Contents

Video Table of Contents ix Contributors xi List of Video Contributors xxiii Dedication xxv Foreword xxvi Bradley R Straatsma Preface xxvii

Volume One Part 1 Retinal lmaging and Diagnostics Edited by SriniVas R. Sadda

Section 1: Optical lmaging Technoloaies

1. Fluorescein Angiography: Basic @ Principles and Interpretation 2

Robert N Johnson, Arthur D Fu, H Richard McDonald, J Michael Jumper, Everett Ai, Emmett T Cunningham Jr, Brandon J Lujan

2. Clinical Applications of Diagnostic lndocyanine Green Angiography 51 Giovanni Staurenghi, Ferdinand0 Bottoni, Andrea Giani

3. Optical Coherence Tomography 82 Carios Alexandre de Amorim Garcia fiiho, Zohar Yehoshua, Giovanni Gregori, Carmen A Puliafito, Philip J Rosenfeld

4. Autofluorescence lmaging 11 1 Monika Fleckenstein, Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg, Frank G Holz

5. Advanced lmaging Technologies 133 Pearse A Keane, Hurnberto Ruiz-Garcia, SriniVas R Sadda

6. Image Processing 151 Michael Abr2moR Christine N Kay

Section 2: Retinal Diagnostics

7. Electrogenesis of the Electroretinogram 177 Laura J Fnshman

8. Clinical Electrophysiology 202 Yozo Miyake, Kei Shinoda

9. Diagnostic Ophthalmic @ Ultrasound 227

Rudolf F GuthoR Leanne T Labnola, Oliver Stachs

10. Color Vision and Night @j Vision 285

Dingcai Cao

11. Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity 300 Gary S Rubin

12. Visual Fields in Retinal Disease 307 Rajeev S Ramchandran, Steven E Feldon

Part 2 Basic Science and Translation to Therapy Edited by David R. Hinton

Section 1: Anatomy and Physiology

13. The Development of the Retina 330 Thomas A Reh

14. Structure and Function of Rod and Cone Photoreceptors 342 Jeannie Chen, Alapakkarn P Sampath

15. Function and Anatomy of @ the Mammalian Retina 360

Ronald G. Gregg, Maureen A McCall, Stephen C Massey

16. Cell Biology of the Retinal $& Pigment Epithelium 401

Gabriele Thumann, Guorui Dou, Yusheng Wang, David R Hinton

17. Cell Biology of the Miiller Cell 415 Andreas Reichenbach, Andreas Bringmann

18. Retinal and Choroidal Vasculature: Retinal Oxygenation 433 Maria B Grant, Gerard A Lutiy

19. Mechanisms of Normal Retinal Adhesion 447 Michael F Marmor

20. Structure, Function, and @ Pathology of Bruch's

Membrane 465 Chnstine A Curcio, Mark Johnson

21. Vitreous and Vitreoretinal Interface 482 Jerry Sebag, W Richard Green (posthumously)

25. Inflammatory Response and Mediators in Retinal lnjury 553 Chi-Chao Chan, Wendy M Smith

26. Basic Mechanisms of Pathological Retinal and Choroidal Angiogenesis 562 Demetrios G Vawas, Joan W Miller

27. Blood-Retinal Barrier, Immune Privilege, and Autoimmunity 579 Robert Katamay, Robert B Nussenbiatt

28. Mechanisms of Macular Edema @ and Therapeutic

Approaches 590 Antonia M Joussen, Thomas J Wolfensberger

29. Cellular Effects of Detachment and Reattachment on the Neural Retina and the Retinal Pigment Epithelium 605 Louisa Wickham, Geofirey P Lewis, David G Charteris, Steven K fisher

30. Pathogenesis of Serous Detachment of the Retina and Pigment Epithelium 61 8 Gisele Soubrane, Gabnel Coscas

Section 3: Genetics

Section 2: Basic Mechanisms of lnjury in the Retina

22. Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Retinal lnjury 517 Milam A Brantley Jr, Paul Sternberg Jr

23. Mechanisms of ER Stress in Retinal Disease 529 Sylvia B Smith

24. Cell Death, Apoptosis, and Autophagy in Retinal lnjury 537 Michael E. Boulton, Sayak K Mitter, Haripriya Mtfal Rao, William A Dunn Jr

Disease 624 Stephen P. Daiger, Lon S. Sullivan, Sara J Bowne

32. Mitochondria1 Genetics of Retinal Disease 635 M Cristina Kenney, Deborah A Femngton, Nitin Udar

33. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Retinal Disease 642 Shikun He, Glenn Hu, Peng Zhou, Dong Feng Chen

Section 4: Translational Basic Science

34. Gene Therapy for Retinal a Disease 652 Jean Bennett, Albert M Magu~re

35. Stem Cells and Cellular Therapy 669 Marfin Fnedlander, David R Hinton

36. Nanomedicine in Ophthalmology 689 Marco A Zarbin, James F Leary, Carlo Montemagno, Robert Ritch, Mark S Humayun

37. Neuroprotection 71 6 Benedetto Falsini, Ronald A Bush, Paul A Siev~ng

38. Drug Delivery 734 Enn B Lavik, Baruch D Kuppermann, Mark S Humayun

39. Retinal Laser Therapy: Biophysical Basis and Applications 746 Daniel Palanker, Mark S. Blumenkram

Volume Two Medical Retina Edited by Andrew P. Schachat and SriniVas R. Sadda

Section 1: Retinal Degenerations and Dvstro~hies

Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Disorders 761 Kevin Gregory-Evans, Mark E. Penmi, Richard G. Weleber

41. Hereditary Vitreoretinal Degenerations 836 Shbo Tang, Xaoyan Ding, Yan Luo

42. Macular Dvstro~hies 852 Elliott H. ~Ghn, ~obe r t F. Mulllns, Edwin MS Stone

43. Hereditary Choroidal a Diseases 891 Mohamed A. Genead, Gerald A. fishman, Sandeep Grover

44. Abnormalities of Cone and Rod a Function 899 David M. Wu, Amani A. Fawzi

Section 2: Retinal Vascular Disease

45. The Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy 907 Ronald Klein, Barbara EK. Klein

46. Diabetic Retinopathy: Genetics a and Etiologic Mechanisms 925 ffing Zhang, Henry A. Fereyra, Seanna Grob, Matthew Eedeli, Jun Jun Zhang

47. Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema 940 Henry E. W~ley, Frederick L. Fenis 111

48. Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy 969 Paoio A. S. Silva, Jeny D. Cavallerano, Jennifer K. Sun, Barbara A. Blodi, Matthew D. Davis, Lloyd M. Aiello, Uoyd Paul Aiello

49. Hypertension 1001 Carol Hm Lui Cheung, Tien Yin Wong

50. Telescreening for Diabetic Retinopathy 1006 Rajv Raman, Aditi Gupta, Tarun S h a m

51. Retinal Artery Obstructions 101 2 Pumima S. Patel, SrinlVas R. Sadda

52. Acquired Retinal Macroaneurysms 1026 Emily Y. Chew, Robert P. Murphy

53. Branch Vein Occlusion 1029 Alex Yuan, Peter K Kaiser

54. Central Retinal Vein Occlusion 1039 Paui Hahn, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya, Sharon Fekrat

55. Macular Telangiectasia 1050 Michael Engelbert, Emily Y. Chew, Lawrence A. Yannuni

56. Coats Disease 1058 Nikolas J.S. London, Carol L. Shields, Julia A. Haller

57. Hemoglobinopathies 1071 Adrienne W. Scott, Gemrd A. Lutty, Morton F. Goldberg

58. Radiation Retinopathy 1083 Leigh Spielberg, Patrick De Potter, Anita Leys

59. Ocular Ischemic Syndrome 1091 Gary C. Brown, Sanjay Sham-ia

60. Coagulopathies 11 04 Sandra Liakopoulos, Fiorian M.A. Heussen, SriniVas R. Sadda

61. Pediatric Retinal Vascular Diseases 1108 Thomas C. Lee, Michael F. Chiang

62. Telescreening for Retinopathy of Prematurity 1 129 Michael i? Chiang

Section 3: Choroidal Vascular/Bruch's Membrane Disease

63. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration 11 34 Johanna M. Seddon, Luck Sobrin

64. Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Age-Related Macular Degeneration 1 145 Alan C. Bird

65. Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Non-neovascular Early AMD, lntermediate AMD, and Geographic Atrophy 11 50 Susan B. Bressler, Neil M. Bressler

66. Neovascular (Exudative or "Wet") Age-Related Macular Degeneration 11 83 Neil M. Bpesslec Susan 6. Bressier

67. Pharmacotherapy of Age-Related Macular Degeneration 121 3 Mark S. Blumen&, Loh-Shan Leung, Daniel E Martin, Phi/@ J, Rosenfeld, Marco A. Zarbin

68. Myopic Macular Degeneration 1256 Kyoko Ohm-Matsui, Yasushi Ikuno, Miho Yasuda, Toshinon' Murata, Taiji Sakamoto, Tatsuro Ishibashi

69. Angioid Streaks 1267 Linda A. Lam

70. Ocular Histoplasmosis 1274 Just~s P. Ehlers, Barbara S. Hawkins, Andrew P. Schachat

71. Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy 1285 Xiaoxin Li

72. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy 1291 David 1 Liu, Andrew C. Fok Waiman Chan, Timothy Y. Lai, Dennis S. Lam

73. Uveal Effusion Syndrome and Hypotony Maculopathy 1306 Cagri G. BesM Mark W. Johnson

Section 4: Inflammatory Disease/Uveitis

Inflammation 74. Sympathetic Ophthalmia 131 8

Daniel Vitor Vasconceios-Santos, Narsing A. Rao

75. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease 1326 Hiroshi Goto, P. Kumar Rao, Narsing A. Rao

76. White Spot Syndromes and Related Diseases 1337 Rukhsana G. Mirza, Lee M. Jampol

77. Autoimmune Retinopathies 1381 H, Nida Sen, Robert B. Nussenblatt

78. Sarcoidosis 1390 Yasir Jarnal Sepah, Douglas A. Jabs, Quan Dong Nguyen

79. lntermediate Uveitis 1405 Phoebe tin, Glenn J. Jaffe

80. Rheumatic Diseases 141 5 Alastair K. Denniston, Mary Gayed, David Camlthers, Carol~ne Gordon, Philip I, Murray

lnfections 81. HIV-Associated lnfections 1441

lgor Kozak, J. Allen McCutchan, William R. Freeman

82. Mycobacterial lnfections 1473 Perumalsamy Namperumalsamy, Sivakumar R. Rathinam

83. Eales Disease 1479 Perumalsarny Namperumalsamy, Dhananjay Shukla

84. Spirochetal lnfections 1486 Julie H. Tsai, Narsing A. Rao

85. Ocular Toxoplasmosis 1494 Rubens Belfort Jr, Claudio Sikeira, Crisfina Muccioli

86. Helminthic Disease 1500 Marcm Avila, David Isaac

87. Endogenous Endophthalmitis: Bacterial and Fungal 151 5 Stephen G. Schwarlz, Janet L. Davis, Harry W. Flynn Jr

88. Acute Retinal Necrosis Syndrome 1523 G. Atma Vemulakonda, Jay S. Pepose, Russell N. Van Gelder

Section 5: Miscellaneous

89. Drug Toxicity of the Posterior Segment 1532 Robert A. Mittra, William E Mieler

90. Photic Retinal Injuries: Mechanisms, Hazards, and Prevention 1555 Martin A. Mainster, Patricia L. Turner

91. Traumatic Chorioretinopathies @ 1564

Youxin Chen, Mingwei Bao , Peng Zhou

92. Pregnancy-Related Diseases 1571 Ala Moshiri, Justin C. Brown, Janet S. Sunness

93. Optic Disc Anomalies, Pits, and Associated Serous Macular Detachment 1583 Alfredo A. Sadun, Kbizer R. Khaderi

94. Retina-Related Clinical Trials: A Resource Bibliography 1589 Barbara S. Hawkins, Usha Chakravarthy

Volume Three Part I Surgical Retina Edited by C. P. Wilkinson and Peter Wiedemann

Section 1: The Pathophysiology of Retinal Detachment and Associated Problems

95. Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Retinal Detachment 1 61 6 Bemd Kirchhof, Kean T: Oh, Mary E. Hartnett, Maurice B. Landers 111

96. Nonrhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment 1622 Chang-Ha0 Yang, Po-Ting Yeh, Chang-Ping hn, Chung-May Yang

97. Pathogenesis of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy 1640 Peter Wiedemann, Yanors Yandiev, Yan-Nian HUI, Yusheng Wang

98. Pathophysiology of Ocular Trauma 1647 Sun Young Lee, Stephen J. Ryan

Section 2: Retinal Reattachment: General Surgical Principles and Techniques

99. The Effects and Action of Scleral Buckles in the Treatment of Retinal Detachment 1656 John T Thompson

100. Techniques of Scleral a Buckling 1669 Paul Sull~van

101. Principles and Techniques of Vitreoretinal Surgery 1696 Steven Charles

102. Primary Vitrectomy in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment 171 2 Young Hee Yoon, Shwu-Jiuan Sheu, Hiroko Terasaki

103. Pneumatic Retinopexy 1721 Daniel A. Brinton, Allen Chiang

104. Special Adjuncts to Treatment 1735 Ian Y. Wong, David Wong

105. Optimal Procedures for Retinal Detachment Repair 1784 G. William Aylward

106. Prevention of Retinal Detachment 1793 C. P. Wilkinson

Section 3: Complicated Forms of Retinal Detachment - - 1 07. Proliferar~vs v~trwrutrr~upari~y

1806 Ian J. Constable, Manish Nagpal

108. Retinotomies and Retinectomies 1826 Gary W. Abrams, Enrique Garcia- Valenzuela, Sumit K. Nanda

109. Giant Retinal Tear 1844 Lingam Gopal, Tarun S h a m , Pramod S. Bhende

11 0. Surgery for Ocular Trauma: Principles and Techniques of Treatment 1852 Franco M. Recchia, Paul Stemberg Jr

11 1. Surgery for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy 1876 Simon Bn~nner, Susanne B~nder

11 2. Management of Combined Inflammatory and Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment 1902 Marc D. de Smet, Karina Julian

11 3. High Myopia and the Vitreoretinal Complications 191 2 Yasushi Ikuno, Masahito Ohji

11 4. Retinopathy of Prematurity 1920 Lisa J. Faia, Michael T. Trese

11 5. Surgery for Pediatric Vitreoretinal Disorders 1933 Petra Meier, Peter Wiedernann

Section 4: Vitreous Surgery for Macular Disorders

11 6. Epiretinal Membranes 1954 Lou~sa Wickham, Zdenek Gregor

11 7. Macular Hole 1962 @ Alain Gaudnc, Ramin Tadayoni

11 8. Cystoid Macular Edema and Vitreomacular Traction 1979 Lazaros Konstantinidis, Thomas J. Wolfensberger

11 9. Surgical Management of Choroidal Neovascularization and Subretinal Hemorrhage 1991 Mathew W. Aschbrenner, Matthew A. Thomas

120. Macular Translocation 1996 Justls P. Ehlers, Cynthia A. Toth

121. Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Choroid Translocation in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration 201 0 Jan C. van Meurs, Robert MacLaren, B m d Krchhof

Section 5: Vitreous Surgery: Additional Considerations

122. Infectious Endophthalmitis 201 9 Travis A. Meredith, J. Niklas Ulrich

123. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Vitrectomy for Uveitis 2040 tiyeong Gon Yu, Tae Wan Kim

124. Vitreous, Retinal, and Choroidal Biopsy 2047 Diana V. Do, Quan Dong Nguyen

125. Transplantation Frontiers 2058 Vamsi Gullapalli, Mohamad A. Khodair, Hao Wang, Ilene K. Sug~no, Steven Madreperla, Marco A. Zarbin

126. Artificial Vision 2078 Mark S. Humayun, Rodrigo A. Brant Femandes, James D. Welland

127. Pharmacology at Surgery 2094 Christos Haritoglou, Anselm Kampik

Part 2 Tumors of the Retina, Choroid, and Vitreous Edited by Andrew P. Schachat

Section 1: Tumors of the Retina

128. Retinoblastoma 21 04 Thomas C. Lee, Dan S. Gombos, J. Willam Harbour, Nancy C. Mansfield (posthumouslyl A. L~nn Murphree

129. Cavernous Hemangioma 21 50 Anita Agarwal, Paul Stemberg Jr

130. Capillary Hemangioblastoma of the Retina and von Hippel-Lindau Disease 2156 Emily Y. Chew, Andrew P Schachat

131. Tuberous Sclerosis and the Eye 21 64 Alan F. Cruess, Saqay Shanna

132. Phakomatoses 21 70 Carol L. Shields, Jeny A. Shields

133. Retinal Metastases 21 84 Sunil K. Srivastava, Chris Bergstrom

134. Remote Effects of Cancer on the Retina 2196 Ranlit S. Dhaliwal, Andrew P, Schachat

135. Melanocytoma of the Optic Disc 2205 Jerry A. Sh~elds, Leonard Joffe, Carol L. Shields

136. Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium 2209 Carsten H Meyer, Heinnch Gerd~ng

137. Combined Hamartoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Retina 2214 Polly A. Quiram, Antonio Capone Jr

Section 2: Tumors of the Choroid

138. Choroidal Nevi 221 9 608% David A. Lewis, Danlel M. Albert

139. Epidemiology of Posterior Uveal Melanoma 2231 Johanna M. Seddon, Tara A. McCannel

140. Prognosis of Posterior Uveal Melanoma 2238 Johanna M. Seddon, Tara A. McCannel

141. Molecular Genetics of Choroidal Melanoma 2247 Akrit Sodhi, Shannath Merbs

142. Pathology of Choroidal @ Melanoma 2254

Martina C. Hewig, Hans E, Grossniklaus

143. Overview of Management of Posterior Uveal Melanoma 2267 Jerry A. Shields, Carol L. Shields

144. Enucleation for Choroidal Melanomas 2271 Julian D. Perry, h n D. Singh, Milap P. Mehta

145. Brachytherapy for Choroidal Melanoma 2275 Samuel K. Houston, H. Culver Boldt, Arnold M. Markoe, Timothy G. Murray

146. Charged-Particle Irradiation of Uveal Melanoma 2290 Evangelos S. Gragoudas, Anne Marie Lane, lvana K. Kim

147. Surgical Resection of Choroidal Melanoma 2298 BeM E. Damato, Carl Groenewald, Wallace S. Foulds

148. Laser Treatment of Choroidal Melanoma 2307 Norbert Bomfeld

149. Systemic Evaluation and Management of Patients with Uveal Melanoma 231 3 Aurelien Freton, Anna C. Pavlick, Paul T. Finger

150. Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study 231 6 Barbara S. Hawkins, Andrew P. Schachat

151. Choroidal Metastases 2324 Kristin J. Redmond, Moody D. Wharam Jr, Andrew P. Schachat

152. Choroidal Osteoma 2330 Carol L. Shields, Gary C. Brown, Sanjay Sharma, Jerry A. Shields

153. Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangioma 2340 Shelley Day, Prithvi Mruthyunjaya

Section 3: Hematologic and Miscellaneous Tumors - 154. Miscellaneous Uvea. .

Tumors 2351 David J. Wilson

155. Leukemias and Lymphomas 2359 Diana V. Do, Ranjit S. Dhaliwal, Andrew P. Schachat

156. Primary Vitreoretinal Lymphoma 2373 Mary E Turell, Andrew P. Schachat, David M. Peereboom, Awn D. Singh

Index

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