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Synonyms and word building: WORD FORMATION

WHAT KIND OF WORDS ARE THE BOLD ONES?

Englishby Matifmarin.

Activities:Noun - Adjectiv - Verb – Adverb ?

1. There are advertisements for the job in all local newspaper → Noun

2. If you want to sell your house, why don't you advertise it on the internet? → Verb

Contents UNIT 5

3. George Clooney looks so attractive!! → Adjective

4. The announcement of their divorce surprised everyone. → Noun5. She has been actively involved in many human rights campaigns. → Adverb

6. You must wait for the confirmation letter before paying the bill. → Noun7. Come on! Think logically and don't make a fuss about it!  → Adverb8. Obama is the most popular politician in the world. → Noun9. A lot of people say they aren't interested in politics . → Noun

10. African American is more politically correct than black . → Adverb

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Synonyms and word building: WORD FORMATION

Englishby Matifmarin.

1. Artists must be  otherwise they just repeat what they see or hear   - CREATE           

2. Why are you so  of his work? He's just doing his best.   - CRITIC                             

3. Have you made up your mind? We need to know your  as soon as possible. - DECIDE 4. He's too shy to look people  when he talks to them .   - DIRECT        

5.  Have they put the Christmas  yet?  - DECORATE 

6. They put too many unnecesary  in food    -    ADD                                              

7. I think that there's no point in arguing with him. Just ignore him.  - HONEST               

8. Extraterrestrial life has not been  proved yet.   - SCIENCE                                  

creative

critical

decision

directly

decorations

additives

honestly

scientifically

□ COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH A WORD DERIVED FROM THE WORD IN CAPITAL LETTERS

Contents UNIT 5

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Synonyms and word building: WORD FORMATION

Englishby Matifmarin.

9. Why don't you call the if the lights don't work? - ELECTRIC

10. Music and television are forms of  . - ENTERTAIN

11. The concert didn't live up to our  . - EXPECT

12. The electric company admitted their  for the blackout. - RESPOND

13. Did you use to have as a child?  - ALLOW

14. I don't like those trousers, no matter how  they are   - FASHION

15. Life varies according to country and gender   - EXPECT     

Contents UNIT 5

□ COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH A WORD DERIVED FROM THE WORD IN CAPITAL LETTERS

electrician

entertainment

expectations

responsibility

allowance

fashionable

expectancy

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Synonyms and word building: SYNONYMSEnglishby Matifmarin.

Match the words with their correct synonyms.

1. small

2. thin

3. huge

4. quick

5. toasty

6. slow

7. sleepy

8. cold

9. strange

10. tasty

11. mean

12. simple

a. warm

b. tiny

c. skinny

d. pokey

e. large

f. fast

g. easy

h. nasty

i. freezing

j. unusual

k. tired

l. delicious

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GRAMMAR – UNIT 5Lenguage Review: The Passive Voice

(a) Form: The passive is formed with the appropriate tense of the verb ‘to be’ (am/is/are; being; was/were; being have/has been; had been; will be; will have been) and the Past Participle of the main verb (done/cleaned/seen …) (b) Uses: We use the passive voice when we don’t want to say or don’t know who/what does the action or it isn’t as important as what is done, or who / what does the action is obvious.

active

passive

Englishby Matifmarin.

Adam ate the apple

The apple was eaten by Adam

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GRAMMAR – UNIT 5The Passive Voice

Examples with the main forms (present, past and perfect):

(1)Active: Maids clean the hotel rooms. → verb tense = present simple subject object = plural

(1.1)Passive: The hotel rooms are cleaned (by maids) subject agent

‘are cleaned’ is the passive form of the present simple.

(2)Active: Maids cleaned the hotel rooms. → verb tense = past simple subject object = plural

(2.1)Passive: The hotel rooms were cleaned (by maids) Subject agent

‘were cleaned’ is the passive form of the past simple.

object

object

Englishby Matifmarin.

77

GRAMMAR – UNIT 51. The Passive Voice

(3)Active: Maids have cleaned the hotel rooms. → verb tense = present perfect subject object = plural object

(3.1)Passive: The hotel rooms have been cleaned (by maids) Subject agent

‘have been cleaned’ is the passive form of the present perfect.

(4)Active: Maids had cleaned the hotel rooms. → verb tense = past perfect (pretérito pluscuamperfecto)

subject object = plural (had = plural and singular)object

(4.1)Passive: The hotel rooms had been cleaned (by maids) Subject agent

‘had been cleaned’ is the passive form of the past perfect.

Englishby Matifmarin.

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1 - The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence (It’s the person, animal or thing that receives the action, in our example “the apple”)) 2. Think about the time of the action and write the correct form of the verb to be (is, are, was, were …), it can be (present, past, etc. in our example the tense in the active voice is the past simple “Adam ate”, so the verb to be becomes “was” in the passive voice). Check the table on next pages.

3. Now, we have to write the past participle of the main verb, in our example “eat” past simple “ate” and past participle “eaten”. So, we have: “The apple was eaten”

[patient subject] [past simple passive]

4. If you want to point out who / what does the action, write it at the end of the sentence followed by thepreposition by, it’s called the agent. And “et voilà” we have it: “The apple was eaten” by Adam

[patient subject] [past simple passive] [agent]

Adam’s apple

Englishby Matifmarin.

The Passive Voice Have you ever asked yourself why weren’t girls given an Eve’s apple?

□ There are four steps to make a passive sentence: active sample sentence: Adam ate the apple. [past simple]

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Activity:Who kisses who(m)? Express it using the passive voice:

GRAMMAR – UNIT 5The Passive Voice

DOER

RECEIVER

DOERRECEIVER

Peter

Mary

John

Sharon

Peter is kissed by Mary. Mary is kissed by Peter.

Englishby Matifmarin.

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GRAMMAR – UNIT 5

The Passive Voice REMEMBER: The verb “be” is changed according to the tense of the sentence and the number (singular/plural) of the subject of the passive sentence.

The Eiffel Tower was built/ designed by Gustave Eiffel

Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare

Englishby Matifmarin.

Now, say the sentences about these images using the passive voice:

Don Quixot was written by Miguel de Cervantes

The Sagrada Familia was built / designed by Antoni Gaudi

The Ball is kicked by the boyThe tree is being planted by the children The onion is being cut by the woman

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The Passive Voice UNIT 5

Englishby Matifmarin

Passive voice for “CAN, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST, OUGHT TO”

The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive voice. □ The past participle (3rd form of verb) will be used only (as main verb) in passive voice.To change sentences having present / future modal into passive voice, auxiliary verb “be” is added after modal in sentence.

EXAMPLE:

You should finish all work before you leave. Is it clear?

Active voice Yes, Sir, all work should be finished before I leave.

Passive voice

__________should finish ________________ before you leave.

________________ should be finished before __________ leave.

YouYou

II

all workall work

All workAll work

Present / Future Modals

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The Passive VoiceEnglishby Matifmarin

Passive voice for Present/Future Modals “CAN, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST, OUGHT TO”

Active voice: CANP: She can play the guitar.N: She cannot play the guitar.Q: Can she play the guitar?

Passive voice: CAN BE

P: ………………………………………………..

N: ………………………………………………..

Q: …………………………………………………

Active voice: MAYP: I may buy a new computer.N: I may not buy a new computer.Q: May I buy a new computer?

Passive voice: MAY BE

P: ……………………………………………………….

N: ……………………………………………………….

Q: ………………………………………………………..

Active voice: MIGHT P: The children might plant a tree.N: The children might not planta tree.Q: Might the children plant a tree? Active voice: SHOULDP: Students should do the homework.N: Students should not do the homework.Q: Should students do the homework?Active voice: MUSTP: You must learn strategies to do the listening.N: You must not learn strategies to do the listening.

Active voice: OUGHT TOThey ought to take the final exam.

The guitar can be played by her.

The guitar cannot be played by her.

Can the guitar be played by her?

A new computer may be bought by me.

A new computer may not be bought by me.

May a new computer be bought by me?

P: A tree might be planted by the children.N: A tree might not be planted by the children.Q: Might a tree be planted by the children?

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: be (+ past participle) << Positive (P) / Negative (N) / Interrogative (Q) sentences >>

P: The homework should be done by students.N: The homework should not be done by students.Q: Should the homework be done by students?

P: Strategies to do the listening must be learnt by you.N: Strategies to do the listening do not have to be learnt by you.

The final exam ought to be taken by them.

Passive voice: MIGHT BE

Passive voice: SHOULD BE

Passive voice: MUST BE

Passive voice: OUGHT TO BE

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The Passive Voice Englishby Matifmarin

Passive voice for “MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, SHOULD HAVE, MUST HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE”

The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive voice.□ The past participle (3rd form of verb) will be used only (as main verb) in passive voice.To change sentences having past modal into passive voice, auxiliary verb “been” is added after modal in sentence

Active voice

Yes, Madam, all work should have been finished before I left yesterday.

You should have finished all work before you left yesterday. Wasn’t it clear?

Passive voice

_____should have finished _______ before you left yesterday.

_________ should have been finished before __ left

You

I

all work

All work

Past Modals

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General EnglishEnglishby Matifmarin

Passive voice for Present perfect/ Past Modals “MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, SHOULD HAVE, MUST HAVE, OUGHT HAVE TO”

Active voice: MAY HAVEP: They may have offered him a better job.N: They may not have offered him a better job.Q: May they have offered him a better job?

Passive voice: MAY HAVE BEEN

Active voice: MIGHT HAVEP: He might have eaten fish.N: He might not have eaten fish.Q: Might he have eaten fish?

Passive voice: MIGHT HAVE BEEN

Active voice: SHOULD HAVEP: You should have read the book.N: You should not have read the book.Q: Shoud you have read the book?

Passive voice: SHOULD HAVE BEEN

Active voice: MUST HAVEP: He must have started a new job.N: He must not have started a new job.Q: Must he have started a new job?

Passive voice: MUST HAVE BEEN

Active voice: OUGHT TO HAVEP: You ought to have helped him.

Passive voice: OUGHT TO HAVE BEEN

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: been (+ past participle) << Positive (P) / Negative (N) / Interrogative (Q) sentences >>

P: A better job may have been offered to him (by them).N: A better job may not have been offered to hime (by them).Q: May a better job have been offered to him (by them).

P: Fish might have been eaten by him.N: Fish might not have been eaten by him.Q: Might fish have been eaten by him?

P: The book should have been read by you.N: The book should not have been read by you.Q: Should the book have been read by you.

P: A new job must have been started by him.N: A new job must not have been started by him.Q: Must a job have been started by him.

P: He ought to have been helped by you

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Englishby Matifmarin THE PASSIVE with MODALS

SUMMARY

Affirmative form

Subject + may, must, can, could, ought to, should + be + verb3

→Something must / can / should... be done by someone.

NegativeForm

Subject + may, must, can, could, ought to, should + not + be + verb3→Something must / can / should...not be done by anyone.

InterrogativForm

(Questions)

Must, may, can, should, might + subject + be + verb3 (past participle) + ?

→Must / can / should... something be done by someone?PAST:To change sentences having past modal into passive voice, auxiliary verb “been” is added after modal in sentence: Something must /can / should … have been done by someone.

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Englishby Matifmarin

ACTIVITIESPassive Modals 1

□ Change each sentence into a passive form. Start your answer with the object, then make the verb passive.

1. You can do it easily.

→ It can be done easily.

2. You must give students enough time to finish.

3. They'll pay me at the end of the month.

→ I'll be paid at the end of the month.

4. They might give him an award.

→ An award might be given to him / He might be given an award.

→ Enough time must be given to Students to finish / Students must be given enough time to finish.

THE PASSIVE with MODALS

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Englishby Matifmarin

ACTIVITIESPassive Modals 2

□ Change each sentence into a passive form. Start your answer with the object, then make the verb passive.

1. They could have sold those tickets easily.→ Those tickets could have been sold easily.

2. Someone must have stolen it last night.

→ It must have been stolen last night.

3. They should have replaced the broken window immediately.

→ The broken window should have been replaced immediately.

4. They should have arrested the drunken driver.

→ The drunken driver should have been arrested.

THE PASSIVE with MODALS

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GRAMMAR – UNIT 5The Passive Voice

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES CHARTSIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST

The active object becomes the passive subject. am/is/are +  past participle was/were + past participle

Active: Present simple This film fascinates me. The film bores John. The film surprises them.

Passive: Simple Present I am fascinated by this film. John is bored by the film. They are surprised by the film.

Active: Simple Past The film bored me. The film fascinated Jack. The film surprised them.

Passive: Simple Past I was bored by the film. John was fascinated by the film. They were surprised by the film.

PRESENT and PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) Passive form: 

am/is/are + being + past participle was/were + being + past participle

Active: Present Continuous I am helping Sharon. June is helping Jane and Tony.

 Passive: Present Continuous Sharon is being helped by me. Jane and Tony are being helped by June.

Active: Past Continuous I was cleaning the bathroom. They were cleaning the bedroom. Susan was cleaning the kitchen and balcony.

Passive: Past Continuous The bathroom was being cleaned by me. The bedroom  was being cleaned by them. The kitchen and the balcony were being cleaned by Susan.

Englishby Matifmarin.

1919

GRAMMAR – UNIT 241. The Passive Voice

PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT Passive form: 

have/has been + past participle had been + past participle

Active: Present Perfect I have sent the present. John has sent the letters.

Passive: Present Perfect The present has been sent by me. The letters have been sent by John.

Active: Past Perfect Steven Spielberg had directed the film. Robert Redford had directed those films.

Passive: Past Perfect The film had been directed by Steven Spielberg. The films had been directed by Robert Reford.

Active: Future Perfect John will have finished the project next month. They will have finished the projects before then.

Passive: Future Perfect The project will have been finished by next month. The projects will have been finished before then.

FUTURE TENSES Passive forms: will + be + past participle

is/are going to be + past participle

Active: Future with WILL I will send the present. John will send the letters.

Passive: Future with WILL The present will be sent by me. The letters will be sent by John.

Active: Future with GOING TO I am going to make the cake. June is going to make two cakes.

Passive: Future with GOING TO The cake is going to be made by me. Two cakes are going to be made by June.

Englishby Matifmarin.

2020

1. The Passive Voice PRESENT / FUTURE MODALS

The passive form follows this pattern: modal + be + past participle

Active: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Sharon will invite Tom to the party. Sharon won't invite Jeff to the party. (Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.)

Passive: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon. Jeff won't be invited to the party by Sharon. (Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)

Active: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) Mai can foretell the future. Terry can't foretell the future. (Terry can not foretell the future.)

Passive: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) The future can be foretold by Mai. The future can't be foretold by Terry. (The future can not be foretold by Terry.)

Active: MAY / MAY NOT Her company may give Katya a new office. The lazy students may not do the homework. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Her company might give Katya a new office. The lazy students might not do the homework.

Passive: MAY / MAY NOT Katya may be given a new office by her company. The homework may not be done by the lazy students. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might be given a new office by her company. The homework might not be done by the lazy students.

Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T Students should memorize English verbs. Children shouldn't smoke cigarettes.

Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T English verbs should be memorized by students. Cigarettes shouldn't be smoked by children.

Active: OUGHT TO Students ought to learn English verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used)

Passive: OUGHT TO English verbs ought to be memorized by students.

Active: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT Students had better practice English every day. Children had better not drink whiskey.

Passive: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT English had better be practiced every day by students. Whiskey had better not be drunk by children.

Active: MUST / MUST NOT Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad. Customers must not use that door.

Passive: MUST / MUST NOT A passport to travel abroad must be applied for. That door must not be used by customers.

Active: HAS TO / HAVE TO She has to practice English every day. Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day. DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Maria doesn't have to clean her bedroom every day. The children don't have to clean their bedrooms every day.

Passive: HAS TO / HAVE TO English has to be practiced every day. The dishes have to be washed by them every day. DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Her bedroom doesn't have to be cleaned every day. Their bedrooms don't have to be cleaned every day.

Active: BE SUPPOSED TO I am supposed to type the composition. I am not supposed to copy the stories in the book. Janet is supposed to clean the living room. She isn't supposed to eat candy and gum. They are supposed to make dinner for the family. They aren't supposed to make dessert.

Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO The composition is supposed to be typed by me. The stories in the book are not supposed to be copied. The living room is supposed to be cleaned by Janet. Candy and gum aren't supposed to be eaten by her. Dinner for the family is supposed to be made by them. Dessert isn't supposed to be made by them.

Englishby Matifmarin.

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SUMMARY OF CONTENTSSUMMARY OF CONTENTS

UNIT 5 Passive Voice

EndEnd

Englishby Matifmarin.