THE ZIMBABWE LIBRARIANVol. 15, Nos. 1 & 2January-June 1983

CONTENTS

1983 OFFICE BEARERS

EDITORIAL

ZIMBABWE INTERNATIONAL BOOK FAIR & EXHIBITION

AND WRITERS' WORKSHOP

A DEBUT AT THE 1982 FRANKFURT BOOK FA.R

A LIBRARY SCHOOL FOR ZIMBABWE

OBITUARY

INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES CONFERENCE

IN BRIEF

2

3

5

9

15

21

22

25

1983 OFFICE BEARERS

Hon. President:Chairman:Vice-Chairman:Hon. Secretary:Hon. Treasurer:Hon. Editor:Mashonaland Branch Representative:Matabeleland Branch Representative:Manicaland Branch Representative:School Libraries Representative:Education Committee Representative:

E E Burke, MLM, FLAS M Made, MA, FLA, MZIMN Johnson, ALAMrs. M Matinde, BEd(Lib)Mrs J GozoR D Stringer, BA, Dip Lib, ALAS R Dube, BSc(Econ), ALAMiss D Barren, BA, ALAMiss A Barnshaw, BA, HDLSS Chikomba, BAMrs A Podmore, BA, Dip Lib

MASHONALAND BRANCHChairman:Vice-Chairman:Hon. Secretary:Hon. Treasurer:School Libraries Representative:Members:

S R Dube, BSc(Econ), ALAS B Mushonga, LDLSE H Chipunza, BBiblG Motsi, BA, HDLSS Chikomba, BAMrs M Chitonho; Mrs P Mangwana, ALA;Mrs M Matinde, BEd(Lib); L Mavudzi

MATABELELAND BRANCHChairman: Miss D Barren, BA, ALAVice-Chairman: L NkiwaneHon. Secretary: Miss C J Parsons, BA, HDLSHon. Treasurer: Miss C Bernstein, BA, HDLSMembers: Mrs G Dube; Mrs D Gillman;

B Hadebe, BLib; L Nyoni

MANICALAND BRANCHChairman: Miss A Barnshaw, BA, HDLSHon. Secretary: C K MutombaHon. Treasurer: Mrs L YeatsMembers: Chadambuka; T Magaya; Mhlanga

THE ZIMBABWE LIBRARIAN Vol. 15, Nos. 1 & 2January-June 1983

Quarterly Journal of the Zimbabwe Library AssociationEditor: Roger Stringer

P.O. Box 3133, Harare, ZimbabweSubscription: Free to members; Z$5 per annum or Z$l,50 per copy to

non-members in Zimbabwe; Z$6 per annum elsewhere.Advertisement rates available on application.

EDITORIAL

After two years of hard work as Hon. Editor, Pamela Francis is now having a restand the task has been passed on to me. I would like to pay tribute to the work she hasdone, particularly in bringing the Zimbabwe Librarian finally up to date. She is in factresponsible for the greater part of this issue.

Librarians and book fairs

Included in this issue are two articles from publishers about book fairs. DavidMartin of the Zimbabwe Publishing House gives the background to the forthcomingZimbabwe International Book Fair, and Louis Bolze of Books of Zimbabwe reports onhis experience in exhibiting at the Frankfurt Book Fair.

Book fairs, though largely the province of publishers and booksellers are alsovaluable to librarians. I have wondered in fact whether librarians should not hold theirown fairs in order to introduce booksellers and publishers to material of which theymight not be aware — after all, librarians are the experts at gathering sometimesobscure material.

The important thing is that we should all be involved in the promotion of books andreading, and it is good that the Zimbabwe Library Association is represented on theorganizing committee of the Zimbabwe International Book Fair. It would be an idealopportunity to promote library use at the same time.

Roger Stringer

MamboPress Bookshops

GWERU: 7th Street, P.O. Box 779, Tel. 2370

HARARE: Gelfand House, Speke Ave.,P.O. Box 66002, Kopje, Tel. 705899

GOKOMERE: P. Bag 9213, Masvingo, Tel. 2519-29

Visit our Bookshops for:

EDUCATIONAL TEXTBOOKS

THEOLOGICAL BOOKS

LIBRARY BOOKS

MAMBO PRESS PUBLICATIONS IN ENGLISH, SHONA, NDEBELE

We are contractors to the Ministry of Education

ZIMBABWE INTERNATIONALBOOK FAIR & EXHIBITIONAND WRITERS' WORKSHOP

from David Martin*

In June 1982, Phyllis Johnson of the Zimbabwe Publishing House wasinvited by UNESCO to participate in the second World Congress on Booksheld in London. Two other directors of ZPH, Charles Mungoshi and DavidMartin, were in London at the same time to attend Bookweek Africa, anexhibition of some 1 300 selected titles published by African publishers in theprevious three years.

During the course of these two events,ZPH was asked to host the 1983 pre-sentation of the Noma Award for Pub-lishing in Africa. The Noma Award isgiven annually by a leading Japanesepublisher and is the most prestigiousaward for publishing in Africa. It hasbeen presented on three previousoccasions, twice at the Ife Book Fair inNigeria and, in 1980, at the FrankfurtBook Fair, when the theme was pub-lishing in Africa. The first award went toa Senegalese woman for her novel on theplight of women in that country. In 1981the award went to a Nigerian communityhealth book, and last year it was awardedto a Ghanaian publisher for a beauti-fully- illustrated children's book.

ZPH was very interested in hostingthe presentation of this importantaward in Zimbabwe. However, theNoma committee specifies that affili-ated events relating to literature mustoccur at the venue of the presentation.We decided to stage two affiliatedevents -- the first Zimbabwe Inter-national Book Fair & Exhibition togetherwith a major Writers' Workshop which,using the theme 'CommunicationThrough Literature', will bring togetherauthors from around the continent. I willdeal with these three events separately:

Noma AwardThe 1983 Noma Award for Publishing

in Africa has just been won by Ghana'sformer Attorney General, A.N.E.Amissa, for his scholarly work, CriminalProcedure in Ghana. The Noma Awardjury, chaired by Professor EldredJones, Principal of Fourah Bay College,University of Sierre Leone, chose hisbook at their adjudication meeting inYaounde, Cameroon, on 11 April. Theyconsidered 87 titles in 14 languagesfrom 39 publishers in 16 differentAfrican countries.

A Zimbabwean author, ChenjeraiHove, received the highest commen-dation for literature in English for hiscollection of poetry. Up In Arms,published by Zimbabwe PublishingHouse. The Noma Award will bepresented to this year's winner on theevening of Tuesday, 23 August, at aHarare hotel when the Noma committeewill hold a cocktail party for invitedguests. The organisation of this event,including financing, rests entirely withthe Noma committee with ZPH onlyacting as host.

"David Martin is a director of Zimbabwel*ublishint> House, and co-author with Phyllis

Johnson of 'The Struggle for Zimbabwe'.

Zimbabwe International Book Fair

Zimbabwe InternationalBook Fair & Exhibition

The Minister of Information, Postsand Telecommunications, ComradeNathan Shamuyarira, is chairman of theorganising committee which includesrepresentatives from his Ministry, whollylocally-owned Zimbabwean publishers,the book trade, the Zimbabwe LibraryAssociation, and the National Gallery ofZimbabwe. The first Zimbabwe Inter-national Book Fair & Exhibition will beopened before an invited audience inthe National Gallery in Harare on theevening of Monday, 22 August. It will beopen to the public from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.from Tuesday until Saturday.

The centre-piece of the Fair will bethe Bookweek Africa exhibition, whichwas first seen in London last year,supplemented by about 300 new titles

published by African publishers sincethen. This display will be in the foyer ofthe National Gallery and all Africanpublishers will be able to exhibit theirtitles free of charge. Bookweek Africawas opened in London last year by theDirector-General of UNESCO, M.Amadou Mahtar M'Bow, who expressedthe hope that the exhibit 'would spreadbeyond the bounds of London' and beshown in Africa. It was in response tothis sentiment that the exhibit has beenbrought to Harare and, if the necessaryfunds can be raised, the exhibit ofAfrican-published books will be taken toother SADCC countries.

In addition to the Fair's centre-pieceexhibition, stands will be available forindividual publishers to display theirbooks; this can be done on a country,individual-publisher or shared-standbasis.

SHONA NDEBELE

NOVELS - FOLK TALES - SHORT STORIESPOETRY - DRAMA - PROVERBS - CUSTOMS

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - HOMECRAFTGRAMMARS - DICTIONARIES

CHILDREN'S COMICS(also books in English)

Sponsors of STANDARD SHONA DICTIONARY — Hannan'One of the best planned dictionaries of a Bantu Language.'

THE LITERATURE BUREAU(Ministry of Education and Culture)

Electra House TelephoneSamora Machel Avenue 26929HARARE

P.O. Box 8137Causeway

Zimbabwe International Book Fair

Through a grant from the FordFoundation, ZPH has obtained theservices of Mr. Hans Zell, a leadingexpert on publishing in Africa asconsultant /organiser of the firstZimbabwe International Book Fair &Exhibition. Mr. Zell organised the firstIfe Book Fair, the only other event of itskind on the continent, ten years ago. Heis publisher of The African BookPublishing Record and secretary of theNoma committee. This year's Fair is apilot project for an annual event anda Zimbabwean counterpart, AshabaiChinyemba, has been assigned to Mr.Zell for training in the organisation offuture Fairs.

Writers' WorkshopA committee has been set up to

organise this event. It includesEmmanuel Ngara, head of the Englishdepartment at the University ofZimbabwe and one of Africa's foremostliterary critics; Kimani Gecau, formerProfessor of Literature at NairobiUniversity who now lives in Zimbabwe;Toby Moyana, Education Officer(English) in the Ministry of Education &Culture, who as a teacher taught some ofZimbabwe's most promising up-and-coming young wr i t e r s ; Char lesMungoshi, ZPH's Literary Director andZimbabwe's leading author; ChenjeraiHove, an editor at Mambo Press inGweru, who received a 'special com-mendation' in this year's Noma Award;a n d S t e p h e n M p o f u , a n o t h e rZimbabwean author and editor ofScribes ' Scroll in The Heraldnewspaper.

The Writers' Workshop organisingcommittee has adopted the theme'Communication Through Literature'for this event. Their objective is totranscend language and other barrierswhich inhibit communication in Africaand, to this end, authors writing invarious languages will be invited toparticipate. As part of the process oftrying to break down language barriersin Africa and allow freer comm-unication, ZPH will be launching anumber of translations of books byAfrican authors from Portuguese intoEnglish, French into English, Germaninto English, English into Shona andbooks in Shona and Ndebele, tocoincide with the workshop.

The French Government has alreadyoffered tickets to fly two or threeFrancophone authors to Harare. One ofthese will be Jean Marie Adiaffi,Professor of Philosophy at Ivory CoastUniversity, whose book, La Carted'ldentite, won the important 1981French Prize for Black Literature.Another participant is expected to beNgugi wa Thiong'o, the internationallyknown Kenyan author, whose booksinclude Petals of Blood, A Grain ofWheat, Devil on the Cross and The Trialof Dedan Kimathi. The latter will bereleased in Shona by ZPH during theworkshop.

To give the public an opportunity tomeet some of Africa's leading authors,drama, poetry readings and otherliterary events will be held in the NationalGallery daily during the workshop.There will also be a display ofcontemporary art from various Africancountries.

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Eleven selected titles are now printed in Zimbabwe andavailable at bookshops everywhere at only $2,75 each.Highly recommended by the Ministry of Education and Culture

Your partners in educationeric edwoods 5547

A DEBUT AT THE1982 FRANKFURT BOOK FAIR

byL.W. Bolze*Among the marketing tools available to the book publisher are book fairs,

the most renowned of which is the international Frankfurt Book Fair heldannually in West Germany. Books of Zimbabwe Publishing Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. lastyear exhibited at the 34th annual event (6-11 October) where it had its owndisplay stand in Hall 5, the foreign exhibitors hall — the largest of seven hallsin which 5 500 publishers from 86 countries exhibited some 280 500 books. As,he only exhibitor from Zimbabwe it found itself cast in the role of standard-bearer for the country's publishing industry.

Although this was the first time thecompany exhibited in its own right atFrankfurt, a small selection of its bookshad been shown in a previous year in ahall devoted to a special compositedisplay of books from Africa. Prior tothis, promotional efforts in this directionhad been confined to shows and tradefairs in Zimbabwe and South Africa, andin several Zimbabwean group presenta-tions of art and literature in the UnitedKingdom. Unlike these events, whichattract mainly the consumer public, theprime function of the Frankfurt BookFair is the sale and purchase of rights(paperback, foreign language, reprint,etc.) between publishers, the arrange-ment of co-editions with foreign pub-lishers, and to serve as a market placefor booksellers and librarians, and as a

happy hunting ground for literary agentsand scouts.

As might be expected, the organisationof this vast Fair is impeccable and itruns like clockwork, attracting verylarge numbers of visitors world-wide.Although the preserve of publishers andbooksellers, visiting time is allowed tothe general public but books may bepurchased only by booksellers. The Fairoccupies only part of an immensepermanent fair ground in the city centre,and books were presented in thefollowing groupings: fiction and non-fiction; religion; children's books;

*Louis Bolze Li Managing Director,Books of Zimbabwe Publishing Co.

WE CARRY EXCELLENT STOCKS OFPrimary and Secondary School Textbooks

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WE ARE CONTRACTORS TO THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATIONAND ABOVE ALL WE OFFER SERVICE

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Paget House87 Union Avenue

(Formerly the S.P.C.K. Bookshop)

Phone 22553 P.O. Box 1056Harare

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Frankfurt Book Fair

science and technology; art; maps,travel guides and globes; text books;foreign publishers and special stands;and German language books.

Each year the Fair has a separatefocus theme, 1982's being 'Yesterday'sReligion in Today's World' and 'WorldReligions'. It was supported by a specialexhibition of appropriate books and afive-day programme of panel discussionsand linked events in the city itself. Yetanother hall presented an exhibit, 'BookArt International', featuring German artbinding.

Our display stand, an all-white boothprovided by the Fair as an inclusive partof the exhibition cost, measured 3mwide by 2m deep and was virtuallytailor-made to fit the 143 hardbacktitles of our display. There was a built-incupboard in a corner for storingliterature. Standard types of standswith moveable shelving range from asingle unit 2m wide by 2,2m high totriple booths 2m deep by some 9m wide.The big publishers hire an area for theerection of impressive custom-designeddisplays. Carpets, chairs and tables in avariety of attractive colours and designsare available for immediate hire withinthe grounds on arrival if not ordered inadvance.

e.g. Rhodesiana Reprint Library — Goldand Silver Series, African HuntingReprint Series, etc., plus the GeneralCatalogue listing all non-series titles. Asixth, specially prepared folder, intro-duced the company, giving the back-ground to its origin and describing itsAfricana/Rhodesiana/Zimbabweanafields of specialization. It listed thefollowing objectives of participation inthe Fair:

• To introduce our books to this majorworld market, and to show thestandard of production in Zimbabwe.

• To arrange representation/marketingof the Books of Zimbabwe list in theUnited Kingdom, U.S.A., Canada,Europe, Australia, New Zealand andother English-speaking countriesworld-wide. Enquiries were invited.

• To make contact with prospective co-publishers for future joint ventures,and to investigate opportunities forthe sale and acquisition of rights.(Titles of available rights werelisted.)

• To consider marketing representa-tion, in Zimbabwe or southernAfrica, of overseas publishers.

Our books and catalogues, air-freighted a few days before my depart-ure, were already on the stand, and thecompany name-sign had been erectedby the Fair by the time I arrived. Thebooks had been packed in speciallymade stout wooden boxes, a wiseprecaution as all the cartons of cata-logues had broken open in transitdespite the care taken with theirpacking. Individual books were fullydescribed and illustrated in a set of fivematching catalogues, according to series

• To seek out opportunities for the re-publishing, in Zimbabwe, of populartitles, including paperbacks, of bookswhich are presently not being mar-keted in this country because of thecuts in foreign currency whichinhibit, even prevent their importa-tion. Publication in Zimbabwe, whichhas sophisticated printing facilitiesand publishing know-how is probablythe only sure way for an overseaspublisher to get books onto thismarket from where they may also be

10

Frankfurt Book Fair

re-exported to neighbouring Africancountries, including South Africa.This enables him to maintain hisimprint in this vast and growingmarket.

The Reserve Bank had allowedsufficient foreign currency for only onerepresentative of the firm to travel toFrankfurt although we were given asmall additional sum to engage theservices, in Frankfurt, of a German/English-speaking lady assistant. Ourexperience was that this arrangementwas quite inadequate; at least twopeople from the company with a goodknowledge of the books were required.It was, however, flattering to have somany foreign visitors including somewho identified themselves as subscribersto our Book Club, notably amongacademics from universities, and whoexpressed delight over the availability

of so wide a selection of books on thiscountry.

Among callers was Mr. Reg. Wanklin,Counsellor (Economic) from theZimbabwean Embassy in Bonn, whohad provided us, in advance, with thenames of major German booksellers towhom we had mailed invitations fromZimbabwe to visit the stand. In closecontact with me prior to the Fair andduring its run was Mr. Dave Kaufmanwho heads the Zimbabwe Tourist Boardoffice for Europe and who is stationed inFrankfurt. His advice, guidance andcontacts were invaluable especially inregard to pictorial tourist promotionbooks on Zimbabwe we had planned forthe German market.

Our exhibit was with others fromcountries of black Africa, our nearneighbours being Kenya, Cameroun,

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BOOKS AIRFREIGHTED FROM U.K.

11

Frankfurt Book Fair Frankfurt Book Fairseveral from Nigeria and an unoccupiedstand in the name of Tanzania. Thequality of our books and standard ofdisplay were way ahead of theseexhibitors and we felt more thanrewarded by the many complimentspaid to us. Many publishers from thirdworld countries were surprised thatprinting and hardback binding of suchquality is done in Zimbabwe. Highpraise was also received from theUNESCO representative. A publisherfrom Nigeria surprised us by saying thathis books were printed on the Continentbecause he had found many Nigerianprinters too expensive, their work oftenshoddy and deliveries unreliable.

On day two of the Fair I wasinterviewed on German radio for aworld-wide feature programme andquestioned on the problems, achieve-ments and aspirations of publishers inZimbabwe.

After book-starved Zimbabwe onewas overawed by the plethora ofmagnificent colour-plate books, many incoffee-table editions, notably art booksbeing offered by overseas publishers.This richness and variety contrastedstrongly with the simple basic readingneeds of third world countries. One sawevidence, too, of the widespread co-operation between publishers throughdifferent language editions, e.g. TheGuinness Book of Records in English,Japanese, German and several otherlanguages.

We were prompted to go to Frankfurtto widen the export beachheads alreadyestablished in the U.K., U.S.A. andAustralia and, to a lesser extent, in anumber of other countries. Since itsfounding in 1968 Books of Zimbabwehas been an exporter and by the time ofthe Fair had earned over $350000 in

foreign currency from sales of itsproductions. Shrinkage of the homemarket through emigration had made itnecessary to export more books of ourorigination and to endeavour to concludeimport-substitution and re-exportprojects.

To what extent did we benefit byparticipation in the Fair? We certainlyacquired a new perspective of themagnitude of book-publishing as aninternational industry whose output ismeasured in probably hundreds ofbillions of dollars. After all, Britishpublishers alone produce about 2 000new titles a week. The strengths of manyof the old publishing houses, notably theBritish, were apparent in their largewalk-through exhibits with their highpowered sales teams operating in thekeen competition for rights acquisitionsin which millions of dollars would havechanged hands. Much advance scoutingand 'intelligence work' would have beendone in tracking down the potentiallybest selling literary properties.

As 'new boys' with severe limitationsby way of foreign currency constraints,and having first to learn the ropes, ouractivities were confined to endeavoursto sell reprint and foreign-languagerights of certain of our wild-life andanimal books either directly to publish-ers or to literary agents. Makingourselves known, through the exhibitand the catalogues, would, we hopedhave other long-term benefits.

Direct orders were obtained from afew Continental booksellers for thepopular African Hunting Reprints, andanother subsequently arrived from anew small London bookseller for ourcookery book. There were severalenquiries from British publishers'representatives who offered to market

12

for us in the United Kingdom, and aDutch literary agent took options onseveral animal titles. Our one worthwhiletriumph was selling the reprint rights ofSteam Locomotives of Rhodesia Railways:The Story of Steam — 1892-1979 byE.D. Hamer to a publisher of transportbooks in Sweden. Ironically, we had asecond bid for the German languagerights of the same work from a Germanpublisher but since both served basicallythe same market of railways enthusiaststhis was declined.

The total cost of our participation inthe Fair, including the printing of theGeneral Catalogue and Introductorypamphlet, was $5688. The followingwere the major items of expense:

Hire of stand, lighting, etc. $ 763,00Return air fare for one 1 072,00Forward freight on books 980,00and cataloguesReturn freight on books 1 281,00and undistributedcataloguesAccommodation for 15 347,00days, including meals,drinksAssistant 247,00

The full costs of the exercise wereborne by Books of Zimbabwe. It will beseen that the greatest part of the cost, atover $2 000, was air-freighting the bookexhibits over and back. The ReserveBank required that the books bereturned.

We, therefore, achieved no more thana 359< recovery of our expenditure, plusthe publicity, the experience and thebenefit of contacts yet to be exploited inthe future. But lack of foreign currencyavailability to enable us to acquirereprint rights of desirable books for thesouthern African market robbed us ofextracting the full potential of the

urgings that industry earn more foreigncurrency through exports, cognisance ofthe special needs of publishers in thisdirection should be taken. In any event,it is doubtful if one could derive fullbenefit as an exhibitor from such a Fairuntil a second or third visit. To sum up,what is needed apart from an attractivedisplay and good quality catalogues andprice lists, is a sales team strong enoughto tackle the vastness of such anexhibition, and rights purchasing moneyby way of access to foreign currency.

What I was not aware of at the timewas that this Fair was not considered tobe a good 'buying' fair. The gloom of theinternational recession apparently hungheavily over it, the British Bookseller,organ of the book trade, reporting:'There are no major book markets thathave withstood the recession, and someof them are especially depressed.' Asone participant put it, 'the recession isan international malaise'. 'The Americanaisles seemed gloomy . . . and theyremarked constantly on the depressedstate of the U.S. market . . . Their searchfor a block-buster is a search for anillusion, and the Europeans, like theBritish, are still prepared to publish agood book, which will honestly make afew pounds profit, and may lead to abestseller of the future.' And finally, 'Ithas certainly become a quieter fair:fewer people, fewer big deals, less frothon the beer, few pockets of freneticactivity.' Perhaps we didn't fare sobadly after all considering it was ourdebut.

The newly formed Publishers Assoc-iation of Zimbabwe would be welladvised to consider taking the initiativein arranging a team participation of alllocal publishers in selected Book Fairs,starting with Frankfurt and, perhaps,the London Book Fair which is growingin popularity.

13

ZAMBEZIAThe Journal of the University of Zimbabwe

in print:Vol. VIII (1980), i and ii

Vol. IX (1981), i

Education Supplement, 1980-1

CHALLISS, R.J., The European Educational System inSouthern Rhodesia, 1890-1930

forthcoming issues and supplements:Vols IX (1981), ii; X (1982), i and ii;

XI (1983), iandii

Education Supplement, 1982-83

PONGWENI, A.J.C., Studies in Shona Phonetics:An Analytical Review

DEMBETEMBE, N.C., Verbal Constructions in theKorekore Dialect

HEATH, R.A., Service Centres and ServiceRegions in Zimbabwe

MUTIZWA-MANGIZA, N.D., Community Development inPre-Independent Zimbabwe: A Policy Evaluationfrom a Rural Development Planning Perspective

andPlanning Suburban Service Centres in Harare:A Study of Structure, Use Patterns and Needs

With Special Reference to Retailing inHigh Density Residential Areas

All Enquiries should be addressed to:PUBLICATIONS OFFICERUniversity of ZimbabweP.O. Box MP 45Mount PleasantHARARE Zimbabwe

A LIBRARY SCHOOL FOR ZIMBABWE

Plans for the establishment of a library training school in Zimbabwe, aspart of the National Library and Documentation Service, are nearingcompletion and it is hoped that the first intake will start its course this year.

The initiative for the establishment ofa training school came in October 1981when the National Library and Docu-mentation Council (NLDC) appointed aLibrarianship Training Committee(LTC) under the chairmanship of MrsJune Smith, to examine manpowerrequirements and training at variouslevels along Zintec lines and to makerecommendations on a syllabus. TheLTC has met several times since then,at one time continuously for a week. Theimponderables with regard to man-power requirements were such as todefy satisfactory analysis and thefigures projected are likely to besomewhat Utopian. The remaining areasof investigation proved more amenableto practical solution.

Key contributions to the planningwere made by last year's Swedishmission to Zimbabwe in its reportZimbabwe: National Library and Docu-mentation Service, and Mr EdwardDudley, former head of the NorthLondon Polytechnic School of Librarian-ship, who, after a visit sponsored by theBritish Council, submitted proposalsfor a course outline and recommenda-tions on other matters connected withthe establishment of a training school.

The Dudley Report

Mr Dudley's report co-ordinated andcrystallised the thinking of variousbodies and individuals involved in the

development of a training schemespecifically suited to the needs ofZimbabwe. It was warmly received bythe LTC and, with minor amendments,submitted to the NLDC which dulyadopted it.

The essential features of the Reportare:

The CourseA four-year full time diploma course

resulting in a first professional quali-fication (as in the case with teachers).Graduates should be capable of profes-sional work in any type of library orinformation service and of administeringa culture house with a staff of four.

The LTC submitted a further pro-posal that after two years of post-qualification experience, graduates withgood passes should be able to under-take a further year's study leading to adegree. This would of course entailaccreditation of the diploma by theUniversity of Zimbabwe, and the finerdetails have yet to be worked out.

The committee also saw the need for aone-year sub-professional certificatecourse for library assistants but again,no detailed planning for this has beenundertaken.

Entry QualificationsTwenty-five students will be enrolled

annually with a minimum educational

14 15

Library School

qualification of five '0' levels, includingEnglish, high aggregate marks and com-petence in Shona or Ndebele. Specialconsideration will be given to applicantswith the City and Guilds LibraryAssistant's Certificate. It is also hopedto attract students of some maturity asgraduates will be expected to administerculture houses and therefore to havesome managerial competence.

The LTC recommended that theselection board also be given discre-tionary powers to admit those rareapplicants who do not meet the formalacademic requirements but who haveproven ability to cope with the academicdemands of the course and administra-tive expertise.

StaffA Course Director, who is a Zim-

babwean citizen, should be appointedas soon as possible, as well as four fulltime lecturers. To assist in planning inthe early stages and development of thecourse, an experienced ConsultantCourse Director should be sought fromoutside Zimbabwe; he should make twoor three extended visits to the schoolover a period of two years. The servicesof part-time and visiting lecturers

should be used for specialist subjects.

The LibraryThe training and professional educa-

tion of librarians should be librarycentred and the speedy creation of alibrary to serve these aims is imperative.

The library should provide all thenecessary learning materials, accom-modation for teachers and students, actas a demonstration centre and ensureuse of the materials by students andstaff.

The LTC has been advised that theBritish Council has offered to providethe necessary text books and it is hopedthat other organisations who haveoffered assistance will be prepared toprovide supplementary material. Certainlocal libraries may also be tapped forsuitable books and periodicals.

The scope of the library will in fact bewider than that envisaged by theReport, as it will cater for the studentsof various other courses run by theDivision of Culture.

Course Structure

The components of the course will beorganised on the basis of a unit, or

WE CARRY EXCELLENT STOCKS OFPrimary and Secondary School Textbooks

Supplementary Readers, Library BooksWE ARE HAPPY TO ORDER FOR YOUanything that you do not find on our shelves

WE ARE CONTRACTORS TO THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATIONAND ABOVE ALL WE OFFER SERVICE

ALPHA BOOKS (PVT.) LTD.

Paget House87 Union Avenue

(Formerly the S.P.C.K. Bookshop)

Phone 22553 P.O. Box 1056Harare

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CATALOGUERThe library, which is a national lending library and national centre for inter-libraryloans, has a vacancy for a cataloguer. Candidates should be Chartered Librariansor hold a degree or higher diploma in library science, and be conversant withAACR 2/Dewey 19.

Salary scale: $7 152 x $372 to $8 640 x $432 to $10 368

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Write, with full curriculum vitae and copies of two recent testimonials or names oftwo referees, as soon as possible, to:

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NEW BOOKS, PERIODICALS, STATIONERY ANDLOTTERY TICKETS:

Ambassador House, Union Avenue, HararePhones 24611, 26679

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BOOKS AIRFREIGHTED FROM U.K.

17

Library School

module, of one term's length, with somesubjects comprised of several units.This structure offers the advantage offlexibility in the timing of a componentdependent, for example, on the availa-bility of a visiting lecturer, and facilitateschanges in course content and students'programmes. A full term in each of thefirst three years will be spent in the field.

Course Outline

The usual professional subjects, inthis course entitled The Use of Booksand Information, Library Materialsand Library and Information ScienceProcesses will each occupy six terms.

An important component will beCultural Animation, a course devided toassist librarians in their potential role ashead of a culture house, where they willbe required to initiate and organise allforms of cultural activity. Althoughthese activities will be implemented bycultural officers, librarians will beinvolved in the introduction and produc-tion of various media and the operationof the necessary machines. A broadeducation in the definitions and socialrole of cultural activity, with specialreference to Zimbabwe, will be included.

The remaining subjects are Manage-ment, which will be essentially practical,Communications Skills, two SpecialOptions, Computerisation, Future De-velopments in Zimbabwe and a finaldissertation, probably related to one ofthe special options.

An academic component is com-pulsory. The Report recommends twothree-term subjects — Social Studiesand Collections: Literature, the latter tocover the process and problems ofcollection building, including the role ofall forms of imaginative literature. The

LTC felt that the academic content wasinadequate, given the educational andintellectual aspects of librarianship andthe relatively low level of the entryqualification; it therefore recommendedthat each be extended to five terms.

During his brief visit, Mr Dudleystressed that he could do no more thanprovide a course outline; it was appro-priate that the detailed syllabus shouldbe worked out by the teaching staff.

Subsequent Developments

During consideration of the DudleyReport, the LTC recommended theappointment of three library schoolcommittees to oversee developments. Itwas acknowledged that their functionsmight overlap to some extent, but thiswas not necessarily a disadvantage.More serious misgivings were expressedthat the need to refer to too manycommittees might hamstring the CourseDirector. With this caution in mind, thefollowing committees were approved:

Library School Advisory Committee -To represent the broader needs oflibrary and information services and ofthe training school itself. Its immediatetask would be to oversee the imple-mentation of the training school and toadvise on the appointment of staff. Itwould have a continuing role as a boardof governors. Its membership shouldcomprise representatives of all sectorsof librarianship, the University, aprovincial authority, and the Ministry ofEducation and Culture.

Course Advisory Committee — Anin-house committee headed by theCourse Director, it would be responsiblefor course input on the advice of theCurriculum Development Unit.

18

Library School

Curriculum Development Unit — Thiswould replace the LTC and wouldinclude representatives of the CourseAdvisory Committee and co-optedmembers from areas of interest relevantto librarianship training — for example,representatives from ministries who canadvise on whether libraries are meetingthe needs of various user groups. Itsfunction would be to recommendcurriculum changes to meet changingneeds.

After its last meeting, the LTCdecided that its task had been completedand recommended that further planningrequired a more broadly based com-mittee. It therefore dissolved itself.

Library School Premises

The preliminary drawings for thetraining school, by the French company,Sopha Developpement, were presentedto a meeting of the NLDC in March. Ahostel providing accommodation for216 students (some of whom will betaking other courses offered by theDivision of Culture) is part of thepackage. Until the building is completed,students will use facilities offered by theBelvedere Teachers' College.

Conclusion

The progress made so far is signifi-cant: we have a fair idea of how toproceed, plans for the buildings and acourse outline, but there remains asubstantial amount of work to be done.There are neither teachers (althoughoffers of assistance have been receivedin this regard) nor students, and thedetailed syllabuses and schemes ofwork, which must be the responsibilityof the teaching staff, have yet to bedrawn up.

A contingency plan, not yet formalised,has been made to second a seniorlibrarian to the Ministry of Educationand Culture to oversee and co-ordinatefurther developments until the appoint-ment of a Course Director. Planning hasreached the stage where it can no longerbe conducted on an ad hoc basis,and requires the full-time attention ofan experienced librarian and administra-tor. The first culture houses are alreadyunder construction and it is essentialthat they be run from the start bylibrarians of undisputed competence asthe National Library and DocumentationService will be judged on its initialperformance.

P. Francis

19

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20

ObituarySIR VINCENT QUENET, QC

It was with great sadness that we learned that Sir Vincent Quenet hadpassed away in Harare in February. He will be remembered with respectand gratitude for his services to law and librarianship in this country.

Sir Vincent was born in Cape Town in 1906 and graduated with aB.A., Ll.B. from the University of Cape Town after which he was admittedto the Bar of the Cape Provincial Division of the Supreme Court of SouthAfrica. He served as a public prosecutor in Port Elizabeth and in theProsecution Office in Johannesburg until 1936 when he entered privatepractice, becoming one of the leading advocates in the Transvaal. He tooksilk in 1947 and was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1949.

In 1953 he was appointed Judge of the High Court of SouthernRhodesia, becoming Judge President of the Appellate Division in 1964.He was knighted in 1962. On his retirement in 1970 for health reasons, theChief Justice, Sir Hugh Beadle, said that Sir Vincent had helped raise thestandard of the courts by his own high standards and that his lucid andaccurate English had added to the value of his judgements.

These high standards extended to his involvement in library affairs inthis country. He chaired the inaugural meeting of the Library Associationof Rhodesia and Nyasaland (forebear of the ZLA) on 30 November 1959and served as its first chairman until 1962 when he was elected President.His approaches to government led to the Greenfield Commission onLibraries whose Report in 1970 was one of the milestones in the history oflibrarianship in Zimbabwe — although its recommendations were neverimplemented. The 1981 Alison Report on the establishment of a nationallibrary service acknowledged the .essential soundness of the Greenfieldrecommendations.

The association made regular calls on Sir Vincent's wisdom, adviceand support in many other spheres of activity.

On his resignation as President in 1977 he was elected an honorarylife member — the highest honour the association can bestow.

Our deepest sympathy is extended to his widow and family.Sheila Parry

21

INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES CONFERENCE

The 21st International Conference of the Round Table of Archives(CITRA), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 29 Nouember-4 December1982 and International Council on Archives Executive Committee,

Denpasar, Indonesia, 6-10 December 1982.

by Angeline S. Kamba*

Although the journey to the Far Eastwas long and tedious, it was well worthwhile. Both Malaysia and Indonesia weretruly exotic, particularly the Island ofBali in Indonesia; even Kuala Lumpur,with its skyscrapers and all the trappingsof capitalism, had a touch of the exoticorient.

The CITRA (which derives its acronymfrom the French: Conference Inter-nationale de la Table Ronde desArchives) is held annually with the mainpurpose of bringing together all heads ofarchival institutions to discuss mutualproblems and in the process, to draw upstandards on methods of work andequipment and to encourage researchand the dissemination of information ondevelopments through publications.

Between 1954 and 1981, twentyRound Table Conferences had beenheld in major cities in Europe, NorthAmerica and Africa (Nairobi in 1978);the twenty-first CITRA was the firstheld in the orient. Through the theme ofthe conference, Microfilm Policies, itwas intended to examine the whole areaof archival reprography.

"Microfilming enters into most ofthe statutory objectives of theInternational Council on Archives(ICA): the relationship betweenarchival institutions all over theworld, the promotion of archivalpreservation, the improvement ofprofessional training, the efforts foreasier access to archival sources or

the co-operation with other organi-sations which are engaged in thedocumentation of human experiencein its widest sense" — Introductoryremarks of the CITRA Secretary.

Added to this, microfilming is ofparticular interest to institutions in theThird World in that it may be the onlymeans of replacing migrated archivesand filling the gaps in their collections.

Four experts on microfilming gavekeynote papers which paved the way forlively discussions in a conferencedealing with an otherwise technical anddifficult subject. The papers divided thesubject into the following aspects:

a) Preservation microfilmingb) Complementary microfilming and

its role in the settlement ofconflicting archival claims

c) Publication microfilming and theuse of microforms in archivalsearch rooms

d) Substitution microfilming andthe legal validity of microforms.

The conference resulted in theadoption of a number of resolutionswhich reminded archivists of theirresponsibility for the preservation oftheir archival heritage and its subjectcontent. Archive administrations were

*Mrs Kamba is Director, National Archives ofZimbabwe.

22

Archives Conference

urged to aim at a comprehensivemicrofilming programme which wouldtake into account the essential role ofmicrofilm for preservation purposes.Institutions were also urged to workwithin the framework of studies alreadycarried out under the auspices ofUnesco concerning bilateral and multi-lateral agreements over archival claims.Microfilming should also be used tofacilitate greater access to archivalcollections while protecting the originaldocuments. The conference agreed thatit was essential for the ICA to producemicrofilming guidelines for archivalinstitutions.

For me, this was the first conference Ihad attended in my added capacity asChairwoman of the East and CentralAfrica Regional Branch of the Inter-nat ional Counci l on Archives(ECARBICA) and therefore as an exofficio member of the ICA ExecutiveCommittee. As such, I found my self withextra responsibilities which did notleave much time to explore the bazaarsof Kuala Lumpur! Firstly I had to attendand give a report to an all-day meeting ofthe Committee on Archival Development(CAD) of which all chairmen of regionalbranches of ICA are members. Thecomposition of this committee is,however, confined to Third Worldcountries. CAD is itself an instrument ofICA which, within the limited resourcesof its Fund, assists the world's de-veloping countries to enrich theirarchival heritage by building effectivemodern national archives, recordsmanagement structures and services.

Following the heavy CAD meeting, I

chaired the very first session of theCITRA after its opening by the Ministerof Youth, Sports and Culture. TheNational Archives of Malaysia, whichhosted the conference, had its hour ofglory during the conference week whentheir own brand new building wasofficially opened by no lesser a personthan the King himself (His Majesty theYang Di-Pertuan Agong), while theDirector-General of the Archives, MrsZakia Hanum Nor very ably presidedover the proceedings. The building isroomy and splendid in every way, withsome very fine interior wood carvingwhich is typical of Malaysian art — inshort, the kind of building that manyarchivists dream of but never acquire.The real irony lay in the way Malaysia, adeveloping country, hosted the con-ference in such an opulent manner, farsurpassing the performance of the so-called developed countries!

After the conference in Kuala Lumpur,the members of the Executive Commit-tee of ICA went on to Denpasar, capitalof Bali, Indonesia, where the generalmeeting was held. Although the sessionswere long, the members were amplycompensated by so beautiful andromantic a setting, and the host insti-tution, the National Archives ofIndonesia, arranged for us to see someof the traditional life of Bali — theatre,dancing and Buddhist religious cere-monies. The meeting concerned itselfwith routine business: reports, elections,programmes of forthcoming meetingsand conferences, the main one being theInternational Congress of Archivists tobe held in Bonn in 1984.

23

QUOTES CASED No. 25-26

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He is not only dull himself, but the causeof dullness in others. Samuel Foote

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IN BRIEF

.Retirements

The beginning of 1983 saw the retire-ment of two pillars of the library world inZimbabwe, Miss L.A. Phillips and MrsJune Smith. Their contributions werevery different (in style apart fromanything else) and they will be equallydifficult to replace. The gratitude andgood wishes of the ZLA go with them.

Miss L.A. Phillips, B.A.,Dip.Pers.Man., F.S.A.L.A.

It is unlikely that there are manymembers of the ZLA who are un-acquainted with Miss Phillips (widelyknown as Auntie) or her legend. She hastaken early retirement from the Univer-sity of Zimbabwe Library to accept thechallenging position of librarian at theUniversity of Bophuthatswana where,incidentally, another librarian well-known to Zimbabweans, Mr JoePhehane, is also engaged.

Miss Phillips was born in Grahams-town and educated at Rhodes Univer-sity. She first came to this country in1950, employed first by the Ministry ofAgriculture and then as Head RecordLibrarian of the Southern RhodesiaBroadcasting Corporation. After someyears with the Cape Provincial LibraryService and the University of theWitwatersrand, she returned in 1966 asAssistant Librarian at the then Univer-sity College of Rhodesia. In 1973 shewas promoted to Sub-Librarian andHead of the Acquisitions Department.

Her long services to librarianship inZimbabwe extend beyond the walls ofUZ into the Zimbabwe Library Asso-ciation of which she has been a member

since 1953. She served on the Mashona-land Branch Committee in the earlysixties and as its chairwoman from1975-1976.

Her pertinent contributions enlivenedmany a ZLA meeting and, on occasion,caused a good deal of apprehension.Inadequately presented arguments wereimmediately subject to fierce scrutinybut she accepted with grace and humourand a strong justification. She is astickler for procedure; some will re-member all too vividly a disastrousbranch AGM a few years ago when shedeclared (rightly) at the conclusion thatthe entire proceedings had been un-constitutional. Only the timely andtactful intervention of the Hon.President saved the meeting fromdissolving in disarray.

We mark with regret the departure ofthe institution of Auntie from theZimbabwean library scene.

Mrs June Smith, B.A.(Hons),Grad.C.E.( H.D.L.S.

Mrs Smith entered the library worldthrough the medium of school librarian-ship which she has subsequently beeninstrumental in transforming.

She was born in Johannesburg andeducated at the University of theWitwatersrand where she acquired ageneral B.A. and an Honours degree inphilosophy. Then followed an extra-ordinarily diverse career. Her first postwas secretary/reporter with a stockexchange review followed by a spell ofjournalism with a social magazine. Afterher marriage, her husband accepted aposition with the Attorney General's

25

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Office and they moved to Zimbabwe in1950. She raised four children, becamestock controller for a firm of agri-cultural engineers in 1964 and lecturedphilosophy part-time to Adult Educationstudents at UZ. She was then lured,reluctantly, into teaching English atOriel Girls' High, when she embarked ona Graduate Certificate in Education,again part-time. Having successfullycompleted that, she became EnglishMethod Tutor at UZ for two years.

During her teaching career, herinterest in school libraries was kindledand, with the approval of the Ministry ofEducation, she and Ted Creeth ad-ministered a national questionnaire toinvestigate the prevailing situation. Oneof the results was the formation in 1976of the School Libraries Section of theZLA of which she became Secretary/Treasurer from its inception until herretirement. During that time,she was anex officio member of Council, theMashonaland Branch Committee andthe Education Committee.

In 1976 June also started Arrakis, aquarterly magazine for school librarians,which takes its name from an arid planetin a science fiction novel called Dune:the planet has potential if nurtured, andthis seemed to be the condition of schoollibraries in Zimbabwe. In 1980, she leftOriel for the newly created post ofSenior Librarian in the Ministry ofEducation and Culture with specialresponsibility for school libraries. Theinstitution of the post has gone a longway to providing the necessary nurture,but the recent expansion in the educa-tional system has outstripped thecapabilities of one person to cope withschool libraries.

To prepare herself for her new role,June, needless to say, obtained aprofessional qualification in librarian-ship: the Higher Diploma in Library

Science by correspondence through theUniversity of South Africa.

Since 1978, she has organised andlectured at the Annual Course forLibrary Assistants and Teachers inCharge of School Libraries, arranged bythe School Libraries Section with thesupport of the Ministry of Educationand Culture. In 1981 she was appointedchairman of the Librarianship TrainingCommittee which was established bythe National Library and Documenta-tion Council to investigate manpowerrequirements and training at variouslevels and to make recommendations ona syllabus. A report on the committee'sactivities appears elsewhere in thisissue of the journal.

It is not easy to pay adequate tributeto June's untiring efforts, resourceful-ness and tact in promoting librarianshipin Zimbabwe. She and Tony (theretiring Judge President, Mr JusticeE.A.T Smith) are moving to EastLondon and we wish them greathappiness in t h e i r wel l -earnedretirement.

Visitors

There have been so many importantforeign visitors to Zimbabwe on mattersconnected with librarianship that theEditor has been hard pressed to keep upwith them and apologises if some haveescaped his notice.

The one of most immediate signifi-cance was Mr Edward Dudley, formerhead of the North London PolytechnicSchool of Librarianship. The purpose ofhis visit, sponsored by the BritishCouncil at the request of the Ministry ofEducation and Culture, was to draw upa programme for the training oflibrarians in Zimbabwe. Mr Dudley washere for just over a week at the end of

26 27

November during which time he metrepresentatives of dozens of interestedparties, had several brainstormingsessions with the Librarianship TrainingCommittee and then retired to Londonto write his report, The education andtraining of librarians in Zimbabwe:proposals for a full-time course. Thereport was submitted to the ministry inFebruary and a brief account of itsessential features appears on page 15If all such visits yield such prompt andconstructive fruits, it augurs well forlibrary development in Zimbabwe.

There have been several visitors fromUnesco over the past few months: inNovember, Professor A Boussou andMr V Montviloff of the GeneralInformation Programme made a visitpreparatory to a tour of the region by ateam to study the feasibility of aSouthern African Documentation andInformation System. They met severalofficials and advised the LibrarianshipTraining Committee. The full missionarrived in February as part of a two-month tour of the region, and in mid-April submitted a report, Study reporton the feasibility of a Southern AfricanDocumentation and Information System.The report was commissioned by theGovernment of Zimbabwe on behalf ofthe SADCC countries and financed byUnesco, the African BibliographicCenter in Washington and UNDP.

Also in February, Mrs M Lahti, alibrarian from Finland, visited Zimbabwewith a brief from her government toreport on the need for assistance in theareas of library training and theprovision of books. She was accompa-nied by Mme S A Mahin of Unesco.

A joint Unesco/IDRC (Interna-tional Development Research Centre— Canada) team arrived, again inFebruary, to hold discussions on the

establishment of a regional postgraduatetraining programme in informationscience in Anglophone Africa. Theirmission was to determine the mostsuitable university to which an advancedinformation sciences training schoolshould be attached. While they wereprepared to finance the establishmentof the school, the host country wouldhave to commit itself to meeting therecurrent expenditure. The impressiongleaned by the Editor from thoseinvolved in the discussions was that theschool would probably not be locatedhere, and in any case, it could not beconsidered a priority at our presentstage of development.

AppointmentsMiss Pam Humphries, B.A.(Hons),H.D.L., has been appointed Librarian ofBelvedere Teachers' College. She com-pleted her training last year at RhodesUniversity and follows in the footstepsof her mother Jill, who works at NationalArchives.

AGM and ConferenceThe 23rd AGM and Conference of the

ZLA was held at Gweru Teachers'College on 23rd and 24th April. A fullreport will appear in the next issue of theZimbabwe Librarian.

New branchA Manicaland Branch has been

established in Mutare by Miss AnneBarnshaw, Librarian of the MutareTeachers' College. It is hoped that asmore libraries develop outside the twomajor urban centres we will see otherbranches come into existence. We wishthe committee success in its activitiesand urge members in the region tosupport the new branch.

28

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The eldest daughter, who was sixteen or seventeen at the time, was very musical. In theevenings she used to close the door of the parlour and play the piano alone to herself in thegloaming. Occasionally after one of these sessions she would emerge looking puzzledand uneasy to say that she was sure that thethat someone or something was in the roomusually agitated, claiming that she hadas it nung round the piano stool. No onewas imaginatively inclined, and at an agewith glowing colours. One hot afternoonand locked the door feeling as manydidn't get away from it all for fiveShe lay down on the sofa, put up herAfter a few moments she heard a rustletantly she opened her eyes, to see thepiano top. Too surprised towhile a long and veryeased itself up onlike polishedhadgoldenWith grace-the snake slidthe piano till it came toit lifted its head, nosed its wayand presently Mrs. Bain heard the softthe mystery of the water in the violetssomehow, that snakes are forever beingworld. They, too, have their fair share ofby other creatures. Nor are they immunespecies of tick that feeds on snakes andonce watched a snake being killed by apresumably to steal eggs or chicks, but waswho cackled out a warning to her sisters,surrounded by a circle of murderous hens. Noand struck out there was always one hen

SER

S E R V I C E

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room was haunted. She used to get the feelingwith her, and once she burst out more thandistinctly felt something stirring her long skirtpaid much attention to her stories, for shewhen a girl likes to tint her everyday lifeMrs. Bam retired to the parlour herself,mothers have before and since, that if sheminutes, something was going to snap,feet closed her eyes and tried to relax,from the direction of the piano. Reluc-head of a snake peeping over the

move, she {ay absolutely stillbeautiful green snake

to the lid. It lookedjade and it

lighteves.

ful aplombconfidently along

the bowl of violets. Herebetween the leaves and flowers,

sound of the snake drinking. So at lastwas explained! It strikes me as unjust,

represented as the villains of the animalhardship and are preyed on mercilessly

to parasites — there is a particularsnakes alone. My brother-in-law, Lloyd,

flock of hens. It had entered the fowl-runspotted by one of the bright-eyed ladies

and in no time at all the snake wasmatter how desperately the snake whirled

behind it, ready to stab it with her beak. Aftereach strike the snake has a moment of helplessness while it gathers its coils togetheronce more, and the hens were quick to seize this advantage. They finally succeeded in pecking itto death. I once had a white leghorn called Pollen who could devoure a snake whole.

Acknowledgements to C. Emily Dibb for the use of above text from her book "Ivory, Apes & Peacocks"

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