 300 40 6.5 13 1 2

Not Eligible 0

4Muthyala.Chinnabasireddy 1 1 1 190 150 340 40 7.5 12 1 2

Not Eligible 0

5Kanala.Chinna Narana 1 1 1 210 160 370 50 8 14 1 2

Not Eligible 0

6Muthyala.Subba Reddy 1 1 1 170 130 300 40 6.5 13 1 2

Not Eligible 0

7R.Pedda Chinna Reddy 1 1 1 260 200 460 60 10 13 1 2

Not Eligible 0

300 01 Acre = 40 Guntas 7.5 Acres

6.18


6.13 Resettlement Action Plan – Annadaivam Tank (Tank 20)

6.13.1 Need for RAP

Since, the proposed interventions are in the existing Annadevam tank (Tank number 20), no new land acquisition is envisaged. However, there are families who have encroached upon the tank system land for cultivation. In order to restore the tank to its original shape these families need to be resettled for which an RAP is required to be prepared. The following process has been adopted to identify the Project Affected Families (PAFs) and prepare RAP.




Involved WUA, Gram Panchayat members and Panchayat Secretary (responsible for maintaining Revenue Records) in identifying tank system land



Based on this information, the list of PAFs was prepared



Constraints








6.19


There are two affected villages and 30 potential Project Affected Families (PAFs) in this tank area and all are tribals. All PAFs are losing only agriculture land.

S. No. Village Total PAFs Area encroached Remarks1 Annapureddy Palli 22 41.25 Acres

1 Acre = 40Guntas2 Thottipampu 8 16.50 Acres

Total 30 57.75 AcresThe census details of the potentially affected families are presented in

annexure 16.13.1.


Under Annadaivam tank, the likely impact on local population is only in terms of loss of agricultural land for which occupants have no ownership title. According to the R&R Policy of the project, they are categorized as encroachers of agricultural land. The discussions with the potential PAFs indicate their willingness to surrender the encroached land voluntarily. However, there is a need to have further consultations with these families at the time of implementation. In this tank there is a dispute between the Trust of a temple near the tank and the tribals who are using the tank land. The temple trust claims that the land belongs to them while it is strongly contested by the local tribal. However, presently the temple collects fee in kind from the tribals for the land. This needs to be resolved before finalizing the RAP. Only those PAFs who are eligible as per the R&R Entitlement Framework of the Project will be given support. The details are in Annexure 16.13.2 and this information will be updated once the proposed designs are finalized.

6.13.4 Budget

The budget for implementing RAP works out to Rs. 7,00,000. The R&R entitlements of individual families are given in annexure 2. This budget is calculated using a minimum wage rate of Rs. 80/- per day. This need to be updated as per the Government Orders on Minimum Wages prevailing at the time of providing Income Generation Asset. However, this will undergo major changes if PAFs willingly surrender the required tank system land for the proposed tank restoration works.


The resettlement assistance will not be given in the form of cash to the PAFs, but in the form of sustainable Income Generating Assets (IGA) based on their choices. The WUA, SO and DPU will be responsible for ascertaining the sustainability of the chosen IGA. The SO needs to follow up with PAFs and monitor the IGA performance during Post-Implementation period. The implementation of RAP will be completed before the start of civil works under the TIMP.

6.13.6 Monitoring

Regular monitoring of the R&R activities will be carried out by the SO, DPU/ PMU broadly on the transparency in the process of voluntary surrender of land (if PAFs do it willingly) and on extending R&R entitlements to eligible PAFs.

6.20


6.13.7 Disclosure of Tank LevelThis RAP will be available at the Gram Panchayat Office of the two villages.

6.21



Name of the Tank Annadaivam TankMandal ChandragundaDistrict Khammam

S No

Village Name of PAP PAP's Father Name


Caste(1- OC/ 2- BC/ 3- SC/ 4- ST)

Education

Occupation Average Income /Month in Rs

1Annapureddy Palli CHALLA KRISHNA

C.VENKATESW 1 2 Illiterate Agriculture 1700

2 ThottipampuTANAAM.CHANDRA

T.LAKSHMUDU 1 4 Illiterate

Agriculture + Labour 2100

3 ThottipampuCHHINNA.SAMMUL C.PICHAIAH 1 4 1 - 9th Agriculture 1000

4 ThottipampuSUNNAM.NARASIM S.PICHAIAH 1 4 Illiterate


5 Thottipampu TANAM.VENKATRT.LAKSHMANU 1 4 Illiterate


6 Thottipampu SUNNAM.MUTYAL S.POTTAIAH 1 4 Illiterate Agriculture 2900

7Annapureddy Palli VOOKE.NARAYAN BADRAIAH 1 4 Illiterate Labour 2500

8 ThottipampuSUNNAM.LAKSHAN S.VEERAPPA 1 4 Illiterate Agriculture 2300

9 Thottipampu SUNNAM.CHINNA S.ERRAPPA 1 4 Illiterate Labour 2300

10Annapureddy Palli BANAQVAT.RAME

B.LAKSHAMAN 1 4 Illiterate Agriculture 1300

11Annapureddy Palli LAKAVATI.RAJU L.DASU 1 4 Illiterate Self Employee 3700

12Annapureddy Palli

GOTRU.VENKATESH

G.BHISHAMAI 1 3 Illiterate


13Annapureddy Palli R.BALASWAMY MUSALAIAH 1 3 Illiterate Labour 2000

14Annapureddy Palli PILLI.KRISHNA

P.SUNDARAM 1 3 Illiterate Labour 2000

15Annapureddy Palli YADALA.JAMMAL Y.KANTAIAH 1 3 Illiterate Labour 1300

16Annapureddy Palli YADALA.SANJEEV KANTAIAHU 1 3 Illiterate Labour 2000

17Annapureddy Palli DASARI.PULLAIAH NAGAIAH 1 3 Illiterate Labour 2500

18Annapureddy Palli REGULAGADDA.R

R.NARASIMHA 1 3 Illiterate Agriculture 3900

19Annapureddy Palli PENKI.BABU P.GOPAIAH 1 3 Illiterate


20Annapureddy Palli BURUGU.VENKAT B.R4OSAIAH 1 3 1 - 9th


21Annapureddy Palli BATTULA.VENKAT

B.SEETARAMA 1 3 1 - 9th


22Annapureddy Palli BALUKU.GURAVA B.AYCU 1 3 Illiterate Agriculture 4500

23Annapureddy Palli BOLUGU.NAGESW

B.GURAVAIAH 1 3 Illiterate Self Employee 1600

24Annapureddy Palli MARAGANI.NAGE ANJAIAH 1 2 Illiterate Labour 1300

25Annapureddy Palli A.SREENU7 A.BAKKAIAH 1 2 Illiterate Labour 2800

26Annapureddy Palli THUNCHAM.RAJU T.RAJULU 1 2 Illiterate Labour 2000

27Annapureddy Palli P.NAGESWAR RA

P.NARASIMHA 1 2 1 - 9th Agriculture 2300

28Annapureddy Palli KATARI.GOPAL

K.GURAVAIAH 1 2 1 - 9th Housewife 1500

29Annapureddy Palli SHAIK.NAMEEBI UDDANDU 2 1 Illiterate Labour 1300

30Annapureddy Palli SHAKE.KARIM S

S.UDDAND SA 1 1 Illiterate


6.22

AP-Tanks/ISEC/SEA/Chapter 6/071206 6.23



S No Village Name of PAP PAP's Father Name

Sex (1-Male/ 2-Female)

Caste(1- OC/ 2- BC/ 3- SC/ 4- ST)

Own Land

Encroached Land

Total Operational Holding


Balance Land in Acres

% of Loss

Eligibility

Assistance for Economic Rehabilitation

1Annapureddy palli challa krishna

c.venkatesw 1 2 0 60 60 60 0 100 Eligible 25000

2Thottipampu

Tanaam.Chandra

T.Lakshmudu 1 4 60 100 160 40 3 25 Eligible 25000

3Thottipampu

chhinna.sammul c.pichaiah 1 4 80 200 280 120 4 43 Eligible 25000

4Thottipampu

sunnam.narasim s.pichaiah 1 4 80 160 240 80 4 33 Eligible 25000

5Thottipampu tanam.venkatr

t.lakshmanu 1 4 60 120 180 60 3 33 Eligible 25000

6Thottipampu

sunnam.mutyal s.pottaiah 1 4 160 320 480 160 8 33

Not Eligible 0

7Annapureddy palli vooke.narayan badraiah 1 4 0 80 80 80 0 100 Eligible 25000

8Thottipampu

sunnam.lakshan s.veerappa 1 4 0 40 40 40 0 100 Eligible 25000

9Thottipampu

sunnam.chinna s.errappa 1 4 80 160 240 80 4 33 Eligible 25000

10Annapureddy palli

banaqvat.rame

b.lakshaman 1 4 0 40 40 40 0 100 Eligible 25000

11Annapureddy palli lakavati.raju l.dasu 1 4 40 100 140 60 2 43 Eligible 25000

12Annapureddy palli

gotru.venkatesh

g.bhishamai 1 3 0 40 40 40 0 100 Eligible 25000

13Annapureddy palli r.balaswamy musalaiah 1 3 120 320 440 200 6 45

Not Eligible 0

14Annapureddy palli pilli.krishna

p.sundaram 1 3 0 60 60 60 0 100 Eligible 25000

15Annapureddy palli yadala.jammal y.kantaiah 1 3 0 40 40 40 0 100 Eligible 25000

16Annapureddy palli yadala.sanjeev kantaiahu 1 3 0 40 40 40 0 100 Eligible 25000

17Annapureddy palli dasari.pullaiah nagaiah 1 3 0 120 120 120 0 100 Eligible 25000

18Annapureddy palli

Regulagadda.R

R.Narasimha 1 3 40 120 160 80 2 50 Eligible 25000

19 Annapured penki.babu p.gopaiah 1 3 0 40 40 40 0 100 Eligible 25000

6.24


dy palli

20Annapureddy palli burugu.venkat b.r4osaiah 1 3 0 80 80 80 0 100 Eligible 25000

21Annapureddy palli battula.venkat

b.seetarama 1 3 0 40 40 40 0 100 Eligible 25000

22Annapureddy palli Baluku.Gurava B.Aycu 1 3 0 60 60 60 0 100 Eligible 25000

23Annapureddy palli

Bolugu.Nagesw

B.Guravaiah 1 3 0 30 30 30 0 100 Eligible 25000

24Annapureddy palli

Maragani.Nage Anjaiah 1 2 0 140 140 140 0 100 Eligible 25000

25Annapureddy palli A.Sreenu7 A.Bakkaiah 1 2 0 120 120 120 0 100 Eligible 25000

26Annapureddy palli

Thuncham.Raju T.Rajulu 1 2 0 80 80 80 0 100 Eligible 25000

27Annapureddy palli P.Nageswar Ra

P.Narasimha 1 2 10 90 100 80 0.5 80 Eligible 25000

28Annapureddy palli Katari.Gopal

K.Guravaiah 1 2 0 120 120 120 0 100 Eligible 25000

29Annapureddy palli Shaik.Nameebi Uddandu 2 1 0 80 80 80 0 100 Eligible 25000

30Annapureddy palli Shake.Karim S

S.Uddand Sa 1 1 40 80 120 40 2 33 Eligible 25000

2310 7000001 Acre = 40 Guntas 57.75 Acres

6.25


6.14 Resettlement Action Plan – Vemuluru Tank (Tank 30)

6.14.1 Need for RAP

Since, the proposed interventions are in the existing Vemulur tank (Tank number 30), no new land acquisition is envisaged. However, there are families who have encroached upon the tank system land for cultivation. In order to restore the tank to its original shape these families need to be resettled for which an RAP is required to be prepared. The following process has been adopted to identify the Project Affected Families (PAFs) and prepare RAP.










Constraints








There are 11 Project Affected Families (PAFs) in this tank area.

6.26


S. No. Village Total PAFs Extent proposed for alienation Remarks1 Yathavakilla 11 13 Acres 20Guntas 1 Acre = 40Guntas

Total 11 13 Acres 20Guntas

The census details of the potential PAFs are attached as annexure 6.14.1.


Under Vemuluru tank restoration sub-project, the PAFs suffer one type of loss, i.e.; Loss of agriculture land (with no valid title, as they are encroachers). It may be noted that resettlement assistance will be given to only those who are eligible among the affected people. These eligible PAFs will be given resettlement assistance as per the R&R policy of the APCBTMP. The eligibility for R&R assistance and the quantum of assistance are presented in Annexure 16.4.2. It may be noted that this assistance will be as per the choice of the PAP and relevant economic activities will be taken up with the help of the SO. The responsibility for resettlement rests with the WUA who is the owner of the tank system.

The annexure 16.4.2 need to be updated before start of construction, as there could be additions and deletions during the interregnum between submission of this RAP and start of construction. This has been recognized as one of the activities to be taken up at the start of implementation.

6.14.4 Compensation and Budget

The budget for implementing RAP works out to Rs. 2,50,000/-. Detailed costing is given in the annexure 16.4.2. This budget is calculated using a minimum wage rate of Rs. 80/- per day. This need to be updated as per the Government Orders on Minimum Wages prevailing at the time of providing Income Generation Asset. However, this will undergo major changes if PAFs willingly surrender the required tank system land for the proposed tank restoration works.


The resettlement assistance will not be given in the form of cash to the PAFs, but in the form of sustainable Income Generating Assets (IGA) based on their choices. The WUA, SO and DPU will be responsible for ascertaining the sustainability of the chosen IGA. The SO need to follow up with the PAF and monitor the IGA performance during Post-Implementation period. The implementation of RAP will be completed before the start of civil works under the TIMP.

6.14.6 Monitoring

Regular monitoring of the R&R activities will be carried out by the SO, DPU/ PMU. There are two broad activities to be monitored: first, the transparency in the process involving voluntary surrender of land and second extending R&R entitlements to eligible affected families.


6.27


This RAP will be available at the Gram Panchayat Office of Yathavakilla village.

6.28



S No

Name of PAP Father Name Sex (1 - Male/ 2 - Female)

Caste(1- Oc/ 2- Bc/ 3- Sc/ 4- St)

Family Type ( 1- Joint / 2- Nuclear

Education

Occupation Average Monthly Income Rs

1 Sheik Nasad Sheik Hussain 1 2 Joint 1 - 9 Th Agriculture 2040

2Nagalanchu Upendhramma N.Venkateswarlu 2 2 Nuclear Illiterate


3Gantasala Ramakrishna G.Subbarao 1 2 Joint 1 - 9 Th

Agriculture + Fishing 1500

4Javadi Peddasheshaiah J.Kollaiah 1 2 Nuclear Illiterate


5 Javadi Saidulu J.Venkaiah 1 2 Nuclear 1 - 9 ThAgriculture + Fishing 1400

6Gantasala Pedda Abbulu G.Nageswararao 1 2 Nuclear Illiterate

Agriculture + Fishing 1250

7 Samala VeerareddySamala Chemmireddy 1 1 Joint 1 - 9 Th Agriculture 1933

8 Mungata Sankara M. Satyam 1 2 Nuclear Illiterate Labour 1800

9 Mattamma Venkateswarlu 2 2 Nuclear 1 - 9 ThAgriculture + Labour 1000

10Chithakayala. Govind C.Lingaiah 1 2 Nuclear Illiterate


11 Sheik.Saleem S.Janu 1 2 Nuclear IlliterateAgriculture + Labour 1000

12Kolahalam.Vishalandra K.Punnamaraju 2 2 Nuclear SSC Agriculture 2500

6.29



S No Name of PAP PAP's Father Name


Caste(1- OC/ 2- BC/ 3- SC/ 4- ST)



Encroached Land Holding in Guntas

Total Own Land in Guntas

Total Land


Left over land in Acres

% of Loss

Eligibility

Total R&R Benefit in Rs.

1 SHEIK NASAD SHEIK HUSSAIN 1 2 3 1 80 0 80 80 0 100 Eligible 25000

2NAGALANCHU UPENDHRAMMA

N.VENKATESWARLU 2 2 1 1 10 0 10 10 0 100 Eligible 25000

3GANTASALA RAMAKRISHNA G.SUBBARAO 1 2 1 1 40 0 40 40 0 100 Eligible 25000

4JAVADI PEDDASHESHAIAH J.KOLLAIAH 1 2 1 1 80 0 80 80 0 100 Eligible 25000

5 JAVADI SAIDULU J.VENKAIAH 1 2 1 1 40 0 40 40 0 100 Eligible 25000

6GANTASALA PEDDA ABBULU

G.NAGESWARARAO 1 2 1 1 60 0 60 60 0 100 Eligible 25000

7 SAMALA VEERAREDDYSAMALA CHEMMIREDDY 1 1 2 1 320 240 560 80 12 14

Not Eligible 0

8 MUNGATA SANKARA M. SATYAM 1 2 1 1 40 0 40 40 0 100 Eligible 250009 MATTAMMA VENKATESWARLU 2 2 3 1 80 0 80 80 0 100 Eligible 25000

10 CHITHAKAYALA. GOVIND C.LINGAIAH 1 2 1 1 10 0 10 10 0 100 Eligible 2500011 SHEIK.SALEEM S.JANU 1 2 3 1 10 0 10 10 0 100 Eligible 25000

12KOLAHALAM.VISHALANDRA K.PUNNAMARAJU 2 2 2 1 130 120 250 10 6 4

Not Eligible 0

540 25000

0 13.5 Acres

6.30


6.15 Resettlement Action Plan – Karedu Tank (Tank 34)

6.15.1 Need for RAP

Since, the proposed interventions are in the existing Karedu tank (Tank Number 34), no new land acquisition is envisaged. However, there are families who have encroached upon the tank system land for cultivation. In order to restore the tank to its original shape these families need to be resettled for which an RAP is required to be prepared. The following process has been adopted to identify the Project Affected Families (PAFs) and prepare RAP.










Constraints







Land Alienation Details by Village S no Village Total PAPs Extent proposed for alienation Remarks1 Indranagar 26 16 Acres 14Guntas 1 Acre = 40Guntas

6.31


2Marrichettusangam

2013Acres 22Guntas

Total 46 29Acres 36Guntas

Two villages is involved and there are 46 PAFs involved in this RAP.

The census details of the potentially affected families are presented in annexure 1.


Under Karedu Tank restoration sub-project, the likely impact on PAFs is 1.) Loss of agriculture land (with no valid title, as they are encroachers) and 2.) Loss of residential land with structures (with no valid title, as they are encroachers). According to the R&R Policy of the project, they are categorized as encroachers of agricultural land. The discussions with the potential PAFs indicate their willingness to surrender the encroached land voluntarily. However, there is a need to have further consultations with these families at the time of implementation. Only those PAFs who are eligible as per the R&R Entitlement Framework of the Project will be given support. The details are in Annexure 2 and this information will be updated once the proposed designs are finalized.

6.15.4 Budget

The budget for implementing RAP works out to Rs. 41,16,200/-. House sites will be provided for those who are losing houses under category loss of residential land with structure with no title. The R&R entitlements of individual families are given in annexure 2. This budget is calculated using a minimum wage rate of Rs. 80/- per day. This need to be updated as per the Government Orders on Minimum Wages prevailing at the time of providing Income Generation Asset. However, this will undergo major changes if PAFs willingly surrender the required tank system land for the proposed tank restoration works.



6.15.6 Monitoring



This RAP will be available at the Gram Panchayat Office of the two villages.

6.32


Annexure 6.15.1: Census Survey DetailsS No

Village Name of PAP PAP's Father Name



Caste(1- OC/ 2- BC/ 3- SC/ 4- ST)


Education

Occupation Average Income /Month in Rs

1 Indranagar KAMERASI.RAMANAIAH K.PICHAIAH 1 3 4 2 IlliterateAgriculture + Labour 2500

2 Indranagar B.VEERAIAH B.RAMAIAH 1 3 4 2 Illiterate Old Age 21003 Indranagar MANIKALA.SATYAM M.REDDAIAH 1 1 4 2 Illiterate Labour 1500

4 Indranagar M.JAYAMMAM.VENKATESWARLU 2 1 4 2 Illiterate Labour 2000

5 Indranagar KATHI.VEERARAGAVULU K.CHINNAPOLAIAH 1 1 4 2 Illiterate Labour 17006 Indranagar POTLURI.SREENIVSULU P.RAGAVALU 1 3 4 2 1 - 9 th Labour 9007 Indranagar K.KRISHNAVENI K.VENKATESH 2 1 4 2 Illiterate Labour 1400

8 Indranagar K.BALAKOTAIAHK.VENKATESWARLU 1 3 4 2 1 - 9 th Labour 1500

9 Indranagar KATHI.RAMANAIAH K.CHINNAPOLAIAH 1 1 4 2 1 - 9 th Labour 250010 Indranagar MARAIAH MURTHI 1 3 4 2 1 - 9 th Labour 140011 Indranagar KATHI.ADILAKSHMI K.HARIBABU 2 3 4 2 1 - 9 th Labour 2500

12 Indranagar KATHI.VENKATESWARLU K.PALAIAH 1 1 4 2 IlliterateAgriculture + Labour 1800

13 Indranagar KATHI.LEELAVATHI K.VENKATARAO 2 1 4 2 IlliterateAgriculture + Labour 1900

14 Indranagar RASURI.GOPIKRISHNA R.SREENIVASULU 1 3 4 2 1 - 9 thAgriculture + Labour 3100

15 Indranagar KATHI.SUJATHA K.SUBBARAO 2 3 4 2 1 - 9 th Labour 2500

16 Indranagar YAKASIRI.SREENIVASULUY.SURYANARAYANA 1 3 4 2 SSC


17 Indranagar CHALAMACHARLA.SEENU C.GALEEBU 1 3 4 2 IlliterateAgriculture + Labour 1000

18 Indranagar KATHI.NARASHIMA K.AKKAIAH 1 3 4 2 IlliterateAgriculture + Labour 700

19 Indranagar POTLURI.TIRUPATI P.SUBBAIAH 1 1 4 2 IlliterateAgriculture + Labour 2500

20 Indranagar KATHI.SRIHARI K.PALAYYA 1 1 4 2Graduate


21 Indranagar BOJJA.CHITTAMMA B.ANKAMARAO 2 1 4 2 IlliterateAgriculture + Labour 2500

22 Indranagar MEKALA.CHANDRAMOULI M.CHENNAIAH 1 3 4 2 Illiterate Labour 250023 Indranagar POTLURI.LAKSHMINARAYANA P.SHESHAIAH 1 3 4 2 1 - 9 th Agriculture + 3300

6.33


Labour

24 Indranagar KATHI.RAMANAYYA K.JALAYYA 1 3 4 2 IlliterateAgriculture + Labour 5300

25 Indranagar RAPURI.CHINNABABU R.KAMAYYA 1 3 4 2 IlliterateAgriculture + Labour 4100

26 Indranagar POTLURI.VIGNESWAR P.POLAIAH 1 3 4 2 Illiterate Labour 2500

27Marrichettusangam KATHI.RAMAYYA K.SHESHAMMA 1 3 4 2 Illiterate


28Marrichettusangam POTLORI.SUBBARAO P.PRASAD 1 3 4 2 Illiterate


29Marrichettusangam

CHALAMACHARLA.KOTESWARARAO C.CHENCHAYYA 1 3 4 2 Illiterate


30Marrichettusangam CHOUTURI.GNANAYYA C.CHENCHAYYA 1 3 4 1 Illiterate Old Age 2500

31Marrichettusangam CHEVURI.VENKATARAO C.NAGABUSHANAM 1 1 4 2 Illiterate Labour 1900

32Marrichettusangam CHOUTURI.POLAIAH C.CHENCHAIAH 1 1 4 2 Illiterate Labour 2900

33Marrichettusangam GOPALE.SEENU G.RAMANAIAH 1 3 4 2 Illiterate Labour 1900

34Marrichettusangam HADDURI.VENKATASWAMI H.RAMAKOTAIAH 1 3 4 2 Illiterate Labour 4000

35Marrichettusangam VEMPALURI.GOPAL V.KOTAIAH 1 3 4 2 Illiterate Labour 2800

36Marrichettusangam CHALAMACHARLA.VENU C.RAMANAYYA 1 3 4 2 Illiterate


37Marrichettusangam KATHI.AKKAYYA K./ANKAIAH 1 3 4 2 Illiterate


38Marrichettusangam MALLAVARAPU.SORAYYA M.SUBBAIAH 1 1 4 2 Illiterate


39Marrichettusangam CHALAMACHARLA.VENKATESULU C.LIGAIAH 1 3 4 1 Illiterate


40Marrichettusangam CHALAMACHARLA.PRASAD C.VENKAIAH 1 3 4 2 Illiterate


41Marrichettusangam THIRUVADALA.KOTESWARARAO T.KOTAIAH 1 3 4 2 Illiterate


42Marrichettusangam CHEURI.SREENIVASULU C.NAGABUSHANAM 1 3 4 2 Illiterate


43Marrichettusangam CHEURI.BASAVAIAH C.LAKSHMAIAH 1 3 4 2 Illiterate


44Marrichettusangam CHALAMACHARLA.VENKAIAH

C.VENKATESWARLU 1 3 4 2 Illiterate


45Marrichettusangam KATHI.KOTESWARAMMA K.SAMBAYYA 2 3 4 2 Illiterate Labour 2500

46Marrichettusangam KATHI.KRISHNAIAH K.SUBBULAIAH 1 3 4 2 Illiterate


6.34



S No

Village Name of PAP Sex (1 - Male/ 2 - Female)


Loss Suffered(2- House/ 3- Land & House)




% of Loss

1- Own/2- Lease/3- Encroached

Extent of House Loss in Gunta

Type of House(1- Kutcha/ 2- Semi- pucca)

Vulnerable(BPL/ST/ Women HH Head)

Free house site(1 - Yes/ 2- No)

Housing Grant (only for BPL families)

Transportation

Subsistence Allowance @ 240 days

Grant for cattle shed

Assistance for Land Loss

Total Assistance for Economic Rehabilitation

1Indranagar

KAMERASI.RAMANAIAH 1 3 3 15 0 15

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

2Indranagar B.VEERAIAH 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 3 5 2 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000 0 67200

3Indranagar

MANIKALA.SATYAM 1 1 3 40 0 40

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

4Indranagar M.JAYAMMA 2 1 3 20 0 20

100 3 4 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

5Indranagar

KATHI.VEERARAGAVULU 1 1 3 20 0 20

100 3 6 2 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

6Indranagar

POTLURI.SREENIVSULU 1 3 3 60 0 60

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

7Indranagar

K.KRISHNAVENI 2 1 3 40 0 40

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

8Indranagar

K.BALAKOTAIAH 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 3 2 2 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000 0 67200

9Indranagar

KATHI.RAMANAIAH 1 1 3 60 0 60

100 3 6 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

10Indranagar MARAIAH 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000 0 67200

11Indranagar

KATHI.ADILAKSHMI 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000 0 67200

12Indranagar

KATHI.VENKATESWARLU 1 1 3 40 0 40

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

13Indranagar

KATHI.LEELAVATHI 2 1 3 15 0 15

100 3 1 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

14Indranagar

RASURI.GOPIKRISHNA 1 3 3 4 0 4

100 3 1 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

15Indranagar

KATHI.SUJATHA 2 3 3 30 0 30

100 3 1 2 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

16 Indrana YAKASIRI.SREE 1 3 3 40 0 40 10 3 1 1 1 1 40000 500 1920 3000 2500 92200

6.35


gar NIVASULU 0 0 0 0

17Indranagar

CHALAMACHARLA.SEENU 1 3 3 30 0 30

100 3 1 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

18Indranagar

KATHI.NARASHIMA 1 3 3 20 0 20

100 3 1 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

19Indranagar

POTLURI.TIRUPATI 1 1 3 20 0 20

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

20Indranagar KATHI.SRIHARI 1 1 3 40 0 40

100 3 6 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

21Indranagar

BOJJA.CHITTAMMA 2 1 3 20 0 20

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

22Indranagar

MEKALA.CHANDRAMOULI 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000 0 67200

23Indranagar

POTLURI.LAKSHMINARAYANA 1 3 3 40 0 40

100 3 1 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

24Indranagar

KATHI.RAMANAYYA 1 3 3 40 0 40

100 3 1 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

25Indranagar

RAPURI.CHINNABABU 1 3 3 20 0 20

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

26Indranagar

POTLURI.VIGNESWAR 1 3 3 40 0 40

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

27

Marrichettusangam

KATHI.RAMAYYA 1 3 3 15 0 15

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

28

Marrichettusangam

POTLORI.SUBBARAO 1 3 3 30 0 30

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

29

Marrichettusangam

CHALAMACHARLA.KOTESWARARAO 1 3 3 2 0 2

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

30

Marrichettusangam

CHOUTURI.GNANAYYA 1 3 3 20 0 20

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

31

Marrichettusangam

CHEVURI.VENKATARAO 1 1 3 20 0 20

100 3 1 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

32

Marrichettusangam

CHOUTURI.POLAIAH 1 1 3 40 0 40

100 3 2 2 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

33

Marrichettusangam

GOPALE.SEENU 1 3 3 40 0 40

100 3 1 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

34

Marrichettusangam

HADDURI.VENKATASWAMI 1 3 3 40 0 40

100 3 2 2 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

35 Marrich VEMPALURI.GO 1 3 3 20 0 20 10 3 2 1 1 1 40000 500 1920 3000 2500 92200

6.36


ettusangam PAL 0 0 0 0

36

Marrichettusangam

CHALAMACHARLA.VENU 1 3 3 30 0 30

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

37

Marrichettusangam

KATHI.AKKAYYA 1 3 3 30 0 30

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

38

Marrichettusangam

MALLAVARAPU.SORAYYA 1 1 3 30 0 30

100 3 4 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

39

Marrichettusangam

CHALAMACHARLA.VENKATESULU 1 3 3 20 0 20

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

40

Marrichettusangam

CHALAMACHARLA.PRASAD 1 3 3 30 0 30

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

41

Marrichettusangam

THIRUVADALA.KOTESWARARAO 1 3 3 25 0 25

100 3 4 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

42

Marrichettusangam

CHEURI.SREENIVASULU 1 3 3 40 0 40

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

43

Marrichettusangam

CHEURI.BASAVAIAH 1 3 3 30 0 30

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

44

Marrichettusangam

CHALAMACHARLA.VENKAIAH 1 3 3 40 0 40

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

45

Marrichettusangam

KATHI.KOTESWARAMMA 2 3 3 20 0 20

100 3 2 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

46

Marrichettusangam

KATHI.KRISHNAIAH 1 3 3 20 0 20

100 3 1 1 1 1 40000

5000

19200 3000

25000 92200

1196 Guntas18400

00230000

883200

138000

1025000

4116200

1 Acre = 40 Guntas 29 Acres 36 Guntas

6.37


6.16 Resettlement Action Plan – Hasanparty Tank (Tank 49)

6.16.1 Need for RAP

Since, the proposed interventions are in the existing Hasanparty MI Pedda tank (Tank number 49), no new land acquisition is envisaged. However, there are families who have encroached upon the tank system land for cultivation. In order to restore the tank to its original shape these families need to be resettled for which an RAP is required to be prepared. The following process has been adopted to identify the Project Affected Families (PAFs) and prepare RAP.










Constraints








6.38


There is one affected village and 37 potential PAFs under this tank. The likely impact is loss of agriculture land (with no valid title, as they are encroachers).

6.39


S. No. Village Total PAFs Extent proposed for alienation Remarks1 Hasanparty 37 75 Acres 35 Guntas 1 Acre = 40Guntas

Total 37 75 Acres 35 Guntas

The census details of the potentially affected families are presented in annexure 16.5.1.


Under Hasanparty Minor Irrigation Pedda tank, the likely impact on local population is only in terms of loss of agricultural land for which occupants have no ownership title. According to the R&R Policy of the project, they are categorized as encroachers of agricultural land. The discussions with the potential PAFs indicate their willingness to surrender the encroached land voluntarily. However, there is a need to have further consultations with these families at the time of implementation. In this tank there is a dispute between the Trust of a temple near the tank and the tribals who are using the tank land. The temple trust claims that the land belongs to them while it is strongly contested by the local tribal. However, presently the temple collects fee in kind from the tribals for the land. This needs to be resolved before finalizing the RAP. Only those PAFs who are eligible as per the R&R Entitlement Framework of the Project will be given support. The details are in Annexure 6.16.2 and this information will be updated once the proposed designs are finalized.

6.16.4 Budget

The budget for implementing RAP works out to Rs. 6,75,000/-. The R&R entitlements of individual families are given in annexure 6.16.2. This budget is calculated using a minimum wage rate of Rs. 80/- per day. This need to be updated as per the Government Orders on Minimum Wages prevailing at the time of providing Income Generation Asset. However, this will undergo major changes if PAFs willingly surrender the required tank system land for the proposed tank restoration works.



6.16.6 Monitoring



This RAP will be available at the Gram Panchayat Office of the two villages.

6.40



S No

Name of PAP PAP's Father Name


Caste(1- OC/ 2- BC/ 3- SC/ 4- ST)


Education Occupation Average Income /Month in Rs

1mekala.ramaiah m.rajaiah 1 3 1 Illiterate Labour 45002m.mallamma m.ramaiah 2 3 1 Illiterate Labour 53003mekala.abraham pochaiah 1 3 1 Illiterate Agriculture 20004matteda.sammulu m.ilaiah 1 3 1 Illiterate Old Age 27005medara.lusaiah gattamallaiah 1 3 1 Illiterate Labour 13006mattadi.komaraiah m.illaiah 1 3 1 Illiterate Labour 28007mekala.devadas bondaiah 1 3 1 Illiterate Agriculture 1500

8mekala.sambaiahm.ramachandram 1 3 2 Illiterate


9mekala.babu m.kummaraiah 1 3 2 Illiterate Agriculture 260010mekala.odelu m.balaiah 1 3 2 Illiterate Agriculture 330011mekala.abraham m.pochaiah 1 3 1 1 - 9 th Agriculture 735012mekala.lingaiah m.machaiah 1 3 1 Illiterate Agriculture 180013m.bondamma m.lakshamaiah 1 3 1 Illiterate Old Age 160014maram.rajaiah m.peddulu 1 2 2 Illiterate Agriculture 150015barapati.kotilingam b.chandraiah 1 2 2 1 - 9 th Agriculture 120016maram.nagendra m.peddulu 1 2 2 Graduate Agriculture 320017maram.gattaiah m.peddulu 1 2 2 Illiterate Agriculture 2200

18bonagani.kumaraswamy b.rajmouli 1 2 2 1 - 9 th Self Employee 1600

19saini gattaiah raja ram 1 2 1 Illiterate Housewife 700020barapati.damodhar b.veeresam 1 2 2 1 - 9 th Agriculture 190021barapati.ramachandra b.ramalingaiah 1 2 2 Graduate Agriculture 110022ponnuju.venkatrajam p.rajaiah 1 2 2 1 - 9 th Self Employee 3300

23sela .yadagiri s.malla reddy 1 2 2 IlliterateAgriculture + Fishing 3150

24barapathi.chandraiah b.veresham 1 2 2 1 - 9 th Agriculture 1600

25sela.narasaiahs.buchi mallaiah 1 2 2 1 - 9 th Agriculture 4000

26dadi.sadanandam d.rajaiah 1 2 1 SSC Govt. Employee 290027dadi.komaraiah d.rajaiah 1 2 1 Graduate Old Age 2000

28barapathi.sampath kumar b.ramalingham 1 2 2 Graduate Agriculture 1100

29barupathi.sambaiah b.ramalingam 1 2 2 SSC Agriculture 200030maram.pochaiah m./komaraiah 1 2 2 1 - 9 th Agriculture 250031dadi. Yadigiri d.ramaiah 1 2 1 1 - 9 th Agriculture 5300

32dadi.illaiah d.rajalingam 1 2 2Intermediate Old Age 6000

33maram.komaraiah m.peddaiah 1 1 1 Illiterate Labour 2700

34vesam.lingareddy v.raja reddy 1 1 1Intermediate Agriculture 11300

35mekala.kanakaiah m.mysaiah 1 3 1 Illiterate Labour 340036bollisetty.padma b.kanakaiah 2 2 2 Illiterate Labour 200037saini.raj kumar s.gattaiah 1 2 1 Illiterate Agriculture 3000

6.41


S No

Name of PAP PAP's Father Name


Caste(1- OC/ 2- BC/ 3- SC/ 4- ST)

Ration Card(1- BPL/ 2- APL


1- Own/2- Lease/3- Encroached



Total Operational Holding


Balance Land in acres

% of Loss

Eligibility

Total Assistance

1 MEKALA.RAMAIAH M.RAJAIAH 1 3 1 1 2 95 20 115 75 1 65 Eligible 250002 M.MALLAMMA M.RAMAIAH 2 3 1 1 1 92 0 92 92 0 100 Eligible 250003 MEKALA.ABRAHAM POCHAIAH 1 3 1 1 1 23 0 23 23 0 100 Eligible 250004 MATTEDA.SAMMULU M.ILAIAH 1 3 1 1 3 40 0 40 40 0 100 Eligible 250005 MEDARA.LUSAIAH GATTAMALLAIAH 1 3 1 1 3 86 6 92 80 0.3 87 Eligible 250006 MATTADI.KOMARAIAH M.ILLAIAH 1 3 1 1 1 58 0 58 58 0 100 Eligible 250007 MEKALA.DEVADAS BONDAIAH 1 3 1 1 1 25 0 25 25 0 100 Eligible 25000

8 MEKALA.SAMBAIAHM.RAMACHANDRAM 1 3 1 1 3 40 0 40 40 0 100 Eligible 25000

9 MEKALA.BABU M.KUMMARAIAH 1 3 1 1 3 100 20 120 80 1 67 Eligible 2500010 MEKALA.ODELU M.BALAIAH 1 3 1 1 1 26 0 26 26 0 100 Eligible 25000

11 MEKALA.ABRAHAM M.POCHAIAH 1 3 3 1 1 115 60 175 55 3 31Not

Eligible 0

12 MEKALA.LINGAIAH M.MACHAIAH 1 3 1 1 1 256 160 416 96 8 23Not

Eligible 013 M.BONDAMMA M.LAKSHAMAIAH 1 3 1 1 1 80 0 80 80 0 100 Eligible 2500014 MARAM.RAJAIAH M.PEDDULU 1 2 1 1 1 24 0 24 24 0 100 Eligible 25000

15 BARAPATI.KOTILINGAM B.CHANDRAIAH 1 2 1 1 1 568 400 968 168 20 17Not

Eligible 0

16 MARAM.NAGENDRA M.PEDDULU 1 2 2 1 1 115 80 195 35 4 18Not

Eligible 017 MARAM.GATTAIAH M.PEDDULU 1 2 1 1 1 35 0 35 35 0 100 Eligible 25000

18BONAGANI.KUMARASWAMY B.RAJMOULI 1 2 2 1 1 158 80 238 78 4 33

Not Eligible 0

19 SAINI GATTAIAH RAJA RAM 1 2 2 1 1 380 240 620 140 12 23Not

Eligible 020 BARAPATI.DAMODHAR B.VEERESAM 1 2 1 1 1 100 0 100 100 0 100 Eligible 2500021 BARAPATI.RAMACHANDR B.RAMALINGAIAH 1 2 2 1 1 120 0 120 120 0 100 Eligible 25000

AP-Tanks/ISEC/SEA/Chapter 6/071206 A

22 PONNUJU.VENKATRAJAM P.RAJAIAH 1 2 1 1 1 93 0 93 93 0 100 Eligible 2500023 SELA .YADAGIRI S.MALLA REDDY 1 2 1 1 1 102 0 102 102 0 100 Eligible 25000

24BARAPATHI.CHANDRAIAH B.VERESHAM 1 2 2 1 1 138 26 164 112 1.3 68 Eligible 25000

25 SELA.NARASAIAHS.BUCHI MALLAIAH 1 2 2 1 1 171 0 171 171 0 100 Eligible 25000

26 DADI.SADANANDAM D.RAJAIAH 1 2 2 1 1 284 240 524 44 12 8Not

Eligible 0

27 DADI.KOMARAIAH D.RAJAIAH 1 2 2 1 1 230 200 430 30 10 7Not

Eligible 0

28BARAPATHI.SAMPATH KUMAR B.RAMALINGHAM 1 2 2 1 1 120 0 120 120 0 100 Eligible 25000

29 BARUPATHI.SAMBAIAH B.RAMALINGAM 1 2 2 1 1 225 0 225 225 0 100 Eligible 2500030 MARAM.POCHAIAH M./KOMARAIAH 1 2 1 1 1 80 0 80 80 0 100 Eligible 25000

31 DADI. YADIGIRI D.RAMAIAH 1 2 2 1 1 253 160 413 93 8 23Not

Eligible 032 DADI.ILLAIAH D.RAJALINGAM 1 2 1 1 1 40 0 40 40 0 100 Eligible 2500033 MARAM.KOMARAIAH M.PEDDAIAH 1 1 1 1 1 34 0 34 34 0 100 Eligible 25000

34 VESAM.LINGAREDDY V.RAJA REDDY 1 1 2 1 1 840 640 1480 200 32 14Not

Eligible 035 MEKALA.KANAKAIAH M.MYSAIAH 1 3 2 1 1 40 0 40 40 0 100 Eligible 2500036 BOLLISETTY.PADMA B.KANAKAIAH 2 2 2 1 1 40 0 40 40 0 100 Eligible 2500037 SAINI.RAJ KUMAR S.GATTAIAH 1 2 2 1 1 180 40 220 140 2 64 Eligible 25000

3034 67500075 Acres 34 Guntas

6.43

Ap-tanks/sea/isec/Chapter 7/071206

Chapter 07Indigenous People Development Strategy

7.1 BackgroundThe Government of Andhra Pradesh (GoAP) is implementing the Andhra

Pradesh Community Based Tank Management Project (APCBTMP), with the World Bank assistance. This project is implemented by the Water Users Associations (WUAs) at tank level. WUAs will prepare Tank Improvement and Management Plans (TIMP) with the assistance of Support Organizations (SOs). There are some tribals, whose livelihoods are dependent on these tanks. The World Bank refers to these tribals as Indigenous People (IP). In order to ensure the tribals interests are adequately addressed an IP Development Strategy (IPDS) is prepared, which will be used the IPDS for preparation of Tribal Development Plan (TDP) to design and implement interventions for betterment of Tribals. The present IPDS incorporates provisions from such existing policies of the GoAP, Government of India (GoI) guidelines for tribal development. It also draws lessons from the IPDP of the AP Community Forestry Management Project, which is under implementation in the state.

7.2 Definition of Tribal in the Constitution

The constitution of India defines tribal groups and tribal areas. The Article 342 specifies tribes or tribal communities. Article 341 requires the President of India to specify the castes, races or tribes or parts of groups within castes, races or tribes in relation to a State or Union territory. Tribes and castes so specified are referred as Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC). In pursuance of these provisions, the list of SCs and STs are notified for each State and Union territory and are valid only within the jurisdiction of that State or Union territory and not outside.

7.3. Safeguard Policies of GoI and GoAP

Some of the constitutional provisions as well as the provisions that are available in the various acts of GoI, and GoAP, aimed at safeguarding the interests and development of the tribals are presented below: A) Economic

a. Employment i. Article 16(4) empowers the State to make any provision for the

reservation of appointments or posts in favor of any backward class of citizens. In this regard, Article 335 provides that the claims of the members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration.

ii. Article 23 deals with abolition of bonded labour and prohibits traffic in human beings and beggars and other similar forms of forced labour.

iii. Article 24 does not allow any child below the age of 14 years to be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment. This article is significant for SCs & STs as a substantial portion, if not the majority, of child labor engaged in hazardous employments belong to SCs & STs.

b. Land alienation

1


i. The Agency Tracts Interest and Land Transfer Act, 1917, checked transfers of land in the Agency tracts of Vizagpatnam (covering the present Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts) and Godavari (covering the present East and West Godavari districts) districts.

ii. The Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation, 1959, extended the provisions of the Agency Tracts Interest and Land Transfer Act, 1917 of the former Madras presidency to the scheduled areas of the Andhra region (Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and West Godavari districts) of the reorganized state of Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Pradesh was reorganized with effect from 1st November 1956 duly including the Telugu speaking areas of the then Madras Presidency and the former Hyderabad State). Through a separate Regulation it was further extended to the tribal tracts of Telangana region (Adilabad, Warangal, Khammam and Mahaboobnagar districts) with effect from 1st December 1963.

iii. Some land mark enactments and promulgations8 that facilitated state ownership of private estates and lands in the scheduled areas and paved way for settlement of land tenure. Through abolition of Estates and Mahals the state paved way for settlement of rights of all the tribal tenants who tilled these lands. Further through abolition of Mutta rights and their conversion as Ryotwari Pattas the Mokassas and the Mutta rights were settled in favor of the tribals who tilled these lands.

c. Money lending i. The Act, 1917, regulated debt and interest on the borrowings by

the hill tribes and transfer of their immovable property. It was enacted primarily to safeguard the interest of hill tribes of the area over which it extended and to protect them from exploitation by non-tribals and moneylenders. It permitted transfer of land only among tribals and laid down that the interest accrued over the debts borrowed by the tribals shall not exceed the principal amount.

d. Article 275(1) provides for grants-in-aid of the revenues of a State to enable the State to meet the cost development schemes as may be undertaken by the State for the purpose of promoting the welfare of the Scheduled Tribes in that State and raising the level of administration of the Scheduled Areas.

B) Social a. Education

i. Article 15(4) along with its amendments empowers the State to make any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes including SCs & STs and also enables the State to reserve seats for SCs & STs in educational institutions.

b. Social infrastructurei. Article 16(4) enables the Governments to reserve certain

percentage of seats in all educational institutions and positive preferential treatment through reservations in public

8 a) The Andhra Pradesh (Andhra Scheduled Areas) Estate (Abolition and conversion into Ryotwari) Act 1948; b) The Andhra Pradesh Mahals (Abolition and conversion into Ryotwari) Regulation, 1969; c) The Andhra Pradesh Mutta (Abolition and conversion into Ryotwari) Regulation, 1969.

2


employment. In case of primary and secondary education, residential educational institutions locally called ‘Ashram Schools’ have been functioning under the umbrella of the ITDAs in remote tribal areas. The Residential Schools run by Social welfare Department of GoAP also provide scope for mainstreaming tribal boys and girls with others. Reservations in employment opportunities and educational institutions are in proportion to the tribal population.

c. There are acts preventing money lending and trade in alcoholism in the tribals to protect tribals from perpetual debt.

d. Article 17 deals with untouchability among other civil rights.e. According to clause (1) of the Article 244, the provisions of the Fifth

Schedule apply to the administration and control of the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in any State, including Andhra Pradesh.

C) Political a. Article 330 & 332 provides political safeguards through reservation for

representing SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha (Parliament) and Vidhan Sabhas (State Legislative Assemblies).

7.4 Tribal Development Programmes

The GoAP with its own funds and from the central government has initiated and has been implementing several measures for the development of tribal in the state. These on-going measures have brought significant comparable development in the tribal dominant areas.

7.4.1 Tribal Sub-Plan

In order to focus tribal development, a tribal sub-plan strategy is being implemented in the state since 1974–75. This strategy comprises of identification of tribal majority blocks, earmarking of funds under various sectoral programs for these identified areas along with mobilization of institutional finance and creation of required administration structure for these programmes are being implemented. This has provided focused development of tribals across all sectors.

7.5 Agencies Involved in Tribal Development

7.5.1 Tribal Development Agency

Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDAs) have been created for development of tribals in the tribal schedule areas. These agencies function predominantly in scheduled or agency areas in 8 of the 14 districts. These districts are Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, Khammam, Warangal, Karimnagar and Adilabad. These agencies are the nodal agencies for integrating all welfare and developmental programs for tribal development. They function under the umbrella of the Tribal Welfare Commissionerate at Hyderabad. The main schemes implemented include Minor Irrigation, Soil Conservation, Horticulture, Fisheries, Sericulture, health and infrastructure for social support services. Centrally sponsored schemes are being implemented to tackle special problems like malnutrition, adult literacy,

3


rehabilitation of shifting cultivation, etc. Since ITDAs are dealing with Minor Irrigation, it is important for the APCBTMP to network with ITDAs.

7.5.2 Modified Area Development Agencies

Modified Area Development Agencies (MADAs) have been established to look after the development and welfare programs of dispersed Tribal groups in the areas outside the Scheduled Areas or non ITDA districts. Like ITDA these also function under the umbrella of the Tribal Welfare Commissionerate at Hyderabad.

7.5.3 Tribal Cooperative Corporation

Tribal Cooperative Corporation (TRICOR) is established for channelizing institutional financing for Tribal Development. This also functions under the umbrella of the Tribal Welfare Commissionerate at Hyderabad.

7.5.4 Girijan Cooperative Corporation (GCC)Girijan Cooperative Corporation (GCC) has been established for providing

trade and market support to Tribals in marketing their products including Non-Timber Forest Produce. This organization with Head Quarters at Visakhapatnam enjoys monopoly in trade of NTFP in Tribal areas. Over a period of time, GCC has expanded its activities and now it also shoulders the responsibility of Public Distribution of essential commodities in Tribal areas and functions as a source of short-term credit for agriculture development.

The table under Anexure 1 gives the districts and the agencies working in these districts along with the population.

7.6 Programmes for Tribal Development7.6.1 Jawahar Gram Samruddhi Yojana

This scheme launched in 1999 aims to enable the village community to strengthen the village infrastructure through creation of durable assets as per the local needs but also to gainful employment to rural poor. The gram sabha accords approval to conform to the felt needs of schemes given to SC/ST families living below poverty line and physically handicapped persons. Besides, in selection of the works, preference is given to woks in the areas inhabited by the SC/STs. Further 22.5% of the State budget is earmarked exclusively for the benefit of SC/STs.

7.6.2 Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS)This scheme seeks to provide additional wage employment opportunities

in the form of manual work to the rural poor living below the poverty line during period of acute shortage of wage employment. In the process, the effort is also to create durable community assets, which can provide sustainable employment. Minimum wages are paid under the scheme. While providing employment, preference is given to SC/STs and parents of child labor who were withdrawn from hazardous occupations and who are below the poverty line.

7.6.3 Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY)SGSY is a credit-cum-subsidy program. The activities that give the

beneficiaries an income of Rs. 2000/month, net of bank loan payment are identified. Subsidy is given so as to make it easy for the poor persons to start

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their own self-employment activities. An individual is given loan upto Rs. 50000 and SHGs upto Rs.3 lakh with any collateral. Subsidy is given at the rate of 30% of the project cost with a limit of Rs.10000 for SC/STs.

7.6.4 Community Forest ManagementUnder this programme local village level institutions called Vana

Samrakshana Samithies (VSSs) are formed in the forest areas. These VSSs are entitled to 100% share in timber and bamboo harvested from the regenerated degraded forests. 7.7 Socio-Economic Profile of Tribals

The total ST population in the State of Andhra Pradesh is 5.02 million (as per 2001 census). The state has the seventh largest ST population in the country with about 6.59 % of the total population. The growth rate of ST population in the state over 1991– 2001 is 19.6 %. In the 9 Scheduled Area districts, the ST population totals about 61% of the state’s ST population. The district wise ST population in the state is given in Annexure-7.1. Andhra Pradesh is the traditional home of nearly 33 ST communities. Most of these communities are found inhabiting in the border areas of the State in the north and north-east. The list of recognized ST in the state is given in Annexure-2. Literacy rate among ST is only 29%, compare to state level (58%). Female literacy rate is also low (18%) for ST as compared to state (39%).

The majority of ST population is dependent on agriculture either as cultivators or as agricultural labour. The distribution of ST households by farmer type according to the Agricultural Census 2000-01 is given below.

Farmer Type

No. of Holdings (in millions)

% of Total

Marginal 0.463 53.71Small 0.216 25.06Semi Medium

0.135 15.66

Medium 0.044 5.11Large 0.004 0.46Total 0.862 100.00

The tribal households in general are located in fringes of the forest. Their lands therefore, are undulated and rain fed. The tribal communities in general lack the knowledge and skill of improved agriculture and therefore continue to practice the traditional and subsistence agriculture. In the name of modern input, these farmers are using only improved seeds and in some cases urea. The proportion of irrigated land is only 13% among ST, which is much less than the state average of 38%.

7.8 The present study The Social and Environmental Assessment Study has covered 50 tanks on

a sample basis across the state. Apart from collecting information on tanks a household survey was also conducted on a sample basis. The following are the results of the analysis of the household survey.

Number of households surveyed in the study area.Tank Name District Sample

ST Sample % of ST

L.B. tank Redlakunta Adilabad 10 2 20.00Y.Kota Tank Kadapa 30 1 3.33Ramanna Kunta near Kadapa 10 2 20.00

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Dharmavagu (V) Gudepu Cheru Chinlacon(v) Karimnag

ar15 1 6.67

Teegalchru project Pochampalli(V)

Karimnagar

20 9 45.00

Kattalamadugu Cheruvu at Polaram (V)

Karimnagar

10 2 20.00

Regulagandi Vagu project Khammam

19 16 84.21

Vengalrayasagar Khammam

31 3 9.68

Annadaivam Khammam

19 6 31.58

Bhavansi & Utavagu Cheruvu Kurnool 30 11 36.67Ora Chruvu Dharmaram Nalgonda 15 1 6.67RF channel of Vemuloor Project Nalgonda 15 5 33.33Pothangal Vagu Project - Pothangal

Nizamabad

20 2 10.00

Karedu tank Prakasam 30 5 16.67Damodarasagaram Tank Srikakula

m10 1 10.00

Rangaiah Cheruvu Warangal 20 13 65.00Erramreddypally tank Kadapa 10 1 10.00Total 314 81 25.80

Out of 50 sample tanks selected for the ESA study, 17 tanks had the presence of STs. Out the total of 886 households surveyed in the 50 tanks, 81 were the ST households, accounting for 9% of the whole sample. In the 17 tanks, a total of 314 households were surveyed, in which 25% of them (81 hh) are ST households. Household survey indicated that, male and female literacy is 26% and 63% respectively. A majority (24 out of the 41) of the farmers in the head reach are marginal. The only 2 large farmers are in the tail end. However, 86% of the ST farmers are marginal and small.

Only 73 out of 81 ST households own wetland; 38% households own less than 1 acre of land and 29% own between 1 and 2 acres. 23 out of 81 ST families own dry land and a majority of them (52%) are marginal with holdings less than one acre. Though the ST farmers grow a variety of crops including traditional millets, etc. most (90%) have shown a preference to growing paddy. More than 62% of the ST farmers are burdened with agricultural debt. Of those 26 ST farmers who have agricultural pump sets, 96% are getting free power. Only 2% ST farmers realize that they are members of the WUA.

7.9 Issues The issues emerged during the field survey and focus group discussions

are: a) inadequate awareness about WUA functions, byelaws etc; b) lack of concern for the water and socio-economic needs of the tribals in the command area; c) inability to pay operation and maintenance cost. Also owing to inadequate access to institutional credit, farm inputs and agricultural extension services and limited exposure to markets; and d) poor leadership qualities and inadequate representation/ participation in decision-making. These issues may be broadly categorized as follows:

Project Related Issues General Issues Representation in WUA and its’ executive

committee Participation in TIMP preparation and

implementation Low awareness levels, including on water

management practices Irregular/inadequate availability of water

Illiteracy and low education levels Poor housing condition and

infrastructure Poor Health and Hygienic Conditions

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Conflicts with other tank users/villages Low returns from agriculture and allied

activities Poor economic condition not permitting them to

contribute towards tank restoration Poor access to farm inputs and agricultural

extension

7.10 Tribal Development Strategy

7.10.1 IntroductionThe data presented from the household surveys illustrates that despite

constitutional safeguards, various policy provisions and regulations and different development programmes being implemented in the state, tribals continue to remain backward and poor. Keeping in view these problems and issues (discussed in the earlier sections), which have evolved overtime and to remove the socio-economic constraints faced by them, there is a need for tribal development strategy and tribal development plan as part of the APCBTMP to address the issues specific to the proposed tank management project.

This being a project focusing only on minor irrigation tanks, it would be unrealistic to assume that all issues mentioned, in earlier section, will be addressed by the project. Especially, when there are several programs of GoAP and GOI addressing most of these issues, it would be a right approach that the project aims at creating implementation strategies to dovetail such development programs for the benefits of the tribals of sub-project areas. However, the project would focus on issues that are directly related to the tribals accessing project benefits. Thus the bottom line is to ensure equitable opportunities for tribals to get the benefit of the project.

7.10.2 ObjectivesWhile the main objective of the strategy is to provide for and ensure that the

benefits of the projects are accessible to the tribals, at par with the rest of the community, the specific objectives are:

Ensure participation of the tribal WUA members in the preparation and implementation of the TIMP

Support tribal to enhance their accessibility to project benefits, at least at par with other stakeholders

Ensure that tribals take active part in the tank management activities Ensure that tribals follow water management practices so that their

returns from the tank is increased

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Strategy for addressing tribal issuesIdentified Issue Strategy to Deal with the Issue Activities to Implement Strategy Agencies

Responsible for Implementation

Representation in WUA and its’ Managing Committee (MC)

Representation of tribals as per the Act to be ensured . Encourage tribal representation in sub-committees

Awareness generation on the provisions of APFIMS Act with regard to tribal representation WUA, SO, DPU, PMU

Frequent meetings with WUA members sensitizing them on tribal representation in WUA sub-committee

Encourage more representation in the sub-committees and periodical review of tribal participation

Educate WUA the need for involving tribals in the WUA activities Organize leadership building program among tribals

Low Awareness Levels IEC strategy to focus on tribals issues and their participation Prepare IEC material using folklore/folk dances WUA, SO, DPU, PMU Organize film shows Frequent meetings with tribals using PRA methods for awareness creation

Exposure visitsParticipation in TIMP Preparation

Educate WUA to seek participation of tribals in TIMP preparation Inculcate leadership qualities through trainings and exposure visits

Frequent meetings and interactions with tribals WUA, SO, DPU, PMU Training on leadership qualities and organizational development for tribals

Exposure visits to tanks where TIMPs have been prepared/implemented

Training on TIMP preparationInability to contribute 5% towards tank restoration works due to poverty

Educate people on the need to contribute and the benefits that will be accrued

Reduce the upfront cash contribution from 5% to 2.5%

Convince WUA on reduced upfront contribution by tribal and agree on the remaining contribution in the shape of labour

WUA, SO, DPU, PMU

Mobilize 2.5% cash contribution by tribal Organize tribal to contribute to match their contribution in tank restoration.

Provide wage employment, on preferential basis, in tank restoration work to help them contribute to restoration works

Inability to contribute cash towards tank O&M due to poverty


WUA to accept O&M cost in kind form

Awareness generation on the need for O&M WUA, SO, DPU, PMU Convince WUA to accept O&M cost in kind form Mobilize tribals for pay O&M in kind (labour) Provide wage employment, on preferential basis, in tank restoration work to help them contribute to O&M

Involve tribal WUA members in water distribution

Low returns from agriculture and allied activities

Promote improved practices in agriculture and allied activities and dovetail with on going programs.

Credit Support for tribals through WUA livelihood fund WUA, SO, DPU, PMU,

Dept. of Agriculture, Animal

Husbandry, Fisheries, etc.

Conduct crop demonstrations on improved farming; one demo plot for tribals exclusively Organize training on improved farm practices and water management practices

Formation of tribal farmer CIGs under agribusiness component; Promote group marketing of farm produce.

Ensure supply of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and technical know how in coordination with line departments and credit agencies

Organize exposure trips to progressive agricultural farms and research stations

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Identified Issue Strategy to Deal with the Issue Activities to Implement Strategy Agencies Responsible for

Provide access to livelihood fund available under the component III of the project

Lack of Entrepreneurship

Encourage individual/ group activities for income generation Employment in project construction activities and O&M work on

preferential basis

Encourage tribal groups to take up small contracts (petty works) within TIMP WUA, SO, DPU, PMU, DIC,

Animal Husbandry Dept., etc.

Identify educated unemployed youth for working as lead farmers and WUA level functionaries

Promote animal husbandry – breed improvement, animal health and fodder development.

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Apart from the issues (related to the project) identified that need to be addressed under the project, there are some general issues such as: a) Illiteracy and low education levels, b) Poor housing and social infrastructure, c) Poor health and hygienic conditions, d) poor economic conditions. These issues would be addressed by establishing linkages with the respective departments and coordinated by WUA, SO, DPU and other concerned agencies and promote dove tailing their projects and programmes.

7.10.3 Tribal development through Project Cycle For the purpose of brevity, a combination of strategies and actions mentioned above are linked to the five stages of the project cycle; identification, pre-planning, planning, implementation and post-implementation.

a) IdentificationProject identification is the most critical stage in the project cycle. Typically, project identification phase is characterized by over-emphasis on technical activities, resulting in lack of enthusiasm of the tribals to participate at this level. At this stage, creating awarenss to the tribals will enhance their participation in the sub-project. To create awareness some specific activities need to be carried out, which may include:1. Preparation of IEC material using folklore/folk dances, 2. Organize film shows, 3. Frequent meetings with tribals using PRA methods and 4. Exposure visits.

To ensure proper awareness, the programmes need to be well designed and properly structured by tribal development specialists.

At this stage, it is necessary to ensure that the tribal representation is adequate in the WUA for which specific activities to be carried out include:1. Awareness generation on the provisions of APFIMS Act with regard to tribal

representation2. Frequent meetings with WUA members sensitizing them on tribal

representation in WUA executive committee3. Encourage more representation in the sub-committees4. Periodical review of tribal participation5. Educate WUA on the need to involve tribals in the WUA activities and 6. Organize leadership building program among tribals.

b) Pre-planning StageThe important requirement during this stage is the need to involve all tribals in the preparation of TIMP enabling them to participate in the decision making process and contribute towards the proposed project interventions. This could be addressed through specific activities like:1. Frequent meetings and interactions with tribals2. Training on leadership qualities and organizational development for tribals3. Exposure visits to tanks where TIMPs have been prepared/implemented and 4. Training on TIMP preparation

The aim is to ensure that all tribal stakeholders participate in the preparation TIMP and encourage them to make contribution willingly to project formulation.

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c) Planning StageClear and well defined participation of tribals is an essential during planning stage. The study reveals that they do not have the financial muscle to contribute to the tank restoration costs. At this stage, the key activities need to be taken up include activites such as:1. Convince WUA on reduced upfront contribution by tribal and agree on the

remaining contribution in the shape of labour2. Mobilize 2.5% cash contribution by tribal3. Organize tribal to contribute to match their contribution in tank restoration

and 4. Provide wage employment, on preferential basis, in tank restoration work to

help them contribute to restoration works.

d) Implementation StageAt the implementation phase, the primary task would be to ensure that the tribal get involved in project construction activities and avail wage employment opportunities available during civil works. To help tribal families overcome their low returns from agriculture and help them develop entrepreneurship, activities that need to be carried out include:1. Encouraging eco friendly supplementary irrigation systems, like drip

irrigation, micro irrigation, etc.2. Linking to Banks for getting credit for micro irrigation3. Conducting crop demonstrations on improved farming4. Organizing training on improved farm practices and water management

practices5. Promoting group marketing of farm produce6. Ensuring supply of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and technical know how in

coordination with line departments and credit agencies7. Organizing exposure trips for tribals to progressive agricultural farms and

research stations and 8. Providing access to livelihood fund of the project – specific budgetary

provisions need to build for the benefit of tribal groups of the tank community

The lack of awareness issues can be addressed through:1. Identifying suitable micro enterprises and impart required skills2. Encouraging tribal groups to take up petty works within TIMP3. Identifying educated unemployed youth for job oriented skill training

programs, tying up with DICs and NGOs, and public agencies and4. Promoting animal husbandry: sheep, goats, cows and buffaloes by improving

access to ‘livelihood fund’, of the project and/or tying up with the government schemes and institutional credit.

e) Post Implementation StageWhen the physical activities of the project have been completed, the O&M of the restored tank starts, it is important that the interests of all the stakeholders are sustained during the post implementation stage through collection of O&M charges from the users. But the study reveals that the tribals do not have the ability to pay for O&M. To overcome this, the actions that need to be initiated are:1. Awareness generation on the need for O&M2. Convince WUA tribal members to accept O&M cost in kind form3. Develop thrift habit to save money to pay for O&M

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4. Provide wage employment, on preferential basis, in tank restoration work to help them contribute to O&M and

5. Involve tribal WUA members in water distribution

7.11 Tribal Development Plans7.11.1 Preparation and Implementation

The project will asses the status of tribals in the sub-project in order to identift their issues related to the project and prepare the Tribal Development Plan (TDP) at the tank level. The decision on preparation of a tank specific TDP will be based on the % availability of tribals in a tank system as specified below.

For tanks where more than 50% WUA members are tribal, TIMP itself will be a TDP

For tanks where 10-50% WUA members are tribal TIMP will have TDP as a specific component

For tanks where less than 10% WUA members are tribal, it is expected that they are mainstreamed and therefore there is no need to prepare TDP in such sub-projects.

TDP will form an integral part of the TIMP as per the above strategy and its implementation will be synchronized with other project interventions at WUA level. The responsibility of approving TIMP as part of sub-project Plan will be with the DPU. The DPU will ensure that TDPs conform to the agreed IP Development Strategy of the project. At the PMU level the Institutional Development Unit is responsible to provide necessary guidance and monitor the preparation and implementation of tank specific TDP.

7.12 Institutional arrangement The Tribal Development Plan as an integral component of the TIMP will be

implemented as per the institutional arrangement agreed for RAP implementation. However, to ensure culturally appropriate focus on tribal development, all project staff and SO functionaries will be provided with training on this matter. Specific training programmes will be organized for WUA members on aspects related to planning and implementation of TDP. Convergence with the on-going tribal development projects and schemes will be coordinated through the DPU.

7.13 Monitoring and EvaluationThe project would integrate monitoring of tribal development in the overall

project level M & E design and also undertake in-depth periodic assessment to review the progress and outcomes.

7.14 BudgetThe Budget for implementing this strategy at the tank level will be built into the overall budget of the TIMP. For each tank where TDP is applicable specifically, in areas where the tribal population is less than 50%, a provision of Rs. 50,000/- is made available from livelihood funds for exclusively for the benefit of tribals. This does not necessarily exclude them from accessing the other programme funds under the project.

7.15 Model Plan

Annex 7.3 presents the model Tribal Development Plan.

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Chapter 8Gender Strategy and Action Plan

8.1 Introduction

Women form one of the important user groups of tank not only for drinking, washing but also for livestock and irrigation. They thus need to be part of tank management. However, women are traditionally disadvantaged in relation to meaningful participation in public forum and collective management bodies especially where male and people from higher social groups are present. This leads to further marginalization of women. The study thus focused on understanding the role of women in tank management.

Legal Provisions in the APFMIS Act, 1997.

The government of Andhra Pradesh has made following legal provisions in the APFMIS Act, 1997 (with updated amendments, till 2003) to facilitate women participation in water management, covering major, medium and minor irrigation. The Act, enables any landholder, including women, to become a member of the WUA and that member will have voting rights. In the recent amendment (2003) the Act provides for women nomination from the Gram Panchayat to the Managing Committee of the WUA of minor irrigation, but without voting rights9.

8.2 Current Status in study tanks:

a) Women are not represented in managing committees in 95% of tanks.

b) Membership of women headed households was found only in one tank.

c) Women’s role is confined to voting purpose only. Their views are rarely considered in any WUA meetings. Their constraints have generally remained unaddressed in tank rehabilitation and repairs; e.g., construction of cloth washing stone steps near the sluice, or near the surplus weir, arrangement for drinking water for cattle, etc.

d) Women have no role in tank rehabilitation, repairs, and maintenance. Their awareness about the Operation and Maintenance of tank is also very low as observed in the focus group discussion.

e) No preferential or explicit privileges are available to women in tank areas either for irrigation, cultivation or common land use.

9 a) The article 3 (4)(i) enables all water users who are landholders (men or woman) in water users area to

become members in the WUA. Further, sub clause (iii) enables these members (men or woman) to become members of the General Body of the WUA and to get elected for any its positions.

b) The Article 3 (4) (v) provides these members (men or women) voting rights during the elections. c) The article 4 (1) (with amendments in 2003), makes a provision for one women to be nominated by

the Gram Panchayat as member of the Managing Committee of the WUA of minor irrigation, without voting rights.

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f) The existing women’s self-help groups in AP do not play any role in the tank related activities, wherever WUAs are formed and functional in some form.

g) The household survey identified 5% women headed households. Among these, 65% women are practicing agriculture and/or agriculture labour work.

h) Apart from the representation issues, it is observed that in many cases that women’s knowledge about agriculture operations, cattle management, issues relating to production and productivity is limited. This is not the case of only women but the same holds true for marginal and small farmers also.

8.3. Identification of gender concerns

The field study of 50 tanks identifies women’s involvement in tank management as one of the important concern. The specific issues identified by the study are –

1. Lack of representation of women in WUA 2. Poor participation of women in tank management3. Lack of awareness on WUA roles and responsibilities 4. Inadequate returns from tank based livelihoods due to lack of

access to knowledge and skills relating to tank based livelihoods 5. Inadequate/no facilitation for involvement of women in tank

management

8.4. Gender Action Plan

The project will focus on addressing the concerns emerged from the field study. The efforts will be made to encourage and equip women to participate effectively in tank management. Measures for this purpose will be taken up not only at tank level but also at the DPU and PMU level. The following sections present the details of action plan starting from objectives.

8.5. Objectives

The proposed gender action plan has the following objectives:

1. To increase involvement of women in tank system management 2. To integrate women’s strategic and practical gender needs in TIMP

planning and implementation.

8.6. The Approach The project will aim at creating gender sensitive environment in minor

irrigation. It will thus take up measures to promote the interests of women and to ensure gender equity in governance and decision-making processes

AP has a huge Women SHG network bringing about 50 lakh women under the organized group. Use of the women’s capacities built will be used in tank management with a focus on their participation in tank management as well as on productivity enhancement for tank based livelihoods .

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Major thrust will be given to fulfill women’s practical needs, as majority of time spent on these activities leads to reduction in women’s potential to contribute to expanded economic activity through integrated water resource management strategy. Simultaneously, actions will be planned to increase the capacity of women by providing opportunities for empowerment- thus bringing in equity in access to and control of resources and benefits and increased self-confidence among women.

All actions will encompass a gender perspective on recognition of women’s status, rights, access and control over natural resources. Women headed of households will receive priority in services provided to farmers through the Project. In all activities supported through project funds, it will be stipulated that women receive equal pay for equal work and are part of contractual obligations.

8.7. Implementation Strategy

The proposed measures for mainstreaming gender concerns are divided in two parts viz. facilitation of process within the current ambit of provisions of APFMIS Act and actions to be planned leading to amendments in Act. The project needs to focus on the first set of actions which can be implemented right from the planning stage. Other set of actions will take slightly longer time and actions relating to these can be initiated at the state level.

The strategies, activities and responsibility centres are presented below in Table 8.1.

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Table 8.1: Strategies and activities under Gender Action Plan Strategy Activities Responsibility Linkages

with relevant

departments

Sensitization of staff Orientation of project staff and support organizations on gender aspects and the project approach

PMU

Implementation of provisions of Act for women’s representation in WUA

Co-option of women GP members in WUA Managing Committee

Leadership development training, orientation on WUA roles and responsibilities

Encourage women to contest WUA elections

SO

Facilitate a process of encouraging women’s representation by encouraging women to contest the WUA elections

Create awareness about tank management operations, role of WUA – members and managing committee in tank management

Provide skills training relating to tank based livelihoods to improve technical knowledge of women

Leadership development trainings for women

Exposure visits of women, trainings to women WUA members on WUA roles

Kalajata, film shows Orientation meetings for women on

project activities

Institutional Unit – DPU through SO

Use of gender sensitive tools for planning and M&L

Women’s transect, mapping and focus group discussions with women during TIMP

Institutional Unit – DPU through SO

Facilitate women’s participation in tank management

Facilitate consultations among WUA and SHGs for preferential treatment to women SHGs for civil work contracts for O&M, tank improvement etc

SO/WUA

Involvement of women in records maintenance

Encourage WUA to induct educated women for WUA record maintenance

Training to identified women members on record maintenance

WUA/ SO

Ensure gender equity Equal pay for equal works Contractor/DPU Provide need based support for

livelihood activities for improving in returns from tank based livelihoods

Exclusive support to women fish retail sellers for procurement of chiller boxes

Specific Training on cattle management

Agriculture- productivity enhancement trainings – Each tank will have one demonstration for women farmers

Activities like nursery raising, foreshore plantation, plantation of field bunds etc will be taken exclusively by women

Fodder development to be taken up women

Specific trainings to women on cattle management

SO Fisheries Dept

Krishi Vignyan Kendras

Social Forestry

Animal Husbandry Dept

Monitor women’s participation in planning and implementation

Monitoring of process of TIMP on gender aspects

Institutional Unit – DPU

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Strategy Activities Responsibility Linkages with

relevant departmen

tsprocess

Monitoring and Learning for Gender Differentiated Impact

Gender disaggregated statistics in MIS

Special studies on gender during project implementation

through SO

8.7.1. Long term actions needing amendments to the APFMIS Act

1. Under the revised Participatory Irrigation Management and water sector reforms, an important revision will be needed to include women on the decision making bodies to maximize beneficial impacts as well as achieve gender equity. Membership to the WUA will be on a household basis so that both men and women will be members and have the right to attend meetings and cast votes; and all women who are part of a household that is a WUA member will be able to stand for election (not just women who are property owners with a title) and hold office on the WUA managing committee and any subcommittee.

The membership changes have also been made under the community forest programme in Van Sarakshan Samities (VSS). Each household in the village has a maximum of two members in the VSS of whom one is a woman member. The management committee of VSS has fifteen elected representatives of VSS of whom at least 8 are women representatives The SC and ST have representation in the management committee at least in proportion to their households. Changes on these lines will be made in WUA to improve women’s involvement in tank management.

2. The WUA managing committee should have at least two women members to bring in gender equity.

8.8. Gender and Project Cycle Relationship

Gender mainstreaming planning and implementation will be spread over the entire project cycle viz; identification, pre-planning stage, planning stage, implementation stage and post-implementation stage.

Pre-planning stage

The focus in this stage will be on developing gender sensitive tools for use during TIMP planning and implementation. Orientation trainings to staff and Support Organisations will have sessions on the project approach of integrating gender concerns in planning and implementation. Development of gender sensitive tools for planning and implementation will be taken up by the PMU and DPU during this stage. Development of community focused training modules will also be taken up in the stage.

Planning stage

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Identification of women’s needs and integrating them in TIMP prioritization will be the major focus of work during this stage, For this purpose, transects, focus group discussions with women will be taken up. Exposure visits will be another important activity during this stage which will encourage women to participate in TIMP preparation.

Implementation Stage

The implementation stage ensures implementation of gender action plan at the field level. This includes trainings of women on specific skills, support to tank based livelihoods activities, facilitating women’s active participation in TIMP through appropriate scheduling of activities and events. Monitoring of gender action plan will be another important activity taken up during this stage. The implementation stage will focus on ensuring gender equity in field level activities including civil works. The DPU and SO will ensure that women labour get work opportunity in tank improvement and also receive equal wages for equal work.

Specific studies to gain experience on gender aspects and project implementation will be planned in this stage. This will help to bring in improvements through mid-course corrections.

Post implementation stage

The primary focus in this stage will be on monitoring the women’s participation in tank management, women’s involvement in tank based livelihoods and increase in returns from these. Identification of issues if any for post project sustainability will be done during this stage.

8.9. Institutional Arrangement

The project will facilitate the gender mainstreaming through the support organizations. The SO will identify activities for Women's participation and mobilization and will implement the same at tank level. Development of gender sensitive tools for planning as well as monitoring of gender aspects will be planned and implemented by the PMU and DPU.

8.10. Budget

The budget for gender mainstreaming actions is proposed to be incorporated in respective component budgets. Hence, no separate provision is mentioned here.

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Chapter 9Community Participation and the Need for Communication Strategy

9.1 IntroductionExtensive public consultations were held across stakeholder groups

including community members, government officials, leaders and socially vulnerable groups. The findings of the consultative process are summarized in the earlier section. Community participation is essential to ensure adherence to good tank management practices. A well planned communication strategy supported by training and capacity building efforts enable communities to internalize and adopt good tank management practices. Good communication strategy and proper tank management practices therefore, get invariably linked. The public consultation process is expected to be taken forward on an on-going basis and therefore, Communication Strategy and Activities as described in the following section forms a logical link to the Public Consultation Process.

9.2 Need for Communication Strategy This chapter also has a strong conceptual and methodological link to the

social issues identified in the Stakeholder Analysis Chapter and constitutes the platform for designing an appropriate Communication Strategy. The stakeholder analysis brought out the fact that stakeholder participation in tank management in its true sense is very passive and weak across the state. Tank is not treated as an eco-system either by the community or by the Minor Irrigation Department; rather it is considered as a resource to meet the livelihood and other demands of the communities. Therefore, creating awareness about efficient water use and water equity amongst community members needs to be given due consideration through behavioral modification, using appropriate communication strategy.

The need for designing an appropriate awareness building and communication strategy is rooted in the belief that by and large, community members are willing to participate in and contribute to the process of tank management on a voluntary basis, if their genuine interests are served by the institutions that are mandated to manage village level tank systems. In situations, where willingness to participate is not readily forthcoming it is critical for institutions to demonstrate their genuine conviction for peoples participation. This can be done by providing an enabling and supportive environment around grass root level institutions by providing appropriate opportunities and avenues for their participation. Skill building and behavior change efforts will yield results only if such efforts are preceded by providing a supportive institutional environment.

Stakeholders: Fact Sheet As described in Chapter 3 on Stakeholder Analysis, the pattern of

stakeholder interest in Andhra Pradesh is influenced by a variety of factors such as tank characteristics, agro-climatic zones of the tank system and the level of dependence of communities on the tank system. Similar to other resource systems, the profile of tank dependent stakeholders in the state is widely spread out: ranging from relatively resource rich command area farmers to seasonal tank bund cultivators (resource poor as well as influential encroachers), diverse interests - water spread encroachers, fisher folks, washer folks etc. Even

1


amongst the farmers who own cultivable land in the command area, their interest in the tank system varies depending on the area, size of the tank and availability of water and the degree of dependency.

WUAs: Fact Sheet WUA is the micro level water management structure that has been

formed in 1996 and positioned as a platform for promoting community participation in tank management and command area farmers by default are the members of WUA. This institution is mandated with the water distribution responsibility and address conflicts, if any. Conflict resolution, although perceived to be one of the responsibilities of the WUA, there is hardly any capacity with it to discharge such a responsibility. In most of the cases this is fulfilled by MID, more by compulsion rather than based on their genuine intention. Neerganti /Laskar are generally responsible for water distribution and their functioning is satisfactory to almost two thirds of the command area farmers. It has been observed that occurrence of conflicts are frequent. The nature of conflicts range from inequalities in water distribution, land area irrigated, disputes between various interest groups (framers vis-à-vis fisher folks), disagreements between head reach, middle reach and tail reach framers etc. There are also conflicts with MID on O&M of the tank and with Revenue departments on demand assessment and collection of irrigation charges.

Non-democratic functioning of some WUAs create obstacles for WUA members to fully participate in the tank management and this has implications on improving communication within WUAs and between the department and WUAs.

Since tank system is a mosaic of various socio-cultural-economic and ecological systems, it is a prerequisite to involve key departments such as Forest, Minor Irrigation, Revenue, Fisheries, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry and make them aware of the proposed project interventions.

9.3 Current Communication Practices The Stakeholder Analysis reveals that though the communication amongst

various stakeholders is scanty, some of the current communication practices given below could also be used. They are: i) Public Announcements by WUAs/Panchayats/MID ii) Spreading messages through Neeraganti iii) Announcement through Dandora (Traditional village announcements) iv) Public Notices particularly on irrigation.

The current communication practices are apparently inadequate and do not have the desired reach. This gives room to misconceptions as well as mis-information by vested interests which affect the very spirit of participatory irrigation management. Therefore, there is a need to design and implement a communication strategy to encourage public participation, particularly the involvement of WUAs in planning and implementing proposed project interventions as well as to take full responsibility for operation and maintenance of tank system during the post-implementation stage.

2


9.4 Key Issues influencing Communication Strategy Based on the analysis in the previous sections, and in the absence of a well

structured communication strategy, it can be safely concluded that there exists a wide gap between what is required to be done (in terms of effectively reaching out to community members) and the current communication practices. In summary, the key issues and problems that need to be addressed through a well-designed communication strategy are: Inadequate recognition about tank as an integral part of the village eco-

system Inadequate understanding regarding efficient water use Poor appreciation about water equity issues amongst community members Widespread tank encroachment and lack of regulatory mechanisms Poor appreciation of the need to support those who might get affected as a

result of the proposed project interventions Competing interests of various stakeholders leading to frequent conflicts Poor conflict resolution by tank management institutions Lack of opportunities for various stakeholders to participate in WUA, resulting

in their passive attitude towards tank management Lack of active involvement of other departments such as Forest, Revenue,

Fisheries, Agriculture, and Animal Husbandry.

9.5 Objectives of the Communication Strategy To address the above key issues and gaps in communication, a

communication strategy is prepared with the following objectives: To create a shared understanding of tank system and its influence on the

social life of the community To build and strengthen the ‘readiness levels’ of WUAs to undertake proposed

project interventions To ensure that WUAs involve all stakeholders, particularly those who are

vulnerable and resource poor To educate WUAs on the benefits of collaborating with MID and relevant

agencies To sensitize the staff of MID and other institutions relevant to tank

development and management on their roles and responsibilities To orient WUAs and other institutions to identify and address, social and

environmental issues associated with the project To educate and orient WUAs on tank management and O&M

3


9.6 Approach and Strategy Considering the nature of multiple stakeholders in the village tank system,

the key to effective communication strategy is to design and implement an issue-focused approach. However, the communication strategy that is detailed below is only generic in nature and not tank-specific or village specific. The implication of this is that the generic nature of the design allows flexibility in implementation by incorporating region-specific and community-specific variations. Influencing behavior and information dissemination also becomes an integral part of the strategy. The project in the first year will develop a specific communication plan focusing on the issues relating to community based minor irrigation tank system management.

9.7 Communication Activities

A blend of communication options (tools and activities) as described below will be deployed to increase outreach, depending on the situational suitability. Based on the nature of communication activities, they are grouped under three broad categories: i) inter-personal ii) small group and iii) mass based.

Inter-personal Activities

face-to-face interactions house hold visits training (and coaching) programs exposure visits

Small group Activities village meetings group interactions training programs exposure visits competitions in schools expert talks stage shows fun-based activities such as quizzing, magic shows etc. instituting awards to WUAs for efficient water use practices and for best

conflict management WUA, best eco-friendly tank etc. popularizing best practices through demonstration visits, guided trips etc.

Mass based Activities print media insertions electronic media advertisements (TV, radio) Dramas, plays and stage shows documenting success stories folklore narration and leveraging the reach and popularity of folk-media brochures and information material (e.g. R&R entitlement matrix, Tribal

Development Strategy) Campaigns

The Communication Objectives, corresponding strategy, activities and responsibilities with other departments are presented below:

4


Objectives Strategy Activities Responsibility Linkages with relevant departments

Shared understanding of the tank system and its influence on social life

Focused mass communication

Intense campaign through household visits

Awareness building among specific groups: women, children

Village Meetings

WUA Meetings Talks by

Experts/Resource persons

Awareness building

Training workshops,

Quiz shows Film shows Exposure Visits Folk-lore/

dances (janapata geetalu/janapata nrutyalu)

Tank model presentations

Staging dramas during village festivals

Household visits Group

interactions with women

Fun activities for men and women around the tank

Brochures/ hand outs

TV/radio programs

WUA and its MC

SO DPU PMU MID PRIs

PR&RD Department

Agriculture Department

Animal Husbandry Department

Education Department

Build and strengthen ‘readiness levels’ of WUAs to undertake proposed project interventions

Awareness creation on proposed interventions

R&R entitlement Matrix

Tribal Development Strategy

Exposure visits to rehabilitated tanks

Talks by departmental experts

Cross community interactions

Film shows Dramas Folk-lore/

dances (janapata geetalu/janapata nrutyalu)

TV/radio programs

MID WUA

PR&RD Department

Revenue Department

Ensuring WUAs promote involvement of all stakeholders, particularly vulnerable and

Increased inter-personal communication

Focused village level campaigns

Stage shows Focused group

MID Revenue

Department

Forest Department


Fisheries Department

5



resource poor meetings with vulnerable groups

Mixed group interactions

Co-operative Department

Educating WUAs on the benefits of collaborating with MID and relevant agencies

Educating on the programs of the relevant agencies

Inter-group communication

Organizing visits of Experts from relevant agencies

Experience Sharing meetings

Workshops Procuring and

distributing information material of the relevant agencies

MID PR&RD

Department


Animal Husbandry Department

Forest Department

Sensitizing staff of MID and other institutions on their roles and responsibilities

Awareness building about the project

Inter-group communication

Interactive inter-departmental workshops

Government Circulars/Notices

FAQs on the project

Distributing material on the project

MID Revenue

Department

All relevant Departments

Orient WUAs and other institutions to identify and address social and environmental issues of the project

Awareness building

Sensitizing on social and environmental issues

Awareness building

Village Meetings

Talks by Experts/Resource persons

Quiz shows Film shows Exposure Visits Folk-lore/

dances (janapata geetalu/janapata nutyalu)

Staging dramas during village festivals

Group interactions

Fun activities for men and women around the tank

Preparing brochures/ hand outs

TV/radio programs

MID

Forest Department

SPCB Groundwater

Department Agriculture

Department

6



Educate and orient WUAs on tank management and O&M

Awareness creation

Training and Coaching

Cross community interactions

Display Charts on Do’s and Don’ts of O& M

Exposure visits

MID PMU

Revenue Department

9.8 Communication and Project Cycle Relationship For the purpose of brevity, a combination of communication options

discussed above is linked to the five phases of the project cycle viz; identification, pre-planning stage, planning stage, implementation stage and post-implementation stage.

IdentificationProject identification is the most critical stage in the project cycle.

Typically, project identification phase is characterized by over-emphasis on technical activities, resulting in lack of enthusiasm at key stakeholder levels. At this stage, maintenance of open communication with all stakeholders will enhance credibility of the project and ensure effective buy-in of all stakeholders. To maintain open communication some specific activities need to be carried out, which may include i) Village Meetings ii) WUA Meetings iii) Exposure Visits iv) Household visits and v) Panchayat Meetings. To ensure uniformity of information dissemination, messages need to be well designed and properly structured. Pre-planning Stage

The important requirement during this stage is the need to involve all stakeholders to enable them to contribute towards the proposed project interventions. Prioritization of the project activities by stakeholders through wide consultations and interactions will be important activities during this stage. This will directly address the stakeholder perception of lack of opportunities to participate.

Timely and credible communication is essential to ‘buy-in’ the community and WUAs. The existing formal and informal village communication networks could be utilized for consultations and to obtain feedback from the community on their priorities. The aim is to establish contacts with all stakeholders and encourage them to make contribution willingly to project formulation. A variety of communication activities can be deployed at this stage. They could be: i) Village Meetings ii) WUA Meetings iii) Talks by Experts/Resource persons

7


Planning Stage

Wider consultations become an essential ingredient of planning stage. The proposed project interventions require to be communicated to people. Organizing meetings with community members at common community locations can become one of the primary options here. Open areas around the tank are the most suitable locations for such meetings, because it influences instant emotional connectivity with water. Other communication tools that could be deployed are i) Village Meetings ii) Talks by Experts/Resource persons iii) Exposure Visits iv) Folk-lore/dances v) Group interactions vi) Fun activities for men and women around the tank and viii) Experience sharing. In addition, PRA techniques also could be adopted. Tank rejuvenation plans should be explained to the stakeholders and their feed back should be factored in before finalization.

Implementation Stage

At the implementation phase, the primary task would be to inform all stakeholders about the final shape of project interventions and plan of activities. Facts and figures, including financial implications need to be shared with people. Regular consultations through media and community gatherings, Panchayat and WUA level meetings would broad base communication options. Personal experience forms the best form of ‘demonstrative communication’. Therefore, the potential spin-off benefit of employment generation through project intervention could be used as an effective communication method to obtain commitment from the marginalized and resource poor stakeholder groups. Tools such as Government Circulars/Notices, Brochures on R&R Entitlement Matrix, Tribal Development Strategy, FAQs on the project and publication of other technical material can be effectively used in this phase.

Post Implementation Stage

When the physical activities of the project have been completed, it is important that the interests of all the stakeholders are sustained during the O&M stage, because at this stage actual benefits become visible. Sources of conflict may vary from perceived inequity and distributive injustice. The focus of communication then would be on equitable distribution of irrigation water, maintaining inter-group relations and O&M of the system. This necessitates that the interests of the stakeholders are sustained through regular meetings, exposure trips to similar successful projects, and cross community interactions. The WUA members, Neeradi and others must be exposed to various measures of conflict resolution, with specific focus on adopting non-punitive measures. Documentation of successful O&M practices and sharing them with others need to be considered.

9.9 Budget The budget is attached as Annex 9.1.

8


Chapter 10Additional Studies Required

Based on the key findings of this study, wide ranging consultations with different categories of people- ranging from user group leaders to researchers, following studies were identified as required for further understanding.

1. Assessment of PRI tanks: In case 66,175 tanks (85% of the total tanks in the state) managed by the Panchayat Raj Institutions (below 40 ha command) there is an urgency and high importance to assess the actual number of a) defunct, b) extent of actual use, c) encroachments, d) allocated for some other use, and e) physical condition. The study need to use geographical information system and satellite imageries to quickly estimate the status in practice. That would help to design a long-term strategy for rejuvenation of PRI tanks in the state.

2. Tank Atlas and MIS: The State should have a good atlas and

management information system (MIS) of all categories of tanks. MIS need to be linked to sub-division level offices, PRI offices and need to be updated on annual basis, and further link up to medium and major irrigation systems. This would help in better decision-making in integrated water resources management.

3. Potential of the rejuvenated tanks for generating environmental benefits and alternate livelihoods: There is an urgent and a critical need to assess the positive and negative benefits and to co-manage human well being as well as environmental requirements. This should be done across all the ecological zones of the state for longer time periods (>5 years). The results of such a study are not only beneficial in designing an environmentally benign tank restoration programme but also in finding suitable eco-tourism and other non-traditional tank based livelihoods.

1

Ap-tanks/sea/isec/Chapter 7/071206 2


ReferencesAgarwal, A and S. Narayan 1997, Dying Wisdom: Rise, Fall and Potential of India’s Traditional Water Harvesting

Systems, CSE, New Delhi.Batra, Sanjoli. 2004. A Comparative Study on Tanks in Western, Central and South India. Third IWMI-Tata

Annual Partners Meet. Anand, FebruaryChopra, K, and S.C.Gualati. 2001. Migration, Common Property Resources and Environmental Degradation:

Inter-linkages in India’s Arid and Semi-arid Regions’, Sage Publications, New Delhi.Dangbégnon, C., 2000. Governing local commons: What can be learned from the failures of Lake Aheme’s

institutions in Benin? 8th biennial conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Bloomington, Indiana, 31st may – 4th June 2000.

Deshpande, R. S and V. Ratna Reddy 1991, “Differential Impact of Watershed Based Technology: Some Analytical Issues” Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.XLVI, No. 2, April-June.

Geevan. C P and S. Bedamatta. 2005, “Factors Determining the Sustainability of Village Organizations and Institutions Promoted by Various NGOs”. Report submitted to AKRSP, Ahmedabad

GoAP 2003, 3rd Minor Irrigation Census, 2000-2001, Directorate of Ecoomics and Statistics, GoAP, HyderabadGomathinayagam, P. 2005. Two Decades of Tank Rehabilitation in India: Evaluating Sustainability of

Rehabilitation. Fourth IWMI-Tata Annual Partners Meet. Anand, February.ISEC-WWF-ICRISAT, 2006 Proceedings of National Workshop on Rejuvenating Tanks for Sustainable Livelihoods

– Emerging Trends, held on August 3-4, 2006 at ICRISAT, Hyderabad, Coordinated by the Centre for Ecological Economics and Natural Resources, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore.

Kumar, Ajay. 2004. Study of Physical and Institutional Aspects of Best Performing Tanks: A Case Study from Andhra Pradesh. Third IWMI-Tata Annual artners Meet. Anand, February.

MANAGE. (2000). Participatory Management of Manchal Watershed - Success and Failure, (Mimeo); Watershed programme funded by Drought-Prone Area Programme, Ranga Reddy district and facilitated by MANAGE, Hyderabad

North, D.C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Political economy of Institutions and Decision series, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press

Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons: the Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Political economy of Institutions and Decision series, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press

Raju, K. V. 2002. Participatory Irriagion Management in Andhra Pradesh: The way Forward in Users in Water Management . Eds Rakesh Hooja, Ganesh Pangare and K. V. Raju. Rawat Pu blications, New Delhi.

Raju,K. V. Gk. Karnath, MJ Bhende, D.Rajashekar,K.G.Gayathridev. 2003. Rejuvenating Tanks – A Socio-ecological approach, Books for change, Bangalore,

Ramakrishna, V.S., M. Osman, S.P. Wani, 2006. “Tank beds as source of livelihood for poor and need of policy support: in Proc..Natoinal workshop on Rejuvnating Tanks for Sustaninable livelihoods – Emerging Issues, WWF – ICRISAT, Hyderabad

Reddy, D.Narasimha 1998. “Irrigation Crisis in Indian Agriculture: A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh”, Paper presented at the Policy Dialogue on a National Emergency: the Crisis of Agriculture and Food Security, Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology, New Delhi, 3rd August, 1998.

Reddy, V.Ratna (2003). “Irrigation: Development and Reforms”, in Andhra Pradesh Development: Economic Reforms and Challenges Ahead, edited by C.H.Hanumantha Rao and S.Mahendra Dev, Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad.

Sakthivadivel, R., P. Gomathinayagam, and Tushaar Shah. 2004. Rejuvenating Irrigation Tanks through Local Institutions. Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 39, no. 31, 31 July.

Sengupta, Nirmal. 1985. Irrigation: Traditional vs Modern, Economic and Political Weekly, special number, vol. 20, nos 45, 46, and 47, November

Shah, T. 2003. Management of Natural Resources, Bombay, Sir Dorabji Tata Trust.Shah,Tushaar and K.V. Raju. 1999. Rajasthan Minor Irrigation Tank Rehabilitation Project: Socio-Ecological and

1


Organisational Assessment. New Delhi: Swedish International Development Agency.Vaidyanathan A (ed) 2001. Tanks of South India. Center for Science and Environment, New Delhi.Vijayan VS, Narendra Prasad s, Vijayan L and S Muralidharan 2004. Inland wetlands of India.conservation

Priorities, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore

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Ap-tanks/sea/isec/Chapter 7/071206 3

AP-Tanks/ISEC/SEA/Annexure/081206

Annexure 1.1: List of 50 sample tanks

LIST OF REVIVAL / RESTORATION MINOR IRRIGATION WORKS FOR WORLD BANK PROJECTENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

Sl.No.

Name of the Scheme District Mandal Village Estimated Amount (Rs.Lakhs)

Ayacut in Acres

CategoryAyacut in ac

Agro-climatic zone

1 Restoration of L.B. tank Redlakunta near Yellareddipet(v) Adilabad Nirmal Yellareddipet 58.08 400 TYPE-1 400

North Telengana

2 Upgradation of Pedacheru Adilabad 148.00 350 TYPE-1 350

North Telengana

3 Providing lining to left and right side channels of Nunjerla tank Boomireddy pally(V)

Chittoor Yadamarri 58.25 778 TYPE-2 778

Southern Zone

4 a. Reconsstruction of sluices1,2,3 surplus weir and restoration of Madugulapalem tank 30.60 Lb. Restoration of Musilipadu small tank 11.70 L

Chittoor yerpedu 42.30 282 TYPE-1

282

Southern Zone

5 Providing positive cut off to the Thulaspuram Tank near T.K Puram (V) in Pichaturu (M)

Chittoor T.K. Puram 43.00 488 TYPE-1 488

Southern Zone

6 Improvements to Valagalamanda channels including CM&CD Works Chittoor Tottambedu 230.00 4010 TYPE-4 4010

Southern Zone

7 Improvements to Damalla Cheruvu supply channel Chittoor Pakala Pakala 54.50 782 TYPE-2 782

Southern Zone

8 Restoration of escape cum regulator and restoration of Y.Kota Tank feeding chain of tanks in Vobulavaripally

Kadapa Obulavaripally 80.50 3566 TYPE-4

3566

Southern Zone

9 Restoration of Mondikatta, Yellama Raju Tank Kadapa Chitvel 187.00 1247 TYPE-3 1247

Southern Zone

10 Restoration of D. Agraharam tank Kadapa B.Matam 45.00 150 TYPE-1 150

Scarce Rainfall zone

11 Improvements to Ramanna Kunta near Dharmavagu (V) Kadapa

Mylavaram

76.50 254 TYPE-1SR


A. 1


12 Restoration of R/F IC with C.C Lining for Keshavapatam vagu canal Kalwala (V)

Karimnagar Shankarapatnam, 86.19 2030 TYPE-4 2030

North Telengana

13 Restoration of Gudepu Cheru Chinlacon(v) Karimnagar Kataram 296.50 781 TYPE-2 781

North Telengana

14 Restoration of Teegalchru project Pochampalli(V) Karimnagar Malhar Rao 378.55 1050 TYPE-3 1050

North Telengana

15 Remodaling of Gudichruvu feeder channel from mallarm anicut a/c mulugu vagu near Vemulavada(V)

Karimnagar Vemulavada 91.20 636 TYPE-2 636

North Telengana

16 Rehabililtation & Modernisation of distributory system of Junglenala project Karimnagar Velgatoor Jagdevapeta 406.60 2711 TYPE-4 2711

North Telengana

17 Rrestoration of long breached tank Kattalamadugu Cheruvu at Polaram (V) Karimnagar Mahemutharam 39.00 300 TYPE-1 300

North Telengana

18 Restoration of Regulagandi Vagu project Khammam Munuguru 121.75 1500 TYPE-3 1500

High altitude & Tribal areas

19 Vengalrayasagar Khammam Chandrugonda Seethaigudem 2200 TYPE-4

Krishna Godavari zone

20 Khammam Chandrugonda Annadevam 1100 TYPE-3


21 Improvements to Hayyathkhan Tank, Uppalapadu (v) Kurnool Owk 78.07 242 TYPE-1 242


22 Renovation of Bhavansi & Utavagu Cheruvu near Ahobilam (V) Kurnool Allagadda 64.10 4000 TYPE-4 4000


23 Improvements to Vakkileru anicut and its channels near Kotakondukur (V)Kurnool

Allagadda

52.70 2500 TYPE-4SR


24 Construction on anicut a/c Burugu Cheruvu Mahboobnagar 83.00 553 TYPE-2

Southern Telengana

25 Restoration of LAB tank of balance work Nallalacheru Cheriyal(V) Medak Sangareddy 120.00 252 TYPE-1 252

Southern Telengana

26 Restoration of large tank Malkapur Medak 65.00 433 TYPE-1 433

North Telengana

A. 2


27 Restoration of laxminarayana chroo, konapur(v) Medak 60.00 400 TYPE-1 400

North Telengana

28 Extension of F/C from Buniyadgani Cheruvu Phahilwanpur (V) in Voligonda to feed ora Chruvu Dharmaram in Motkur (M) to feed Ooracheruvu M.I Tank in Voligonda & Atmakur (M), Dharmaram (M).

Nalgonda Motkur Dharmaram 930.00 5500 TYPE-2

5500

Southern Telengana

29 Remodelling and widening of Dharmareddy pally channel Nalgonda Voligonda Varkatpally 200.00 1333 TYPE-3

Southern Telengana

30 Remodelling and extension of RF channel of Vemuloor Project Nalgonda Mattampally Yathavakilla 100.00 667 TYPE-2


31 Improvements to Gudipadu tank in A.S peta (M) Nellore A.S Peta 93.46 1000 TYPE-3 1000

Southern Zone

32 Pothangal Vagu Project - Pothangal Nizamabad Ghandapur 78.00 1060 TYPE-3 1060

North Telengana

33 Improvements to Mogiligundala Tank Prakasam Talluru 73.00 300 TYPE-1

300Krishna Godavari zone

34 Improvements to Karedu anicut supply channel and system tanks in Ulavapadu (M)

Prakasam Ulavapadu 156.00 3293 TYPE-4 3293

Southern Zone

35 Excavation of feeder channel and construction of C.M & CD works to large tank, Shamirpet (V) & (M)

Ranga Reddy Shamirpet Shamirpet 500.00 2600 TYPE-4 2600

Southern Telengana

36 Improvements and repairs to R.F. Narayan Rao Channel from Narayan Rao Katwa to Banda Raviryal(V) Hayathnagar(M)

Ranga Reddy Hayathnagar Banda Raviryal 330.00 3025 TYPE-4

3025

Southern Telengana

37 Rachavani Tank Srikakulam Hiramandalam Peddasankili 181 TYPE-1 High altitude & Tribal areas

38 Damodarasagaram Tank Srikakulam Mandasa Devapuram 165 TYPE-1 North coastal39 Kalingadala Reservoir Srikakulam Mandasa Budarasingi 732 TYPE-2 North coastal40 Modernisation of Gabbeda and Duggada channels under ravanapally resorvoir Visakhapatnam Narsipatnam 250.00 4000 TYPE-4

4000North coastal

41 Anakapalli Ava System Tank Visakhapatnam Munagapaka Munagapaka 1139 TYPE-3 North coastal42 Cherlopala Channel Visakhapatnam Munagapaka Cherlopalem 1169 TYPE-3 North coastal

A. 3


43 Raising FTL and Improvements to Vijayarama sagaram tank Kondagangupudi(v)

Vizianagaram Vepada 150.60 1280 TYPE-3 1280

North coastal

44 Rayaningari tank and Eguvamallamma tank VizianagaramBobbili

Pakki 604 TYPE-2

High altitude & Tribal areas

45 Narsampet L.A.C . 1)Moderanisation of canal system under Large tank,Madannapet (v). 2) Modernisation of canal system under Rangaiah Cheruvu,Govindapur (v)

Warangal Narsampet 371.00 2000 TYPE-3

2000

North Telengana

46 2) Modernisation of canal system under Rangaiah Cheruvu,Govindapur (v) Warangal Nallabelly 249.00 1600 TYPE-31600

North Telengana

47 Improvements and repairs to MOHD. SNAW AZGHAR SHAWMAS ANICUT system (near Nadikude (V)) Narlapur (V)

Warangal parkal 60.90 700 TYPE-2

700

North Telengana

48 Improvements to Vadlamani matt a/c Mutahram vagu Eduthula(v) Warangal Kodakondla 34.00 114 TYPE-1 114

Southern Telengana

49 Repairs to MI Tank Pedda cheruvu Warangal Hasanparthy Hasanparthy 30.00 803 TYPE-2 803

North Telengana

50 Improvements to Erramreddypally tank near Erramreddypalem(V). Pulivendula

85.00 430 TYPE-1SR


TOTAL 6656.75 66688

A. 4


Annexure 1.2: Profile of 50 Tanks

Please see separate volume

Annexure 1.3: Format for Household Survey

QUESTIONNAIRE

A. Sample DetailsCat/Type Marginal Small Medium LargeHead reachMiddle reachTail End

B. IdentificationQ No. Tank NameVillage Gram PanchayatMandal District

C. Household Profile1 Name of the Household Head2 HH sex: 1-Male/2-Female3 Religion: 1-Hindu/ 2-Muslim/ 3 - Christian/ 4-Others4 Caste: 1 - OC/ 2 - BC/3- SC/4 - ST5 Type of House 1 -Kutcha/ 2- Semi-pucca/ 3- Pucca

D. Family Members DetailsSex Total

PersonsHighest Education

No of earning members

Occupation/activities Remarks

1. Male

2. Female

1-Agriculture/ 2-Govt. employee/ 3-Pvt. Employee/ 4-Self employed (Auto, shop owner, etc) 5-Fisherman/ 6-Shepherd/ 7-Washerman/ 8-Brick Maker/ 9-Potter/ 10-Toddy tapper/ 11-Others (specify)

E. AssetS No Assets Nos S No Assets Nos1 Cycle 7 Television2 Plough 8 Telephone3 Bullock Cart 9 Fan4 Rickshaw 10 Motor Pumps5 Two Wheeler(Motor) 11 Four Wheeler6 Tractor 12 Others(specify)

F. Livestock ownedS No Item Nos1 Milch Animals (Buffaloes, Cows)2 Bullocks/Ox3 Sheep/Goat4 Poultry(Hens etc)5 Others (specify)

G. Land Holding Details (in acres and guntas)1. Total LandWet Land Dry Land Tenancy Land Remarks

2. Command AreaWet Land Dry Land Tenancy Land Remarks

Head reach Middle reachTail endTotal

3. Do you have / cultivate any land in the tank area without patta? 1 – Yes/ 2 – No If NO, goto G54. If YES, what is the extent (area): ________ acre _______ gunta

A. 5


5. Does HH have Membership in any of the following?TUA SHG DWACRA Others(specify)

H. Water Resourcesa. What is the major water source for irrigation?Source Kharif Rabi Summer RemarksOpen wellBore wellPondsTankStreamRivuletOthers(specify)

b. Can you recollect (if possible) what were the major sources 15 years back?1.2.3.

c. Pease give reasons for the shift/changes in water resources, if any?1.2.3.

I. Ground water detailsS No Description Option Response

1. Do you have bore wells for irrigation? 1-Yes/ 2-No If NO, goto I 122. If yes, how many? Nos.3. If yes, what is the relationship between tanks and

bore well?

4. Do you think that bore well should be encouraged in the CA?

1-Yes/ 2-No If NO, goto I 6

5. If yes what are the reasons?6. What is the total power bill per session? In Rs.7. Are you getting subsidized power? 1-Yes/ 2-No8. What is the quality of ground water? 1-Hard water/ 2-Saline/ 3-Good smell/ 4 – Good

Colour/ 5 – Do not know9. What is the present Depth of your Borewell? In fts.10. How many times have you gone for re-drilling

the bore in last 5 years?Nos

11. Pump set detailsCategory No of pump sets Remarks1 hp 2 hp3 hp

12. Do you sell/Buy water for irrigation?13. How much you charge/pay per acre per session? Rs________

J. Drinking Water DetailsS No Description Option Response1 Drinking water source 1 – MWS/ 2-PWS/ 3-Handpump/ 4-Openwell/ 5

– Tank2 Quality of water 1-Hard water/ 2-Saline/ 3-Good smell/ 4 – Good

Colour/ 5 – Do not know3 What is the level of scarcity in summer 1 - No scarcity/ 2-Moderate/ 3-Severe/ 4 -Very

severe4 Incidence of water borne diseases and

occurrence1-Rarely/ 2-Often/ 3-Quite Often

5 Water for livestock 1 – MWS/ 2-PWS/ 3-Handpump/ 4-Openwell/ 5 – Tank/ 6 – All the above

A. 6


K. Agriculture Relateda. Crops

S No Preferred crops in CA at Present Preferred crops in CA 15 years ago RemarksCrop Area

(acres)Yield (Kg/Acre)

Crop Area (acres)

Yield (Kg/acre)

1

2

3

4

b. Yield relatedS No Description Option/ Response1 Is it possible to increase the yields? 1-Yes/ 2-No If NO, goto c 12 If yes, what measures are required? 1

23 Which agency or institution can help to achieve this? 1

23

4 Were there any attempts made by these institutions? 1-Yes/ 2-No If NO, goto b 65 If yes, what were the results? 1-Good/ 2-Average/ 3-Poor6 Any instances of success in the past? 1-Yes/ 2-No If NO, goto c 17 If yes, please give details 1

2

c. Agro-practicesS No Description Option Response1 From where do you procure seeds? 1-Own/ 2-Other farmers/ 3-Open market/ 4-

Agricultura Extension Centers2 What do you use for preparing

field?1-Drag power/ 2-Machinary

d. AgrochemicalsS No Details Chemical Organic Remarks1 Fertilizers consumption per crop per season per acre (in

Kgs)2 Total consumption of fertilizers

3. What is the approximate total cost of fertilizer used? Rs _____________

4. Fertilizers used (Name) for each cropName of the crop Fertilizer used Remarks

5. From where fertilizers are procured?1- Market/ 2- Co-op. Society/ 3 – Extension counter/ 4 - Other (specify)

6. Pesticides consumption per crop per season per acre? ________ Liters

7. Pesticides used for each crop?Name of the crop Fertilizer used Remarks

8. What is the approximate total cost of pesticide used? Rs _____________9. From where fertilizers are procured?

1- Market/ 2- Co-op. Society/ 3 – Extension counter/ 4 - Other (specify)

e. Financial1. Have you taken any loans? 1-Yes/ 2-No If NO, goto f 12. If YES, from whom?

1 – Bank/ 2 – Money lender/ 3- SHG / 4– Relative/ 5 – Micro finance/ 6 – Other (specify)

3. What are the interest and other arrangements? Interest _________ Arrangement _________

A. 7


f. Crop sharing:1. Do you practice Crop sharing? 1-Yes/ 2-No If NO, goto L 12. If Yes, with whom?

1-Farmers having land in head reach/ 2- Farmers having the land in Middle reach/ 3-Others (specify) 3. What is the arrangement (sharing etc)? _______________4. Is this arrangement will be regular? 1- Continuous/ 2- Once in a year/ 3 – Need based

L. Supply of tank water detailsS No Description Option Response1 Are you aware who get tank water first for irrigation 1-Head/ 2-Middle/ 3-Tail2 Who decides the supply? 1-TUA/ 2-Panchayat/ 3-MI3 Who implements this? 1-Hereditary Neerganti/ 2-MI/ 3 -

officials/ 4-Temporary waterman4 How water is supplied from tank? 1-Simulaneously/ 2-Phase wise5 Who resolves conflicts regarding tank water supply? 1-TUA/ 2-Panchayat/ 3-MI6 What are the measures taken to control the conflicts? 1-Fines/ 2-Restriction on water

consumption / 3-Social boycott/ 4 – Others (specify)

7 Do you have any agreements over water sharing/distribution?

1-Tayabandi/ 2-Formal/ 3-Informal/ Others (specify)

8 When was the last incidence of conflict? 1 – One month ago/ 2- Six months ago/ 3- One year ago/ 4 – Two years ago

9 What was the reason for conflict?

M. Institution S No Description Option Response1 Are you a member of TUA? 1-Yes/ 2-No If NO, goto M 32 What is your role?3 Are you willing to participate in TUA 1-Yes/ 2-No4 How TUA committee is formed? 1-Nomination/ 2-Election5 Is there any need for change in TUA? 1-Yes/ 2-No If NO, goto M 76 If YES, what kind of changes required 1-Representation/ 2-Membership/ 3-Elected period/

4-Tariff collection system7 Does it have representation of all farmers of

CA(BC/SC/ST/PTG/Women)1-Yes/ 2-No If NO, goto M 9

8 If no, what sections were ignored9 Is there a need to involve other stakeholders in TUA? 1-Yes/ 2-No If NO, goto M 1110 If YES, Who should be included?11 What is your perception about TUA? 1 – Highly efficient/ 2 – Efficient/ 3- Inefficient / 4

– Can’t say12 Any suggestions for better working of TUAs 1.

2.3.

1314 Does Panchayat have any role in TUA 1-Yes/ 2-No If NO, goto M 1615 If YES, what is the role?16 If NO, do you envisage any role for Panchayat in

TUA?17 How is Neeraganti working? 1 – Highly efficient/ 2 – Efficient/ 3- Inefficient / 4-

Prone to influence/ 5-He can’t/ 6-Other18 What is your perception about Panchayat? 1 – Highly efficient/ 2 – Efficient/ 3- Inefficient / 4

– Can’t say19 Does Minor Irrigation Dept.(MI) have any role in TUA 1-Yes/ 2-No If NO, goto M 2120 If YES, what is the role?21 If NO, do you envisage any role for MI in TUA?22 What role you envisage for MI?23 What is your perception about MI? 1 – Highly efficient/ 2 – Efficient/ 3- Inefficient / 4

– Can’t say24 Are you aware of Tank water user charges? 1-Yes/ 2-No If NO, goto M 2825 If YES, how much you pay? Per acre per session26 Who collects these?27 How efficient is the collection agency? 1 – Highly efficient/ 2 – Efficient/ 3- Inefficient / 4

– Can’t say28 If NO, what are the reasons?

N. User ChargesWillingness to contribute for the tank restoration

A. 8


S No Description Option Response1 Are you willing to contribute to tank

restoration? 1- Yes/ 2- No If NO, goto N 3

2 If yes cash or kind? How much? Start from Rs 10,0003 If no why? Reasons4 Should other stakeholders also contribute

like fisher folks, washermen, shepherds?1- Yes/ 2- No

5 Who should take care of the tank after it is restored

1- TUA/ 2- Command Area farmers/ 3- All the stakeholders/ 4- Panchayat/ 5- MI dept./ 6- Other(specify)

6 Which parameters would be best indicators for good tank management?

1- Flow of water to tail enders/ 2- Timely supply of water/ 3- Equal distribution/ 4- Water levels in tank/ 5- TUA meetings/ 6- Participation in conflict/ 7 - Conflict resolution/ 8 – Participation in Grievance/ Grievance redressal/ 9 - Other(specify)

7. Are you willing to pay for the water you use form the tank? 1- Yes/ 2- No If NO, go to N 9(Investigator please explain and compare with approximate amount incurred like power bill/ water purchase etc.)8. If YES, how much per acre per season. Rs. _____________9. If NO, what are the reasons?

1 – Not interested/ 2 – Have own arrangement/ 3 – Already getting water from tank without payment/ 4 – Depend on rain/ 5 – Not confident about this/ 6 – Others (specify)

O. Environmental Aspect (Related to HH Lands)Water Conservation

At farming Are you familiar with any water conservation measures, like SRI PaddyHow to conserve the water particularly during the rabi cropAre there any varieties which require less amount water in comparisons? Have you grown any such varieties

For livestock Do you practice any water conservation measureAt households Where does the potable water is collected from

Where to the wastewater from household is released ?Does this water contaminate tank waters?

Soil Conservation Do you grow any special crop for soil conservation1 - cover crops/ 2 – terracing/ 3 – contour farming/ 4 – crop rotation/ 5 – Others (specify)

Name of the respondent Relationship with HH:Name of investigator: Date:Quality Control

A. 9


Annexure 4.1. Environmental safeguard policies of the World Bank , National Policies and State government. WB Policy Constitutional

ProvisionNational Policy State Environmental Protection Laws Proposed Measures

Environmental Assessment: OP 4.01, Article 48A of the

Directive Principles of State Policy – Protection of Environment by State

The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification,1994 Under the provisions of Environment (protection) Act 1986 and

National Environmental Policy (NEP), 2006

The national policies are applicable to the state also.

Para 3: Takes into account 1. Natural Environment (air, Water

and Land)

5.2.1 Land Degradation Action Points A, and E

5.2.5 II Ground Water. Action Points B, D, G, and J

5.2.5.III Wet lands. Action Points B, C and F

5.2.8 I: Air Pollution Action Points C D 5.2.8.II: Water Pollution Action Point F and MOEnF Notification S.O.2151 on “

Uniform Protocol on Water Quality Monitoring” Order, 2005.

1. APWALT Act 2002 with modifications 2005

2 A.P. Water (Prevention and Control of Water Pollution)

Act3. A.P. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act

A minimum threshold value such as ‘C’ or better water quality has to be ensured for projects involving Repair &rehabilitation of tanks.A periodic M&E to be put in place to ensure compliance.The state pollution control board, wild life and Fisheries dept of GOAP along with Irrigation and soil conservation depts to form a joint panel to ensure the policy prescriptions in vogue.

Para 7: Depending on the project, Range of Instruments can be used/ one or more or elements of them applied as appropriate, viz.

a) EIAb) Regional or Sectoral EA, E Audit,

Risk Assessment, EMP

EIA Notification 1994 Applicable to the state As a part of the SIESA study, EMP has been prepared for implementation.. Environmental Impact Assessment format and indicators will be part of the output of the study for use by the project.

Para 8: Classifies projects into a) Category Ab) Category Bc) Category C, and d) Category FI

EIA Notification 1994 lists types of projects requiring EIA, EMP ,Public hearing.

Applicable to state also The tank irrigation project does not necessarily fall in Category B. However, as a precautionary measure, actions applicable for Cate B projects are beling planned by

A. 10


I&CAD. Criteria for Environmental screening are being proposed for sub project selection as part of ESA study

Para 8 (b) For Category B, thenEA examines potential negative and positive impacts and recommends measures to mitigate adverse impacts and improve environmental performance.Findings and results of EA for Category B set out in separate report. Depending on the impact and magnitude, this report may include EIA, Environmental mitigation or management plant, EU etc. For Category B projects non in environmentally sensitive areas, alternative approaches may be accepted like Environmental sound designs etc

EIA Notification 1994 lists types of projects requiring EIA, EMP

AP WALTASection 6: a) promote tree coverf) Community participation22: Ensure optimum use, (Sec 23): 2) .measures to prevent and evict encroachment 3) prevent undesirable materials to water bodies

(Sec 26) . Prevent and restore breaches of tanks(Sec 29). 2 Guidelines in case of removal of tree cover(Sec 30). Guidelines for plantations along the banks (Sec 32) advise for non-conventional energy sources for fringe area population

Mitigation measures as given in the study report

Para 8 (c ), for Category C projects, beyond Environmental Screening, no further EA is required. Para 13: Strengthening Institutional capacity (if inadequate)

5.1.3. I. Adequate development of HR Same as national policy Capacity building of implementing agencies through an expert agency for orention on environmental issues and desired actions

Para 14: Consultation with PAP and local NGOs twice,

a) before TOR for EA finalized and b) after draft EA prepared

EIA Notification 1994 with modification 1997 makes ,Public hearing of EA mandatory.

Applicable to state Consultations are proposed

Para 15: Disclosure: provides relevant materials in a timely manner and language understandable & accessible to PAPs and local NGOs

EIA Notification 1994 with modification 1997Schedule IV of EIA Notification for Public Hearing

Applicable to state Dissemination of publicity information on websites in local language including print media in local and at district fora.

Natural HabitatsNatural Habitats Constitutional

ProvisionNational Policy State Laws Measures WE HAD DISCUSSED THAT

ISEC WILL NOW PUT THE MEASURES

A. 11


AND NOT MAKE READER FIND OUT THE STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS. PLS CHANGE THIS COLUMN BY FILLING THE DETAILS

WB 4.04

Article 48A of the Directive Principles of State Policy – Protection of Environment by State

NEP 20065.2.3: (I) Forests: Action Point B5.2.3. (II) Wildlife: Action Points A, B, D, E, H and I5.2.3. (III) Bio Diversity, Traditional Knowledge, Natural Heritage: Action Point A and BNational Forest Policy,, 1988Forest Act 1980Biological Diversity Act, 2002Wildlife Act, 1972

A.P. WALT Act, 2002

Para 2: identification of natural habitats and special needs for natural habit conservationA) Natural Habitats are (1) land and water areas where community is largely formed by native plant and animal species, and (II) Not essentially modified by human activityB) Critical Natural habitats are i) Officially proposed by Governmentii) recognized by local community – Sacred groovesiii) high suitability for biodiversity conservationiv) critical for RET species

Wild Life Conservation Strategy, 2002(4) Protecting interests of the poor and

tribal living around protected areas should be handled with sensitivity and with maximum participation of the affected people.. People should be encouraged to take up afforestation and conservation in new areas. (8) No diversion of forest land for non-

forest purposes from critical and ecologically fragile wildlife habitat shall be allowed.

National policy and actsApplicable to state

SIESA study recommendations and mitigation measures to be implemented

Para 5: If EA of project indicated that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, it should include mitigatory measuresMitigation measures include…establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protection area

NEP 2006Compensatory afforestationNational Forest policy 1988

State follows the National policy

SIESA measures in the study report to be implemented including local NGO involvement in Tank bund and foreshore plantation

Natural Habitats National Policy State Laws Measures

Integrated Pest Management

WB OP 4.09 Para 1: Manage pests that affect agriculture or public health (Proposed intervention is restoration of irrigation tanks only and Pest management is incidental)

The poisons Act1919Insecticide Act,1968The water Prevention and and control of Pollution Act 1974, amended in 1988and MOEnF Notification S.O.2151 on “ Uniform

Protocol on Water Quality Monitoring” Order, 2005.

A.P. Water (Control and Prevention of Pollution) ActA.P Air (Control and Prevention of Pollution) Act

SIESA recommendations and mitigatory measures in the study report

Para 4: supporting adoption of IPM Integrated Pest Management promotion Outreach and extension programs to be planned under the project

Skill training proposed through through Farmers Field Schools (FFS)

Promotion of IPM at WUA level through communication and awareness generation

Para 6: Following criteria: a) negligible adverse human healthc) minimal effect on non-target species and natural environment

Insecticide Act controls pesticides by labeling on the basis of toxicity and ban/ restricted use as well

Implementation Awareness and exposure visit programs to NPM villages Promotion of NPM methods and use of biopesticides

A. 12


Annexure 5.1

Project cycle in a tank system

Sl. No.

Activity Responsibility

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Tank Identification Stage (3 Months)1 Hydrological & technical assessment of tank APSRAC DPU2 Delimitation of water spread Area upto FTL, feeder channels and

command area of tankDPU

3 Selection of tank DPU4 Assessment of groundwater recharge potential of selected tank DPU5 Selection of tank for groundwater interventions DPU6 Identification of groundwater unit / influence zone of the selected

tankDPU

7 Identification of encroachment in tank DPU WUA8 Selection of Support Organization DPU

Pre- Planning Stage (2 Months)9 Social Mapping & identify all tank stakeholders / groundwater

users in tank system area and influence zoneSO WUA DPU

10 Project sensitization and awareness among the tank stakeholders SO WUA11 Involve village level functionaries of line departments / PRI

departmentSO WUA DPU

12 Organize tank based consultation with all stakeholders (Including fishermen, catchment farmers, groundwater users in influence zone, etc.)

SO WUA

13 Assessment of WUA readiness for contribution towards restoration & rehabilitation of tank

SO WUA DPU

14 Preparation of Encroachment Rehabilitation Plan (ERP) DPU WUA SO15 Agreeing on draft MoU between WUA & DPU DPU WUA SO16 Signing of MoU between WUA & DPU DPU / WUA17 Maintenance of documents, books and accounts by WUA WUA SO

Planning Stage (4 Months)18 Implementation ERP DPU WUA SO19a Data collection:

1. Participatory Rural Appraisal on:Socio-economic profile of tank stakeholdersResource profile of tank systemTrend analysis of groundwater based irrigationTank based production system analysisProblem identification (tank system deterioration)Needs identification (Related to WUA institutional development / tank restoration / livelihood)Identification of resources with WUAIdentification of interventions (WUA institutional development / tank restoration including groundwater / livelihood / trainings)Identification of expected outputs from proposed interventions

SO WUA DPU

19b Technical aspects of tank, catchments area & command area / tank influence zone

DPU WUA SO

20 Provide initial training to WUA members on TIMP preparation (Particularly on micro-planning, preparation of estimation, procurement, etc)

SO

21 Form the four sub committees on Works, Finance, Monitoring, Evaluation & Training and Water Management

SO WUA DPU

22 Provide training to all sub committee members on their roles and functions

SO WUA DPU

23 Mobilize groundwater users in tank influence zone into groundwater user groups and affiliate them to the WUA

SO WUA

24 Awareness generation among groundwater user groups about project groundwater interventions

SO WUA

25 Prepare TIMP WUA SO DPU25a Design, estimate of Civil works DPU WUA - WSC25b Training Plan SO WUA - WSC25c Livelihoods Plan SO WUA - WSC25d Compilation of TIMP Document SO26 Ratify TIMP in WUA General Body meeting WUA SO DPU27 Identification of activities for Gram Panchayat implementation

and submit the list to the GPWUA SO DPU

A. 13


Sl. No.

Activity Responsibility

Primary Secondary Tertiary

28 Open WUA bank account for contribution (separate from WUA account)

WUA DPU

29 Mobilization of cash contributions WUA SO30 Appraisal of TIMP by DPU DPU31 Inclusion of TIMP in District Action Plan for DLIC Approval DPU32 Sign Agreement on TIMP implementation between WUA and

DPUWUA / DPU

33 Prepare procurement plan for materials & manpower for works by WUA

WUA / DPU SO

34 Preparation of tender documents for works to be tendered DPU WUA35 Maintenance of documents, books and accounts WUA SO DPU

Implementation (18 Months)36 Public display of project information on wall / notice board WUA37 Implementation of civil works by WUA, and other TIMP

activitiesWUA SO DPU

38 Implementation of civil works by contractors Contractor DPU WUA39 Supervision of both type of works WUA SO DPU40 Quality assurances through agreed mechanism and reporting NCCBM DPU WUA41 Work completion report DPU WUA42 Carry out trainings (WUA management / livelihood / financial

management / O&M / M&E / water management / groundwater management, etc)

SO / Resource Persons

WUA

43 Implementation of participatory hydrological monitoring WUA SO DPU44 Crop-water budgeting and crop planning for groundwater based

irrigation in tank influence zoneWUA SO DPU

45 Promotion of water efficient technologies in groundwater based irrigation

WUA SO DPU

46 Institutional strengthening of groundwater user groups SO WUA DPU47 Mobilization and formation of common interest groups for agri-

business promotionSO WUA DPU

48 Implementation of livelihoods & agri-business plans etc. SO WUA DPU49 Strengthen linkages with departments, commercial banks and

private sectorSO WUA DPU

50 Maintenance of documents, books and accounts WUA SO DPU51 Participatory monitoring at village level WUA SO DPU

Post Implementation (6 Months & onwards)52 Assessment of WUA for refresher trainings SO WUA53 Refresher Training for WUA SO / Resource

PersonsWUA

54 Update seasonal O&M strategy, plans and estimates DPU WUA SO55 Operationalize O&M plan WUA DPU SO56 Maintenance of O&M fund WUA DPU SO57 Maintenance of documents, books and accounts WUA DPU SO58 Preparation of project completion report on agreed format DPU WUA SO59 Monitoring at WUA performance every 6 months WUA DPU

A. 14


Screening criteria for Tanks during Sub-project Identification Stage

Sl. No

Issues Question Remarks

1 Encroachment Do the proposed project intervention involve land acquisition.

If yes, do not select the tank.

Does the project involve encroachment in the tank bed?

If yes, and encroached area is more than 25 percent of the tank bed area, the tank should not be selected.

Will the project activities adversely affect more than 50 families.

If yes, and if they don’t agree for voluntary surrender, tank should not be selected.

2 Forest Is forestland required for tank rehabilitation activities..


3 Natural habitats Do the tank rehabilitation activities adversely affect / require areas, which serve as natural habitats for any endangered species.


4 Cultural properties Do the tank rehabilitation activities envisage unavoidable or permanent damage to local cultural property.

If yes, and if the cultural property in question cannot be adequately protected, the tank shall not be selected.

A. 15


Annexure 6.1: RAP Preparation & Implementation process


The following process will be adopted to identify PAFs and preparation of RAP.

Collect revenue maps of the tank system area from revenue department; i.e, from the Panchayat Secretary of the concerned Gram panchayat and Mandal Revenue Officer

Collect tank system maps including details of tank restoration measures from the Executive Engineer, Minor Irrigation of the concerned tank

Superimpose the two maps, i.e., tank system maps over the revenue maps and identify area of land required for interventions

Identify the affected area at the tank level In case the above maps are not available, the whole exercise has to be conducted through a

process of physical verification at the tank system area. In both cases, involve WUA, Mandal Surveyor, Gram Panchayat members, Panchayat

Secretary, Support Organisation and Engineer, Minor Irrigation of the tank in identifying affected area

Once the land required is identified, classify it as either encroached tank system land and/or private land based on ownership status

Identify the encroachers and land owners as per the ownership status with the help of community members.

Based on this information arrive at the number of PAFs

Census of PAFs

A census survey of PAFs should be carried out to collect the following information through individual interviews and Household surveys using questionnaires:

o demographic profileo socio-economic statuso livelihoodso assetso losseso choice for alternative resettlement

Compensation and Resettlement Assistance Computation

Arrive at the total number of PAFs; Title holders and those without valid titles (Encroachers) and the vulnerables among the title holders.

Arrive at compensation for Title Holders as per the project R&R entitlement framework. Identify the vulnerables among the title holders; they are eligible for 25% additional

compensation. Those losing more than 50% of the operational holding are eligible for resettlement

assistance and those who become small (less than 2 hectares of wet or irrigated land) and marginal (less than 1 hectare of wet irrigated land) farmers after land acquisition are eligible for resettlement assistance.

Calculate resettlement assistance using the minimum daily wage rate that is in vogue.

A. 16


Arrive at a budget, based on the R&R entitlement framework, required for implementing the RAP.

The budget for the resettlement assistance will be updated using the latest Government Orders on Minimum Wages prevailing at the time of providing the IGA.

Implementation

No Civil Works will be initiated unless compensation for land and Resettlement Assistance is provided to eligible PAFs.

WUA with the help of SO is responsible for RAP implementation. SO will provide all help to WUA in implementing RAP. DPU will provide technical guidance and necessary coordination with relevant agencies in implementing RAP.

Do not give resettlement assistance in the form of cash to PAFs. Resettlement assistance will be given in form of Income Generation Assets (IGA) to be

chosen by the PAFs. SO will provide information to the PAFs on alternative income generation activities

suitable for the area and help them in making choices. The SO and DPU will monitor the provision of the IGA. The SO will monitor the performance of the IGA and report to DPU during

implementation and post implementation period.

A. 17


Annexure 6.2

FormatVoluntary Surrender of Land

On a Rs. 10/- Stamp Paper

9. This deed of voluntary surrender is made and executed on ............................ day of ...................………. between Sri/Smt ...............................................S/o W/o……………………….. Age………… Occupation ……………………………………. resident of ......................................................................... herein after called the “Title holder / Encroacher” on one part. This expression shall mean and include his legal representatives, successors – in-interest, heirs, assignees, nominees etc.

AND

Sri. ……………………………. S/o …………………. Aged………………………. Designation……………………………. herein after called the “ Recipient” which term denotes to “for and on behalf of Minor Irrigation Department, Government of A.P” on the other part and shall mean and include his successors –in-office, nominees and assignees etc.

10. Whereas, the details of the Location of the, land are given below:

Location DetailsTankVillageGram PanchayatMandalDistrict

Title Holder/ Encroacher DetailsName of Title Holder/EncroacherFather/ Husband’s Name of Title Holder/Encroacher Age occupation Residence Gender

Schedule -Land Details/StructureLand in QuestionAreaLocationNorth BoundaryEast BoundaryWest BoundarySouth BoundaryNote: Detailed Map to the scale is appended.

A. 18


11. Where as the Title Holder is presently using/ holds the transferable right of the above mentioned piece of land in the village mentioned above falling under the tank mentioned above.

Whereas the Encroacher does not hold any transferable rights of the above mentioned piece of land in the village mentioned above falling under the tank but has been along standing encroacher dependant on its usufruct hereditarily.

12. Whereas the Title Holder/Encroacher testifies that the land is free of encumbrances and not subject to other claims/ claimants.

13. Whereas the Title Holder/Encroacher hereby voluntarily surrenders the land/structure without any type of pressure, influence or coercion what so ever directly or indirectly and hereby surrender all his/her subsisting rights in the said land with free will and intention.

14. Whereas the Recipient shall construct and develop the …………………… tank and take

all possible precautions to avoid damage to adjacent land/structure/other assets.

15. Whereas both the parties agree that the ………………………tank so constructed/developed shall be for the public purpose.

16. Whereas the provisions of this agreement will come into force from the date of signing of this agreement.

Signature of Title Holder/Encroacher Signature of MROName of Title Holder/Encroacher Name of MRODate DateIdentified by 1.2.

WitnessesSignature of WUA PresidentWUA President Name

Signature of Gram Panchayat PresidentGram Panchayat President Name

Signature of Village SecretaryName of Village Secretary

Signature of SO (NGO) RepresentativeName of SO (NGO0 Representative

Signature of Minor Irrigation EngineerName Minor Irrigation Engineer

A. 19


Annexure 7.1: Districtwise Tribal Poplulation in Andhra Pradesh StateS. No.

Name of the District

Total Population

ST Population

% of Total District Population

% of Total State Population

No tribal development agenciesNo of ITDA

MADA Pockets

PTGs

1 Srikakulam* 2537593 151249 5.96 3.01 1 2 72 Vizianagara

m*2249254 214839 9.55 4.28 1 2 7

3 Visakhapatnam*

3832336 557572 14.55 11.1 1 2 7

4 East Godavari*

4901420 191561 3.91 3.81 1 0 6

5 West Godavari*

3803517 96659 2.54 1.92 1 2 6

6 Khammam* 2537593 682617 26.47 13.59 1 2 87 Warangal* 3246004 457679 14.1 9.11 1 7 88 Adilabad* 2488003 416511 16.74 8.29 1 1 89 Mahaboobna

gar*3513934 278702 7.93 5.55 1 5 8

10 Nellore 2668564 242257 9.08 4.82 0 0 511 Chittoor 3745875 128085 3.42 2.55 0 0 712 Cuddapah 2601797 61371 2.36 1.22 0 0 513 Medak 2670079 134533 5.04 2.68 0 1 814 Nizamabad 2345685 165735 7.07 3.3 0 3 815 Karimnagar 3491822 90636 2.6 1.8 0 1 816 Ranga Reddy 3575064 146057 4.09 2.91 0 2 617 Nalgonda 3247982 342676 10.55 6.82 0 18 718 Krishna 4187841 107611 2.57 2.14 0 1 719 Guntur 4465144 208157 4.66 4.14 0 1 620 Prakasam 3059423 118241 3.86 2.35 0 0 521 Kurnool 3529494 69635 1.97 1.39 0 0 522 Ananthpur 3640478 127161 3.49 2.53 0 0 423 Hyderabad 3829753 34560 0.9 0.69 0 0 8

Andhra Pradesh

76210007

5024104

100

* Scheduled Area Districts

A. 20


Annexure-7.2

List of recognized Schedueld Tribes.

(based on Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Orders Act 1976)

1. Andh2. Bagata3. Bhil4. Chenchu, Chenchwar5. Gadaba6. Gond, Naikpod, Raj Gond7. Goudu (in the Agency Tracts)8. Hill Reddi9. Jatapu10. Kammara11. Kattunayakan12. Kolam, Mannervarlu13. Konda Dora14. Konda Kapu15. Konda Reddi16. Kondh, Kodi, Kodhu, Desaya Kondh, Dongria kondh, Kuttia Kondh, Tikria Kondh,

Yenety Kondh17. Kotia, Bentho Oriya, Bartika, Dhulia, Dulia, Holva, Pako Putiya, Sanrona, Sidhopaiko18. Koya, Gond, Rajah, Rashakoya, Lingadhari Koya (Ordinary) Kottukoya, Bhine Koya,

Raja Koya19. Kulia20. Mali (excluding Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahaboobnagar,

Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad and Warangal districts)21. Manne Dora22. Mukha Dora, Nooka Dora23. Nayaks (in the Agency Tracts)24. Pardhan25. Porja, Parangi Perja26. Reddi Dora27. Rona, Rena28. Savara, Kapu Savara, Maliya savara, Khutto Savara29. Sugali, Lambada30. Thoti (in Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahaboobnagar and

Warangal districts)31. Valmiki (in the Agency Tracts)32. Yanadi33. Yerukula

A. 21


Annexure 7.3 - Model -Tribal Development Plan

Background

Regulagandi Vagu Project (Tank Number 18) of Munuguru mandal of Khammam district has a total command area of 1500 acres. The household survey covered 19 households. Since it was told that there are many tribals in the area and about 50% of the command area farmers are tribals, to know the characteristics of tribals, 16 ST households were covered under the survey. All these STs are dependent on the tank system for livelihood as they have land under the tank system. Hence the need for this TDP.

Status of Tribals

The present field study has covered 19 house holds under the tank system on a sample basis under which 16 households are tribals. The following are the findings from the survey.

All tribals are marginal and small farmers. For Khariff and rabi crops all the tribal farmers have rain as the major source of water. All of them prefer growing paddy.

None of the tribal farmers realize that they are members of the WUA. They are not aware that they are members by default.

They would like to have tank water to be distributed on an equitable basis. All most all the tribals (93%) are not willing to contribute towards tank restoration costs.

This is due to the fact that they are near landless, have no say in water management and do not have the resources to contribute. Further they are not willing (75%) to pay for tank water use.

Identified Issues

The status of the Tribals show that the following issues exists. No Representation in WUA and its’ Managing Committee Low Awareness Levels Low returns from Agriculture Inability and Unwillingness to pay for tank water use Inability and unwillingness to pay for tank O&M

Unless the above issues are addressed adequately, the tribals may not reap the benefits of the project. in line with the tribal development strategy, the following action plan is proposed to be taken up to address the above issues.

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Action Plan Tackling the Project Related Tribal IssuesIdentified Issue Strategy to Deal with the Issue Activities to Implement Strategy Budget Agencies

Responsible for ImplementationDetails Cost in Rs.

Representation in WUA sub-committees

Encourage tribal representation in sub-committees

Frequent meetings with WUA members sensitizing them on tribal representation in WUA sub-committee

Budget available under component 1 WUA, SO, DPU, PMU

Encourage more representation in the sub-committees and periodical review of tribal participation

Budget available under component 1 0

Educate WUA the need for involving tribals in the WUA activities


Organize leadership building program among tribals Two programmes each at Rs. 2500/- 5000/-Low Awareness Levels

IEC strategy to focus on tribals issues and their participation

Prepare IEC material using folklore/folk dances Budget available under component 1 – TIMP Preparation

0 WUA, SO, DPU, PMU

Organize film shows Budget available under component 1 0 Frequent meetings with tribals using PRA methods for

awareness creationFour meetings per tank each at Rs. 250/- 1000/-

Exposure visits Budget available under component 1 0Participation in TIMP Preparation

Educate WUA to seek participation of tribals in TIMP preparation

Inculcate leadership qualities through trainings and exposure visits

Frequent meetings and interactions with tribals Provided for in SO ToR 0 WUA, SO, DPU, PMU

Training on leadership qualities and organizational development for tribals

Two Programmes each for Rs. 2500/-

5000/-

Exposure visits to tanks where TIMPs have been prepared/implemented


Training on TIMP preparation Budget available under component 1 and provided for in SO ToR

0

Inability to contribute 5% towards tank restoration works due to poverty


Reduce the upfront cash contribution from 5% to 2.5%

Convince WUA on reduced upfront contribution by tribal and agree on the remaining contribution in the shape of labour

Provided for in SO ToR 0 WUA, SO, DPU, PMU

Mobilize 2.5% cash contribution by tribal Provided for in SO ToR 0 Organize tribal to contribute to match their contribution in

tank restoration.Provided for in SO ToR 0

Provide wage employment, on preferential basis, in tank restoration work to help them contribute to restoration works

Responsibility of WUA, DPU and provided for SO

0

Inability to contribute cash towards tank O&M due to poverty


WUA to accept O&M cost in kind form

Awareness generation on the need for O&M Provided for in SO ToR 0 WUA, SO, DPU, PMU Convince WUA to accept O&M cost in kind form Provided for in SO ToR 0

Mobilize tribals for pay O&M in kind (labour) Provided for in SO ToR 0 Provide wage employment, on preferential basis, in tank

restoration work to help them contribute to O&MResponsibility of WUA, DPU and provided for SO

0

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Identified Issue Strategy to Deal with the Issue Activities to Implement Strategy Budget Agencies Responsible for Implementation Involve tribal WUA members in water distribution Budget available under component 2 0

Low returns from agriculture and allied activities

Promote improved practices in agriculture and allied activities and dovetail with on going programs.

Credit Support for tribals through WUA livelihood fund Budget available under component 3 0 WUA, SO, DPU, PMU,

Dept. of Agriculture, Animal

Husbandry, Fisheries, etc.

Conduct crop demonstrations on improved farming; one demo plot for tribals exclusively

Budget available under component 3

Organize training on improved farm practices and water management practices

Budget available under components 2 and 3

Formation of tribal farmer CIGs under agribusiness component; Promote group marketing of farm produce.

Budget available under component 3

Ensure supply of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and technical know how in coordination with line departments and credit agencies

Budget available under component 3. Under tribal livelihood fund

Organize exposure trips to progressive agricultural farms and research stations

Budget available under component 3.

Provide access to livelihood fund available under the component III of the project


Lack of Entrepreneurship

Encourage individual/ group activities for income generation

Employment in project construction activities and O&M work on preferential basis

Encourage tribal groups to take up small contracts (petty works) within TIMP

Budget available under component 2. WUA, SO, DPU, PMU, DIC,

Animal Husbandry Dept., etc.

Identify educated unemployed youth for working as lead farmers and WUA level functionaries


Promote animal husbandry – breed improvement, animal health and fodder development.


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Institutional arrangement TDP will form an integral part of TIMP. The over all approach in planning and implementing TDP is to extend programs already inbuilt in the project design on a priority basis to tribal communities under the project. Besides, all efforts will be made to dovetail government development programs for the socio-economic welfare of tribal groups. In this regard, PMU/ DPU at different levels have major responsibilities to ensure that tribals benefit from the activities under the project.

The Tribal Development Plan under the project will be prepared and implemented as a component of the TIMP and hence will be implemented under the regular institutional arrangement of the project. However, to ensure culturally appropriate focus on tribal development all project staff will be provided with training on this matter. Convergence with the on-going tribal development projects and schemes will be coordinated through the DLIC of each district.

Monitoring

Monitoring of the Tribal Development Plan will constitute a component of the overall monitoring system of the project and will be scheduled accordingly. Appropriate formats will be developed for monitoring the physical and financial progress in implementation of the Tribal Development Plans and for monitoring impacts.

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Annexure 9.1

Communication Strategy-Budget Estimate

ActivityNumber of

Events Cost per Item Total Cost Assumptions

Objective 1: To create a shared understanding of tank system and its influence on the social life of the community

Village Meetings for awareness building 0 part of TIMP preparation comp 1

WUA Meeetings for awareness building 0 part of TIMP preparation comp 1

Talks by Experts 1500 500 0 Departmental experts

Training workshops for WUA members 0 part of TIMP preparation

Quiz Shows 100 1000 100000 Prize money

Film Shows varied varied 0part of project mangement support (component 4)

Exposure visits 0 part of TIMP preparation

Folk-lore shows/dramas/plays 300 2000 600000 Cluster of 10 tanks

Tank model presentations 300 1000 300000

includes one time production cost of Rs 60,000 for 6 different models. Cluster of 10 tanks comp 1

Hamlet level meetings 0 part of the TOR for SO

Brochures/hand outs 750000 10 0 250 brochures per tank comp 1

TV advertisements/radio jingles 52 50000 2600000 only broadcast charges

production cost already built in by MID

Fun activities for women 300 500 150000 Prize money

Development of detailed Communication Plan 600000 Consulatnt fee for one year

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ActivityNumber of


Sub-total 3750000

Objective 2: To build and strengthen the ‘readiness levels’ of WUAs to undertake proposed project interventions

ActivityNumber of Events Cost per Item Total Cost Assumptions

Exposure visits to rehabilitated tanks 0part of capacity buiding under component 1

Talks by Experts 1500 500 0 part of the TOR for SO

Cross community interactions 0part of capacity buiding under component 1

Film Shows varied varied 300000 only equipment hiring and show cost

Folk-lore shows/dramas/plays 300 2500 750000 Cluster of 10 tanks

Sub-total 1050000

Objective 3: To ensure that WUAs involve all stakeholders, particularly those who are vulnerable and resource poor


Focused village level campaigns 0 part of TIMP preparation

Stage shows/street plays 500 1500 750000 Cluster of 6 tanks

Focsed group meetings with vulnerable groups 0 part of TIMP preparation

Mixed group interactions 0 part of TIMP preparation

Sub-total 750000

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ActivityNumber of


Objective 4: To educate WUAs on the benefits of collaborating with MID and relevant agencies


Expert visits 1500 500 0 Departmental experts

Experience sharing meetings 0part of capacity buiding under component 1

Workshops 0part of capacity buiding under component 1

Distribution of material from relevant agencies

To be procured free of charge 0 0 To be procured from other agencies

Sub-total 0

Objective 5: To sensitize the staff of MID and other institutions relevant to tank development and management on their roles and responsibilities

Activity Number of Events Cost per Item Total cost Assumptions

Inter-departmental workshops 10 20000 200000One in the beginning to be repeated mid-term

Circular/notices As required 0 0 No cost to project

FAQs on social and environmental management 30000 20 600000

Project related material (on social and envIronmental aspects) distribution

To be procured free of charge 0 0 No cost to project

Sub-total 800000

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ActivityNumber of


Objective 6: To orient WUAs and other institutions to identify and address, social and environmental issues associated with the project


Village Meetings 2000 250 0 Part of comp 1

Expert Talks 500 1000 0 Deaprtmental experts. Part of comp 1

Quiz shows 100 1000 100000 Prize money

Film shows varied varied 500000 only equipment hiring and show cost

Exposure visits 300 10000 0 Part of comp 1

Folk-lore/dramas/plays 300 2500 750000 Cluster of 10 tanks

Group interactions 100 250 0 Part of comp 1

Fun-based activities 300 150 45000 Prize money; part of Mela

Brochures/hand outs 30000 10 300000

Sub-total 1695000 Objective 7: To educate and orient WUAs on tank management and O&M

ActivityNumber of Events Cost per item Total cost Assumptions

Cross community interactions on social and env. aspects 0

Display charts 500 0

Exposure visits 10000 0

Sub-total 0

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ActivityNumber of


Grand total 8045000

A. 30

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