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Waterbirds around the world A global overview of the conservation, management and research of the world's waterbird flyways Edited by G.C. Boere, C.A. Galbraith and D.A. Stroud Assisted by L.K. Bridge, I. Colquhoun, D.A. Scott, D.B.A. Thompson and L.G. Underhill EDINBURGH, UK: THE STATIONERY OFFICE Extract only - complete publication at www.jncc.gov.uk/worldwaterbirds

Transcript of Contents - Waterbirds around the world - JNCCjncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/pub07_waterbirds_content.pdf ·...

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Waterbirds around the world

A global overview of the conservation, management and research of the

world's waterbird flyways

Edited by G.C. Boere, C.A. Galbraith and D.A. Stroud

Assisted by L.K. Bridge, I. Colquhoun, D.A. Scott,

D.B.A. Thompson and L.G. Underhill

EDINBURGH, UK: THE STATIONERY OFFICE

Extract only - complete publication at www.jncc.gov.uk/worldwaterbirds

Cathy Gardner
Text Box
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© Scottish Natural Heritage 2006

First published in 2006 by The Stationery Office Limited71 Lothian Road, Edinburgh EH3 9AZ, UK.

Applications for reproduction should be made to Scottish Natural Heritage,Great Glen House, Leachkin Road, Inverness IV3 8NW, UK.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0 11 497333 4

Recommended citation:Boere, G.C., Galbraith, C.A. & Stroud, D.A. (eds). 2006.

Waterbirds around the world. The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, UK. 960 pp.

Names used for geographical entities do not imply recognition, by the organisers of the Waterbirds around the world conference or othersupporting organisations or governments, of the political status or boundaries of any particular territory. Names of territories used (andany alternatives) are included solely to help users of this publication apply information contained within this volume for waterbird conservation purposes. The views expressed in papers included within this volume do not necessarily represent views of the editorsor the organisations and governments that supported the conference and this publication.

Cover photography: Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus arriving at Martin Mere, England. Photo: Paul Marshall.

(www.paulmarshallphotography.com)

Copyright of all photographs used in this publication resides with the named photographers.

Extract only - complete publication at www.jncc.gov.uk/worldwaterbirds

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Part 1. Introduction

Address by the Patrons of ‘Waterbirds around the world’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

The Edinburgh Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Déclaration d’Edimbourg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Declaración de Edimburgo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Address by His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Address by Elliot Morley MP, UK Minister for Environment and Agri-Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Address by Cees Veerman, The Netherlands’ Minister for Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Address by Max Finlayson, President, Wetlands International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Address by John Markland, Chairman of Scottish Natural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Address by Allan Wilson MSP, Deputy Minister for Environment and Rural Development, Scotland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Waterbird conservation in a new millennium — where from and where to?David A. Stroud, Gerard C. Boere, Colin A. Galbraith & Des Thompson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

The flyway concept; what it is and what it isn’tGerard C. Boere & David A. Stroud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Part 2. Plenary papers

2.1 A short history of waterbird conservationEckhart Kuijken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

2.2 North American flyway management: a century of experience in the United StatesPaul R. Schmidt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

2.3 African-Western Eurasian Flyways: current knowledge, population status and future challengesNicholas C. Davidson & David A. Stroud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

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2.4 Migration in the balance: tight ecological margins and the changing fortunes of shorebird populationsTheunis Piersma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

2.5 Successes and challenges of promoting conservation of migratory waterbirds and wetlands in the Asia-Pacific region: nine years of a regional strategy Taej Mundkur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

2.6 Climate variability and change and other pressures on wetlands and waterbirds: impacts and adaptationC. Max Finlayson, Habiba Gitay, Maria Bellio, Rick van Dam & Iain Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

2.7 Sustainable harvest of waterbirds: a global reviewNiels Kanstrup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

2.8 Cross-cutting research on a flyway scale - beyond monitoringDavid B. Lank & Silke Nebel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

2.9 Conservation of albatrosses and petrels of the Southern OceanJohn Cooper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

2.10 The Arctic – origin of flywaysKenton D. Wohl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Part 3. Geographic regions

3.1 The Arctic: source of flyways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

3.1.1 Monitoring Arctic-nesting shorebirds: an international vision for the futureRichard B. Lanctot (on behalf of the Committee for Holarctic Shorebird Monitoring) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

3.1.2 Breeding performance of tundra waders in response to rodent abundance and weather from Taimyr to Chukotka, SiberiaMikhail Y. Soloviev, Clive D.T. Minton & Pavel S. Tomkovich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

3.1.3 The Arctic connection: monitoring coastal waders in South Africa - a case studyDoug M. Harebottle & Les G. Underhill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

3.1.4 Thirty years of Arctic wader monitoring in the Dutch part of the Wadden SeaMeinte Engelmoer, Gerard C. Boere & Ebel Nieboer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

3.1.5 Stable isotope analysis and threats in the wintering areas of the declining Spoon-billed Sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmeus in the East Asia-Pacific FlywayChristoph Zöckler, Evgeny E. Syroechkovskiy, Jr., Elena G. Lappo & Gillian Bunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

3.1.6 Declines in breeding waterbirds following a redistribution of Arctic Terns Sterna paradisaea in West GreenlandCarsten Egevang, Kaj Kampp & David Boertmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

3.1.7 Long-term study of Bewick’s Swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii nesting in the Nenetskiy State Nature Reserve, Russia: preliminary results and perspectivesEileen C. Rees & Anna V. Belousova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

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3.2 Waterbirds in the Neotropics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

3.2.1 Potential new Ramsar sites in northwest Mexico: strategic importance for migratory waterbirds and threats to conservationX. Vega, M.A. González & A. Muñoz del Vieja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

3.2.2 The importance of Costa Rica for resident and migratory waterbirdsGhisselle M. Alvarado Quesada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

3.2.3 Shorebird monitoring in the Upper Bay of PanamaLoyda E. Sánchez, Deborah M. Buehler & Alberto I. Castillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

3.2.4 Rice culture in Cuba as an important wintering site for migrant waterbirds from North AmericaLourdes Mugica, Martín Acosta, Dennis Denis, Ariam Jiménez, Antonio Rodríguez & Xavier Ruiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

3.2.5 Waterbird monitoring and conservation in protected areas of the Colombian PacificLuis Germán Naranjo, Luis Fernando Castillo, Richard Johnston-González, Carlos Hernández,Carlos Ruiz & Felipe Estela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

3.2.6 Important areas for waterbirds on the Pacific coast of ColombiaLuis Germán Naranjo, Alexandra Aparicio & Patricia Falk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

3.2.7 Status of the Black-necked Swan Cygnus melancorypha and Coscoroba Swan Coscoroba coscorobain the south of BrazilJoao Oldair Menegheti & Joao Carlos Dotto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

3.2.8 Opportunism required - migratory shorebirds at variable tidal flats in the northeast of BrazilKerstin Kober . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

3.2.9 Biodiversity and conservation in the Bañados del Este, southeastern UruguayAdrian B. Azpiroz & Francisco Rilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

3.2.10 Abundance, distribution and migration chronology of shorebirds on exposed sandy beaches of south central ChileAlexandra Aparicio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

3.2.11 The conservation status of migratory waterbirds in Argentina: towards a national strategySergio D. Goldfeder & Daniel E. Blanco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

3.2.12 The Ruddy-headed Goose Chloephaga rubidiceps mainland population: a flyway perspectiveDaniel E. Blanco, Ricardo Matus, Olivia Blank, Victoria M. de la Balze & Sergio M. Zalba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

3.3 Flyway conservation in North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

3.3.1 Integrated waterfowl management in North AmericaRobert J. Blohm, David E. Sharp, Paul I. Padding, Ronald W. Kokel & Kenneth D. Richkus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

3.3.2 Summary of the Workplans for 2005 of the Waterbird Conservation Council’s committees Jennifer Wheeler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

3.3.3 Canada’s Waterbird Conservation Plan - building on 30 years experience on the North American Great LakesDonna L. Stewart, D.V. Chip Weseloh, Brigitte Collins, Steve Timmermans & Jon McCracken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

3.3.4 Population declines in North American shorebirds: ecology, life-history and sexual selectionGavin M. Thomas, Richard B. Lanctot & Tamás Székely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

3.3.5 Coordinated waterbird monitoring in the Pacific flyway of the western U.S.: the Idaho Bird Inventory and Survey (IBIS)Rex Sallabanks & Colleen E. Moulton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

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3.3.6 Individual behaviour, population genetics and phylogeography of North American mergansersJohn M. Pearce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

3.3.7 Using national plans in North America to conserve shorebirds at an international scaleGarry Donaldson, Brad Andres, Aurea Estrada & Stephen Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

3.3.8 Issues and challenges facing migratory bird conservation programs in North AmericaSteve Wendt, Paul Schmidt & Garry Donaldson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

3.4 Intra-African migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

3.4.1 Conservation dilemmas for intra-African migratory waterbirdsTim Dodman & Cheikh Hamallah Diagana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

3.4.2 An investigation into inter-colony movements of African Penguins Spheniscus demersusPhilip A. Whittington, J. Griffin, P. Bartlett, R.J.M. Crawford, N.T.W. Klages, R.M. Randall & A.C. Wolfaardt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

3.4.3 Anatidae numbers and distribution in West Africa in winterBernard Trolliet & Olivier Girard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

3.4.4 Anatidae wintering in the Inner Niger Delta, MaliOlivier Girard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

3.4.5 Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor counts in Tanzanian soda lakes: implications for conservationCharles Mlingwa & Neil Baker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

3.4.6 Satellite tracking documents the East African flyway and key site network of the Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minorBrooks Childress, Baz Hughes, David Harper, Wim Van den Bossche, Peter Berthold & Ulrich Querner . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

3.4.7 Movements of three Greater Flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber roseus fitted with satellite transmitters in TanzaniaN. E. Baker, E.M. Baker, W. Van den Bossche & H. Biebach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

3.4.8 Waterbirds in Tanzania: what we know and what we do not; where are the knowledge gaps?N. E. Baker & E.M. Baker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

3.4.9 Conservation biology of an endemic waterbird of Madagascar, the Madagascar Plover Charadrius thoracicus: distribution, surveys and photographsSama Zefania & Tamás Székely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

3.4.10 Madagascar Teal Anas bernieri: the ecology and conservation of a short distance migrantHywel Glyn Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252

3.4.11 Subsistence use of waterbirds at Lake Chilwa, MalawiRoy Bhima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

3.4.12 Waterbird ringing in AfricaH. Dieter Oschadleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

3.5 Flyway conservation in the Central Asian Flyway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

3.5.1 Waterbirds in the valleys of the Ob river tributaries (Western Siberia) and their conservationTatiana K. Blinova, I.V. Gromyshev & M.M. Samsonova (Mukhacheva) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

3.5.2 Study and conservation of the Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus on the Putorana Plateau, southern Taimyr: results and perspectives Alexey A. Romanov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

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3.5.3 Waterbird surveys in the Tobolo-Irtyshskaja forest-steppe and steppe of Western SiberiaSergei A. Soloviev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

3.5.4 Waterbird populations in the Barabinsk Lowland, Russia, 1976-2003Alexander P. Yanovsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

3.5.5 Past and current status of Anatidae populations in Kazakhstan Sergey N. Yerokhov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

3.5.6 Creating protected areas on Lake Balkhash and Ile River Delta in the Kazakhstan RepublicAltay Zhumakan-Uly Zhatkanbayev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

3.5.7 The effect of habitat change on the distribution of waterbirds in Uzbekistan and the possible implications of climate changeElena A. Kreuzberg-Mukhina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

3.5.8 The Aral Sea basin: changes in migratory and breeding waterbird populations due to major human-induced changes to the region’s hydrologyElena A. Kreuzberg-Mukhina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

3.5.9 The importance of Uzbekistan’s wetlands for supporting wintering waterfowl of the Central Asian FlywayYevgeniya Lanovenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

3.5.10 A review of the wetlands of AfghanistanAhmad Khan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

3.5.11 Strategic role of Pakistan wetland resources: prospects for an effective migratory waterbird conservation networkKashif M. Sheikh & Naseem Kashif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

3.5.12 Decreases in size of lakes and numbers of birds in selected wetlands in PakistanZulfiqar Ali & Muhammad Akhtar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

3.5.13 The decline in wader populations along the east coast of India with special reference to Point Calimere, south-east IndiaS. Balachandran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

3.5.14 Important Bird Areas in western IndiaAeshita Mukherjee & Burkhard Wilske . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

3.5.15 Importance of wetlands for conservation of bird life in the dry lands of western IndiaAeshita Mukherjee & Burkhard Wilske . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

3.5.16 Status of migratory shorebirds at Bhitarkanika and Chilika wetlands on the east coast of IndiaAnup Kumar Nayak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

3.5.17 Residential, population and conservation status of Indian wetland birdsArun Kumar, P.C. Tak & J.P. Sati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

3.5.18 Protection of habitat of Sarus Crane Grus antigone in Bhoj wetland, IndiaPradip Kumar Nandi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

3.5.19 Nesting sites and breeding success of Black-necked Cranes Grus nigricollis in Ladakh, IndiaPankaj Chandan, Parikshit Gautam & Archana Chatterjee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

3.6 East Asia–Pacific Flyway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

3.6.1 Shorebird migration studies in KamchatkaYuri N. Gerasimov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

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3.6.2 Conserving migrating shorebirds in the Yellow Sea regionC. Kelin & X. Qiang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

3.6.3 The North East Asian Crane Site NetworkSimba Chan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

3.6.4 The role of Asian wetland centres in the conservation of wetlands and migratory waterbirdsLew Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

3.6.5 Shorebird research in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway: looking to the futurePhil J. Straw, Ken B. Gosbell & Clive D.T. Minton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

3.6.6 Threatened waterbird species in eastern and southern Asia and actions needed for their conservationMichael J. Crosby & Simba Chan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

3.6.7 Monitoring waterbirds in the Asia-Pacific regionDavid Li Zuo Wei & Taej Mundkur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

3.6.8 Shorebird abundance and diversity in Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, SingaporeJames T.W.M. Gan & R.K. Ramakrishnan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

3.6.9 Using predictive modelling to investigate large-scale shorebird migration in the Russian Far East for Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris, Red Knot Calidris canutus and Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponicaKyle Kusch & Falk Huettmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

3.6.10 Status and conservation of the Little Curlew Numenius minutus on its over-wintering grounds in AustraliaMaria G. Bellio, P. Bayliss, S. Morton & R. Chatto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

3.7 Sustainable use of natural resources in the African-Eurasian Flyway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

3.7.1 The Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory WaterbirdsBert Lenten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

3.7.2 Conservation problems of migratory waterfowl and shorebirds and their habitats in the Kaliningrad region of RussiaDimitri Grishanov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

3.7.3 The state and conservation problems of key stop-over sites of migratory Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago in the Kaliningrad region of RussiaJulia Yarovikova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

3.7.4 The Neman River Delta: a potential Ramsar site in Kaliningrad, RussiaGennady Grishanov & Dimitri Grishanov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

3.7.5 The migration routes of waterfowl and their protection in Baikal SiberiaYuri I. Mel’nikov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

3.7.6 Enigmas about Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus in the East Atlantic FlywayBertrand Trolliet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

3.7.7 The European Non-Estuarine Coastal Waterbird SurveySteve J. Holloway, Niall H.K. Burton & Mark M. Rehfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

3.7.8 The evaluation of some key wetlands for waterfowl in Central Anatolia, TurkeyUtku Perktas,, Atil Baris, Albayrak & Zafer Ayas, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

3.7.9 Changes in abundance and diversity of waders and wintering waterfowl on the southern coast of the Caspian SeaAhmad Barati & Olia Gholi Khalilipoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

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3.7.10 Results of eight years of monitoring wintering and nesting waterbirds in AzerbaijanElchin Sultanov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370

3.7.11 Evolution of freshwater lagoons in Daghestan and their importance for waterbirds on the west Caspian coastE. V. Vilkov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

3.7.12 An overview of the Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS) research programmes on AnatidaeVincent Schricke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

3.7.13 Waterbirds of Baie de Baly, MadagascarRivo Rabarisoa, Odon Rakotonomenjanahary & Julien Ramanampamonjy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

3.7.14 Trends in numbers of migrant waders (Charadrii) at Langebaan Lagoon, South Africa, 1975-2003Doug M. Harebottle, Rene A. Navarro, Les G. Underhill & Manfred Waltner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

3.7.15 The breeding sites and distribution of Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina in HungaryAttila Bankovics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

3.7.16 The Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus at the verge of the millenniumVladimir V. Morozov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

Part 4. Cross-cutting issues

4.1 The implications of climate change for waterbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

4.1.1 Developing an integrated approach to understanding the effects of climate change and other environmental alterations at a flyway levelMark J. O’Connell, A.H.L. Huiskes, M.L. Loonen, J. Madsen, M. Klaassen & M. Rounsevell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

4.1.2 Climate change and coastal waterbirds: the United Kingdom experience reviewedM. J. Rehfisch & Graham E. Austin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398

4.1.3 Effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation and El Niño-Southern Oscillation on return rates,body mass and timing of migration of Common Terns Sterna hirundo breeding in GermanyMarco Favero & Peter H. Becker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

4.2 Disease emergence and impacts in migratory waterbirds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

4.2.1 Evolving changes in diseases of waterbirds Milton Friend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

4.2.2 Emerging viral diseases in waterbirdsThijs Kuiken, Ron A.M. Fouchier, Guus F. Rimmelzwaan & Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

4.2.3 The global importance of avian botulismTonie E. Rocke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

4.2.4 Domestic poultry and migratory birds in the interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses:a view from Hong KongKennedy F. Shortridge & David S. Melville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

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4.2.5 Migratory waterbirds and avian influenza in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway with particular reference to the 2003-2004 H5N1 outbreakDavid S. Melville & Kennedy F. Shortridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

4.2.6 Recurring waterbird mortalities of unusual etiologiesRebecca A. Cole & J. Christian Franson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

4.2.7 Consequences of an unforeseen event: effects of foot-and-mouth disease on the Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis population wintering on the Solway FirthLarry Griffin, Mark O’ Brien & Eileen C. Rees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

4.2.8 Snow Goose Chen caerulescens caerulescens overabundance increases avian cholera mortality in other speciesMichael D. Samuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

4.2.9 Ukraine as an ecological corridor for transcontinental migration of birds in the Afro-Eurasian region and questions of epidemiological safetyIvan Rusev & A. Korzuykov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

4.3 Flyway monitoring – rising to the challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

4.3.1 Monitoring North America’s waterfowl resourceRobert J. Blohm, David E. Sharp, Paul I. Padding & Kenneth D. Richkus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

4.3.2 The African Waterbird Census (1991-2004): fourteen years of waterbird surveys in AfricaCheikh Hamallah Diagana, Tim Dodman & Seydina Issa Sylla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

4.3.3 Ten years of continuous waterbird monitoring at Lutembe Bay, Lake Victoria, Uganda Achilles Byahuranga & Dianah Nalwanga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

4.3.4 Priority needs for co-ordinated research at flyway level in order to improve monitoring and management of waterbird populations as identified by the French National Observatory of WildlifeMichel Vallance & Yves Ferrand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

4.3.5 Long-term waterbird monitoring in The Netherlands: a tool for policy and managementMarc van Roomen, Kees Koffijberg, Ruurd Noordhuis & Leo Soldaat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

4.3.6 Monitoring geese in the Vinogradovo floodplain – the core stop-over site in Moscow regionAlexander L. Mischenko, Olga V. Sukhanova & Sergei P. Kharitonov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

4.3.7 Estuarine waterbirds at low tide: the WeBS low tide counts 1992-1993 to 1998-1999Andy Musgrove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

4.3.8 Waterfowl marking in Portugal: main results and future perspectivesDavid Rodrigues, M. Ester Figueiredo, António Fabião & Paulo Tenreiro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

4.3.9 Britain’s first Winter River Bird Survey: a new approach to surveying waterbirds on linear waterwaysJames A. Robinson, Melanie Kershaw, Jenny Worden & Peter Cranswick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476

4.3.10 Fluctuations and trends in Swedish waterfowl populations during the last four decadesLeif Nilsson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

4.3.11 Conflicting trends in Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea populations: a myth or reality?Anastasia B. Popovkina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

4.3.12 The Swan Goose Anser cygnoides research and conservation programme in RussiaNikolay D. Poyarkov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

4.3.13 Current status of the International Waterfowl Census in the Czech RepublicZuzana Musilová & Petr Musil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

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4.3.14 Waterbird censuses in SlovakiaJozef Ridzoñ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

4.3.15 Measuring wader recruitmentJacquie A. Clark, Robert A. Robinson, Nigel A. Clark & Philip W. Atkinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

4.3.16 Dynamics of breeding duck populations over the last two decades in key wetlands of the Moscow regionOlga V. Sukhanova & Alexander L. Mischenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

4.3.17 Spotted Crakes Porzana porzana in the UK – a history and evaluation of current statusIan Francis & David A. Stroud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

4.3.18 The sixth International White Stork Census: 2004-2005Kai-Michael Thomsen & Hermann Hötker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

4.3.19 Monitoring of waterbirds at Bourgas wetlands, BulgariaLyubomir Profirov, Milko Dimitrov, Tanyo Michev & Konstantin Nyagolov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

4.3.20 Monitoring overlapping populations: the Greylag Goose Anser anser in the Iceland-Britain flywayRichard Hearn & Morten Frederiksen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

4.3.21 Monitoring and mapping of waders breeding in northernmost SwedenÅke Lindström . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

4.3.22 The development of a database for the Spoon-billed Sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmeusGillian Bunting & Christoph Zöckler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

4.3.23 Population size and trend of the Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina in southwest/central Europe: an update Verena Keller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503

4.4 Migration ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

4.4.1 Elucidating the movements of migratory birds through the combined use of stable isotope ‘signatures’ and DNA markersLisette Coiffait, Richard Bevan, Chris Redfern, Jason Newton & Kirsten Wolff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

4.4.2 Long-term trends in numbers and distribution of wintering geese in the Oostkustpolders, Flanders (Belgium)Eckhart Kuijken, Christine Verscheure, Wouter Courtens & Patrick Meire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508

4.4.3 East-Atlantic flyway populations of seaducks in the Barents Sea regionYuri Krasnov, Maria Gavrilo, Natalie Nikolaeva, Yuri Goryaev & Hallvard Strøm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

4.4.4 Changes in migration patterns and wintering areas of south Swedish Greylag Geese Anser anserLeif Nilsson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

4.4.5 Identifying and characterising the feeding areas of Dark-bellied Brent Geese Branta bernicla berniclain and around Special Protection Areas in the UKHelen E. Rowell & James A. Robinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

4.4.6 Flyways of the East Canadian High Arctic Light-bellied Brent Goose Branta bernicla hrota: results of a satellite telemetry studyJames A. Robinson, G.A. Gudmundsson & P. Clausen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

4.4.7 A review of the effects of intensive fish production on waterbird breeding populationsPetr Musil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520

4.4.8 Identification of Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago flyways in the Western Palearctic by means of analysis of ringing recoveries and genetic studiesSaulius Svazas & Algimantas Paulauskas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

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4.4.9 Crossing the ultimate ecological barrier: evidence for an 11 000 km long non-stop flight from Alaska to New Zealand and eastern Australia by Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponicaRobert E. Gill, Jr., Theunis Piersma, Gary Hufford, Rene Servranckx & Adrian Riegen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

4.4.10 Using stable isotope ratios to unravel shorebird migration and population mixing: a case study with Red Knot Calidris canutusPhilip W. Atkinson, Allan J. Baker, Karen A. Bennett, Nigel A. Clark, Jacquie A. Clark, Kimberly B. Cole, Amanda Dey, Andre G. Duiven, Simon Gillings, Patricia M. González, Brian A. Harrington,Kevin Kalasz, Clive D.T. Minton, Jason Newton, Lawrence J. Niles, Robert A. Robinson,Ines de Lima Serrano & Humphrey P. Sitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

4.4.11 Geographical segregation in wintering Dunlin Calidris alpina populations along the East Atlantic Flyway: evidence from mitochondrial DNA analysisRicardo J. Lopes & Liv Wennerberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

4.4.12 Spring migration patterns in Western Sandpipers Calidris mauriMary Anne Bishop, Nils Warnock & John Y. Takekawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

4.4.13 Indicators of body condition, energy demand and breeding success in the Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres, a species of concernDeborah E. Perkins & Rebecca L. Holberton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

4.4.14 Migration of Pontic Gulls Larus cachinnans form ‘ponticus’ ringed in the south of Ukraine: a review of recoveries from 1929 to 2003Antonina G. Rudenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

4.4.15 Modelling survival and movement probability of Little Tern Sterna albifrons at a post-breeding moulting site: the effect of the colony of originGiacomo Tavecchia, Nicola Baccetti & Lorenzo Serra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560

4.4.16 Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber ringing at Lake Uromiyeh, I.R. Iran Sadegh Sadaghi Zadegan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

4.4.17 The Sivash Bay as a migratory stopover site for Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferrugineaSergei V. Khomenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564

4.5 Migration and flyway atlases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568

4.5.1 EURING: its role in migration and flyway atlasesFernando Spina & Jacquie Clark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

4.5.2 Wetlands International’s Flyway Atlas series: establishing the geographical limits of waterbird populationsSimon N. Delany & Derek A. Scott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

4.5.3 The Russian waterbird migration atlas: temporal variation in migration routesInna N. Dobrynina & Sergei P. Kharitonov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582

4.5.4 Logistics of a migration atlas project for a small ringing scheme: the waterbird migration atlas of southern AfricaH. Dieter Oschadleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590

4.5.5 Progress on ‘The Atlas of breeding waders of the Russian Arctic’Elena G. Lappo, P.S. Tomkovich & E.E. Syroechkovski Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

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Part 5. Integrated approaches to waterbird conservation

5.1 Flyway management for species of conservation concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

5.1.1 Saving Europe’s most endangered birds: lessons to be learnt from implementing European Species Action PlansSzabolcs Nagy & Ian Burfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

5.1.2 Conservation action plans for the Black Crowned Crane Balearica pavonina and Black Stork Ciconia nigra in AfricaCheikh Hamallah Diagana, Tim Dodman & Seydina Issa Sylla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

5.1.3 Approaches to freshwater bird species conservation: Wattled Cranes Bugeranus carunculatus and Shoebill Storks Balaeniceps rex in ZambiaHewitt Chizyuka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

5.1.4 Co-ordinating conservation action across the Atlantic: development of a Flyway Management Plan for the East Canadian High Arctic Light-bellied Brent Goose Branta bernicla hrotaJames A. Robinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614

5.1.5 The Red-breasted Goose Branta ruficollis in the new millennium: a thriving species or a species on the brink of extinction?Sergey G. Dereliev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619

5.1.6 Conservation of the White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala in Central and South AsiaDavid Li Zuo Wei, Taej Mundkur, Elena A. Kreuzberg-Mukhina, Sergey Yerokhov,Alexander Solokha, Zulfiqar Ali & Abdul Aleem Chaudhry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624

5.1.7 The Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus in the south-east Caspian region of TurkmenistanVladislav V. Vasiliev, Mirra E. Gauzer, Eldar A. Rustamov & Anna V. Belousova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

5.1.8 Reintroduction of the Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus in Fennoscandia with the help of microlight aircraftJohan Mooij, Axel Paulsch & Wolfgang Scholze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

5.1.9 Reintroduction of Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus in Swedish LaplandÅke Anderson & Torsten Larsson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

5.1.10 Twenty-five years of population monitoring: the rise and fall of the Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostrisA.D. Fox, A.J. Walsh, D.W. Norriss, H.J. Wilson, David A. Stroud & Ian Francis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

5.1.11 Experimental disturbance of moulting Greenland White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons flavirostrisChristian M. Glahder & Alyn J. Walsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

5.2 Declining waterbirds: problems, processes and sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

5.2.1 The conservation and population status of the world’s waders at the turn of the millenniumDavid A. Stroud, A. Baker, D.E. Blanco, N.C. Davidson, S. Delany, B. Ganter, R. Gill, P. González,L. Haanstra, R.I.G. Morrison, T. Piersma, D.A. Scott, O. Thorup, R. West, J. Wilson & C. Zöckler (on behalf of the International Wader Study Group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

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5.2.2 Long-term declines in Arctic goose populations in eastern AsiaEvgeny E. Syroechkovskiy, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649

5.2.3 The Yellow Sea – a vitally important staging region for migratory shorebirdsMark A. Barter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

5.2.4 Population declines and the risk of extinction in waders: genetic and ecological consequences of small population sizeAllan J. Baker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

5.3 Building effective ecological networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672

5.3.1 Towards coherence in site networksDave E. Pritchard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673

5.3.2 Establishment of a UK network of Special Protection Areas for waterbirds: the SPA review and future directionsHelen Baker & David A. Stroud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

5.3.3 Waterbird Review Series: site inventories for swan and goose populations in Britain and IrelandPeter Cranswick, Matthew Denny, Richard Hearn, Carl Mitchell, James Robinson, Helen Rowell,Robin Ward & Jenny Worden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680

5.3.4 The Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network (WHSRN)Charles D. Duncan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682

5.3.5 Conservation of waterbirds and wintering areas through Important Bird Areas in IndiaM. Zafur-ul Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687

5.3.6 Metapopulation networks as tools for research and conservation: the Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus in the Mediterranean and West AfricaArnaud Béchet, Christophe Germain, Juan A. Amat, Charina Cañas, Manuel Rendon Martos,Araceli Garrido, Nicola Baccetti, Paolo Dall’Antonia, Özge Balkız, Yelli Diawara,Francesc Vidal i Esquerré & Alan Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688

5.3.7 The globally threatened Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus and Red-breasted Goose Branta ruficollis: current status and future priorities for the Ramsar site network in Europe and AsiaSergey G. Dereliev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689

5.3.8 Flyway site network development in Asia: wetland conservation using the Siberian Crane Grus leucogeranus as a flagship speciesCrawford Prentice, Claire Mirande, Elena Ilyashenko & James Harris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690

5.3.9 Site networks for the conservation of waterbirdsWard Hagemeijer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

5.4 Integrating waterbird conservation: populations, habitats and landscapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700

5.4.1 The Program for Regional and International Shorebird Monitoring (PRISM) in North AmericaJonathan Bart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

5.4.2 The UK Waterbirds Alerts SystemGraham E. Austin, Ilya M.D. Maclean, Philip W. Atkinson & Mark M. Rehfisch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705

5.4.3 Biological planning for bird conservation at the landscape scale: developing shared conservation strategies in the United StatesRex R. Johnson, Seth E. Mott & David A. Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

5.4.4 Loss of shorebird habitat as a result of mangrove incursion due to sea-level rise and urbanizationPhil Straw & Neil Saintilan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717

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5.4.5 Migratory waterbirds in the Bagga riverine wetland of central Sudan: challenges for integrated wetland managementAli Kodi Tirba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

5.4.6 Impacts of the restoration of the hydrological cycle on bird populations and socio-economic benefits in and around the Parc National du Diawling in MauritaniaYelli Diawara & Cheikh Hamallah Diagana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725

5.4.7 Population size, population development and habitat use of Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta in Western Europe at the end of the 20th centuryHermann Hötker & Rodney West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729

5.4.8 Transboundary management of Kura Basin wetlands as an important step towards waterbird conservation in the South Caucasus regionKaren Jenderedjian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

5.4.9 The importance of extensive fishponds for Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca conservation Nikolai Petkov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733

5.4.10 Monitoring needs and landscape level planning for conservation of waterbirds in Abu Dhabi,United Arab EmiratesSalim Javed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

5.5. The marine environment: challenges for conservation implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

5.5.1 Selection of suitable sites for marine protected areas for seabirds: a case study with Special Protection Areas (SPAs) in the German Baltic SeaStefan Garthe & Henrik Skov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739

5.5.2 Existing and proposed marine protected areas and their relevance for seabird conservation: a case study in the Barents Sea regionNatalia G. Nikolaeva, Vassily A. Spiridonov & Yuri V. Krasnov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743

5.5.3 Revision of Danish EU Bird Directive SPAs in relation to the development of an offshore wind farm: a case studyIb Krag Petersen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750

5.5.4 Extending the boundaries of seabird breeding colony protected areas into the marine environmentClaire A. McSorley, Ben J. Dean, Andy Webb & James B. Reid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752

5.5.5 Assessing the numbers and distribution of waterbirds in UK inshore marine watersPeter Cranswick, Colette Hall & Lucy Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754

5.5.6 An effective survey technique for large groups of molting sea ducksG. Randy Milton, Paul Illsley & Frances M. MacKinnon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756

5.5.7 Ramsar site designation, marine sites and seaducks: a Scottish perspectiveChris M. Waltho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758

5.5.8 Potential impacts of marine fisheries on migratory waterbirds of the Afrotropical Region:a study in progress John Cooper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760

5.5.9 Seabird populations of Britain and Ireland: the last 30 yearsP. Ian Mitchell, Steven F. Newton, Norman Ratcliffe & Timothy E. Dunn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765

5.5.10 The UK Seabird Monitoring ProgrammeMatthew Parsons, Roderick A. Mavor & P. Ian Mitchell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767

5.5.11 Use of satellite telemetry to locate key habitats for King Eiders Somateria spectabilis in West GreenlandAnders Mosbech, Rikke S. Danø, Flemming Merkel, Christian Sonne, Grant Gilchrist & Annette Flagstad . . . . . . . . . . . 769

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5.5.12 Cape Gannet Morus capensis movements in AfricaH. Dieter Oschadleus & Michael Brooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

Part 6. Waterbirds and people

6.1 Conflict resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782

6.1.1 Reducing waterbird mortality in severe cold weather: 25 years of statutory shooting suspensions in BritainDavid A. Stroud, John Harradine, Colin Shedden, Julian Hughes, Gwyn Williams,Jacquie A. Clark & Nigel A. Clark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784

6.1.2 From conflict to coexistence: a case study of geese and agriculture in ScotlandDavid R. Cope, Juliet A. Vickery & J. Marcus Rowcliffe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

6.1.3 Case study of conflict resolution in the management of overabundant light geese in North AmericaBruce D.J. Batt, Paul R. Schmidt & Steve Wendt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .795

6.1.4 Assessing the degree of habitat loss to marine birds from the development of offshore wind farmsA.D. Fox & Ib Krag Petersen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801

6.1.5 The impact of the Cardiff Bay barrage on wintering waterbirdsNiall H.K. Burton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805

6.1.6 The conflict between shellfisheries and migratory waterbirds in the Dutch Wadden SeaBruno J. Ens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806

6.1.7 Managing shorebird flyways: shrimp aquaculture, shorebird populations and flyway integrityYara Schaeffer-Novelli, Gilberto Cintrón-Molero & Clemente Coelho, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812

6.1.8 Waterbirds and aviation: how to mediate between conservation and flight safety?Luit Buurma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817

6.1.9 Recent measures to control Ruddy Ducks Oxyura jamaicensis in the United KingdomIain S. Henderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822

6.1.10 Resolving Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus conflicts in the United States:past, present, and futureShauna L. Hanisch & Paul R. Schmidt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826

6.1.11 Variation in the behavioural responses of Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus to different types of human activityEileen C. Rees, Jennifer H. Bruce & George T. White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

6.2 Let the waterbirds do the talking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831

6.2.1 Shorebird Sister Schools Program – shorebird education in North America and beyondHilary Chapman, Brad A. Andres & Suzanne Fellows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832

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6.2.2 Ten years of International Migratory Bird DayJennifer Wheeler & Susan Bonfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

6.2.3 Wetlands International’s Communication, Education and Public Awareness Programme on wetlands for west AfricaMame Dagou Diop & Charles Beye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836

6.2.4 Wetland Link International (WLI): a global network for wetland centresMalcolm Whitehead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 838

6.2.5 Birding in the United States: a demographic and economic analysisGenevieve Pullis La Rouche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

6.2.6 Wetlands as part of the natural heritage: the educational responseYu. L. Mazurov & T.Yu. Zengina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847

6.3 Sustainable waterbird harvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

6.3.1 Estimating waterfowl harvest in North AmericaPaul I. Padding, Jean-François Gobeil & Cynthia Wentworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

6.3.2 Migratory bird harvest surveys in CanadaJean-François Gobeil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853

6.3.3 Sustainable hunting of migratory waterbirds: the Danish approachThomas Bregnballe, Henning Noer, Thomas Kjær Christensen, Preben Clausen, Tommy Asferg,A. D. Fox & Simon Delany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854

6.3.4 Non-toxic shot – Danish experiencesNiels Kanstrup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861

6.3.5 The monitoring of hunting bags and hunting effort in the Camargue, FranceJean-Yves Mondain-Monval, Pierre Defos du Rau, Nathalie Mathon, Anthony Olivier & Laurent Desnouhes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862

6.3.6 Duck harvest in the Po delta, ItalyMichele Sorrenti, Lorenzo Carnacina, Davide Radice & Alessandro Costato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864

6.3.7 Considerations on the use of leadshot over wetlandsGuy-Noël Olivier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866

6.3.8 Harvesting status of migratory waterbirds in northern Iran: a case study from Gilan ProvinceBehnam Balmaki & Ahmad Barati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868

6.3.9 Harvest of migratory geese Chloephaga spp. in Argentina: an overview of the present situationDaniel E. Blanco & Victoria M. de la Balze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870

6.3.10 The Wetlands International Waterbird Harvest Specialist Group: challenges and objectives Gilles Deplanque & Tunde Ojei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874

6.4 Financing global flyway conservation: innovation, linkages, options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876

6.4.1 Conservation finance for waterbird flyways: key issues and emerging opportunitiesGonzalo Castro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878

6.4.2 Partnering to finance and deliver local flyway conservation in Nova Scotia, CanadaG. Randy Milton, Glen J. Parsons & Reginald Melanson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881

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6.5 Building and sustaining capacity for waterbird conservation and research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883

6.5.1 Building capacity in Africa through a regional training programmeAbdoulaye Ndiaye, Tim Dodman & Cheikh H. Diagana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884

6.5.2 Building capacity in Central Asia and the Caucasus to promote waterbird research and conservationAlexander Solokha, Ward Hagemeijer & Taej Mundkur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885

6.5.3 Building capacity in waterbird and wetland monitoring in eastern AfricaOliver Nasirwa, Mark O’Connell, Seb Buckton & Tim Dodman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889

6.5.4 The role and potential of the Central-Asian Scientific Information Centre of the Interstate Sustainable Development Commission (SIC ISDC) for studying wetlands and waterbirdsBahar Tashlieva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892

Species Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894

Geographical Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937

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