ContentsUnderstanding Social Norms 100 Communication Skills 100 Age 2–3 101 Age 3–6 101 Age...
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Contents Preface xi About the Authors xiii Part I: The Nature of the Phenomena 1 Chapter 1 Perspectives on Lying and Deception 3 Lying and Deception as Communication 6 Conceiving of Deceiving 10 Perceptions of Awareness 11 Perceptions of Altering Information 11 Perceptions of Intent 12 Perceptions of the Situation 13 Perceptions of Effects/Consequences 14 Summary 15 ings to ink About 15 References 16 Chapter 2 Perspectives on Truth 19 Four Ways We Determine What Is True 19 e Truth We Feel 20 e Truth We Are Told 21 e Truth We Figure Out rough Reasoning 23 e Truth We Observe 25 Truth and Certainty 31 Telling the Truth 32 Is Everyone’s Truth Equally Valid? 34 Summary 35 ings to ink About 36 Gheorghe, e Vampire Slayer 37 References 37 Chapter 3 Ethical Perspectives 41 Why Concern Ourselves with Ethics? 41 Is It Ever Right to Lie? 45 No, It Is Never Right to Lie 45 It Is Not Right to Lie Except as a Last Resort 49 It Is Right to Lie When It Serves Your Purposes 51 Sometimes Lying Is Right, Sometimes It Isn’t 54 Ethical Guidelines 57 Tell the Truth Most of the Time 58 Consider Alternatives to Lying 58 Lie Selectively 59 Consider Discovery 59 Consider the Golden Rule 59 Ethics and Self-Deception 60 Ethics of Lie Detection 60 Creating Honest Citizens 62 Legislating Honesty 62 Teaching Honesty 63 Learning by Doing 64 Hard-Wired Morality 65 Summary 65 ings to ink About 66 References 67 v
Transcript of ContentsUnderstanding Social Norms 100 Communication Skills 100 Age 2–3 101 Age 3–6 101 Age...
Contents
Preface xi
About the Authors xiii
Part I: The Nature of the Phenomena 1
Chapter 1Perspectives on Lying and Deception 3Lying and Deception as Communication 6Conceiving of Deceiving 10
Perceptions of Awareness 11Perceptions of Altering Information 11Perceptions of Intent 12Perceptions of the Situation 13Perceptions of Effects/Consequences 14
Summary 15Things to Think About 15References 16
Chapter 2Perspectives on Truth 19Four Ways We Determine What Is True 19
The Truth We Feel 20The Truth We Are Told 21The Truth We Figure Out
Through Reasoning 23 The Truth We Observe 25
Truth and Certainty 31Telling the Truth 32Is Everyone’s Truth Equally Valid? 34Summary 35
Things to Think About 36Gheorghe, The Vampire Slayer 37References 37
Chapter 3Ethical Perspectives 41Why Concern Ourselves with Ethics? 41Is It Ever Right to Lie? 45
No, It Is Never Right to Lie 45It Is Not Right to Lie Except as a Last Resort 49It Is Right to Lie When It Serves Your
Purposes 51Sometimes Lying Is Right,
Sometimes It Isn’t 54Ethical Guidelines 57
Tell the Truth Most of the Time 58Consider Alternatives to Lying 58Lie Selectively 59Consider Discovery 59Consider the Golden Rule 59
Ethics and Self-Deception 60Ethics of Lie Detection 60Creating Honest Citizens 62
Legislating Honesty 62Teaching Honesty 63Learning by Doing 64Hard-Wired Morality 65
Summary 65Things to Think About 66References 67
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Part II: Deceptive Behavior 71
Chapter 4Nonhuman Deception 73Deception at the Molecular Level 74
Mimicry 74Camouflage 75Illusion 75
Plants Can Be Deceptive Too 76A Typology of Deceptive Strategies in the
Nonhuman World 77Purpose(s) of the Deception 77Effects of the Deception on the Dupe 78Means of Deception 78Offensive Purpose, Evasive Strategy,
Morphological Means 79Offensive Purpose, Perversive Strategy,
Morphological Means 79Defensive Purpose, Evasive Strategy,
Morphological Means 81Defensive Purpose, Perversive Strategy,
Morphological Means 81Offensive Purpose, Evasive Strategy,
Behavioral Means 82Offensive Purpose, Perversive Strategy,
Behavioral Means 82Defensive Purpose, Evasive Strategy,
Behavioral Means 82Defensive Purpose, Perversive Strategy,
Behavioral Means 82The Ability to Deceive: Four Levels 83
Level I 84Level II 86Level III 87Level IV 88
Signing Apes 89Nonhuman Deception Detection 90Summary 91Things to Think About 92References 92
Chapter 5Children as Liars and Targets of Lies 97Childhood Lying: Plotting its Growth 97
Perspective-Taking and “Theory of Mind” 97Executive Functions 99Understanding Intentionality 99Understanding Social Norms 100Communication Skills 100Age 2–3 101Age 3–6 101Age 6–9 103Age 10–12 104Age 13–18 104
Why Children Lie 105Reasons for Early Childhood Lies 105Reasons for Lying During Adolescence 107What About the Parents? 108
Lie Detection 111Kids as Detectors 111Adults as Detectors of Kids 112
Children Testifying in Court 114Children’s Competency to Tell the Truth 115Suggestibility and Children’s Testimony 117Obtaining Accurate Child Testimony 119
Summary 120Things to Think About 121References 122
Chapter 6Self-Deception 129Self, Deception, and Self-Deception 131
Self 131Deception 132Self-Deception 133Content 135
Self-Deception: Why Do We Do It? 138To Enhance Self-Esteem and Protect
One’s Self-Concept 139To Reduce Cognitive Dissonance 140To Enhance Deception Skills 141
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To Enhance Physical and Mental Health 142To Enhance Competitive Performance 142
Self-Deception: How Do We Do It? 143Confirmation Bias and Patternicity 143Self-Enhancement Bias 144Self-Consistency Bias 145The Role of Psychological Threat 146Self-Defense Mechanisms 147
Self-Deception: Advantages and Disadvantages 152Mental Health vs. Mental Illness 152Physical Well-Being vs. Physical Affliction 153Fooling Others vs. Fooling One’s Self 153Performance Gain vs. Performance Loss 153Courageous Decisions vs. Reckless
Decisions 154Summary 154Things to Think About 155References 156
Chapter 7Performing Lies and Deceit 163Difficulties In Identifying Liar Behavior 163
Determining What the Observed Behavior Really Means 164
Prevalent Stereotypes about How Liars Behave 164
Competent Liars Alter Their Behavior 166Liar Behavior May Vary as
Circumstances Change 166The Motivation and Motives for Lying
May Affect Liar Behavior 169The Type of Lie Told May Affect
Liar Behavior 171Low-Stakes Lies 173
Everyday Conversation 174Self Presentation 176Attracting a Romantic Partner 176Flattery and Ingratiation 178Sports and Games 179
Magic 180The Workplace 181
High-Stakes Lies 181Cognitive and Emotional Processes 182Generating High-Stakes Lies for Research 182The Behavior of Liars 183Lying in Close Relationships 185
Is It Lying? Introducing the Blood Relatives 186Equivocation 187Contextomy 188Paltering 189Spin 190Bullshit 191Doublespeak 192
Summary 194Things to Think About 195References 196
Chapter 8Specialists in Lying and Deception 203Psychological Disorders 205
Antisocial Personality Disorder (Sociopathy and Psychopathy) 206
Borderline Personality Disorder 207Narcissistic Personality Disorder 207Histrionic Personality Disorder 208Obsessive-Compulsive Personality
Disorder 209What Do These Personality Disorders
Have in Common? 209Factitious Disorders 209
Imposeurs 211Relationship Stories 211Military Stories 212Illness Stories 214Crime Stories 215
Imposters 216Ferdinand Waldo “Fred” Demara, Jr. 216David Pecard 217Frank Abagnale 217Gerald Barnes 218
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Frederic Bourdin 218Spies 219Female Imposters 220
Identity Thieves 222Financial Identity Theft 223Criminal Identity Theft 223Medical Identity Theft 223Child Identity Theft 224Synthetic Identity Theft 224
Cons and Con Artists 224Running a Con: The Fundamentals 225Types of Cons 226Who Gets Scammed and Why? 230
Hoaxes 232Aliens 232Media 233Religion 234Science and Medicine 234Hoax Protection 236
Summary 237Things to Think About 238References 239
Part III: Lie Detection 247
Chapter 9Unassisted Lie Detection 249Ways People Detect Lies 249
Obtaining Information from Others 249Finding Physical Evidence 250Receiving a Confession 251Behavioral Observation and Listening 251
Can We Accurately Detect Lies by Observing Behavior? 252Ways of Measuring Accuracy 253Lie Detection Accuracy: Nonprofessionals 253Lie Detection Accuracy: Professionals 254The “Veracity Effect” 254Lie Bias Effects 255Lie Detection Accuracy in Close
Relationships 255
Why Aren’t We More Accurate? 256Biases and Stereotypes 256Overlooking or Incorrectly Using
Behavioral Cues 257Making Judgments While Participation
in Dialogue 257Characteristics/Behavior of the Liar 257Characteristics/Behavior of the Detector 258Passive Observation vs. Active
Questioning 258Professional Lie Detectors 259
Highly Skilled Lie Detectors 259Wizards 260Training 260
Police and Military Interrogations 262Pre-Interrogation Interview 262Interrogating a Suspect 262Confessions 267
Summary 271Things to Think About 271References 272
Chapter 10Assisted Lie Detection 279Our Faith in Machines as Lie Detectors 280The Polygraph 281
The Evolution of a Machine 282Who Administers and Takes Polygraph
Exams? 282Can Polygraph Results Be Entered as
Evidence in Court? 283How Does the Polygraph Work? 284Procedures Followed in Polygraph Exams 284Interpreting Polygraphs 287How Accurate Is the Polygraph? 287Can the Polygraph Be “Beat”? 289Good for You, but Not Good for Me 290
The Measurement of Stress as an Indicator of Lying 291Stress in the Voice 291Stress in the Eyes 292Stress in the Stomach 292
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Stress in the Mouth 293Scanning the Brain for Lies 293Do Truth Serums Make People
Tell the Truth? 295Integrity Tests: Paper Lie Detectors? 296Assisted Analyses of Verbal Clues to
Deception 298Computer-Assisted Analyses of
Facial Clues to Deception 300Automated Computer Programs
and Avatars 300Summary 301Things to Think About 302References 303
Part IV: Lying and Deception for the Masses 311
Chapter 11Speaking to the Public:
Lies and Political Leadership 313Special Characteristics of Public Lies 314
Adapting to Multiple Audiences 314Information Control 314Message Distribution and Responsibility 317Detection Responsibility 320
To What Extent Does the Public Want Honesty from Their Political Leaders? 321Diminishing Trust and the Demand
for Truth 321The Consequences of Distrust 322Tell Us the Truth, but Tell Us What We
Want to Hear Too 323Does the Public Favor Dishonesty? 324
Lying and Deception: The Leader’s Perspective 325Deception Plays a Role in the
Political Process 325Leaders Are Likely to Be Skilled Deceivers 326The Political Downside of Deception 326
The Blood Relatives of Deception Pay Another Visit 327
The Blood Relatives’ DNA 328Presidential Lies 331
Justified Lies 331Minor Lies 331Lies to Prevent Embarrassment and
Preserve Political Viability 332Lies to Cover Up or Omit Important Facts 332Lies of Policy Deception 333
Maintaining Public Vigilance 334Summary 335Things to Think About 336References 337
Chapter 12Deceptive Writing in the Public Arena 341Gathering and Reporting the News 341
Deceptive News 342Deceptive News Gathering 344Attributions of Deception 346Is Objectivity the Antidote? 352
Writing History 354Deception and the Writing of History 355Factors Leading to Distortion and
Deception 355Writing Memoirs 360
Deceptive Memoirs 361Factors Leading to Distortion and
Deception 362Writing Résumés 363
Deceptive Résumés 363Factors Leading to Distorted and
Deceptive Résumés 364Summary 365Things to Think About 367References 367
Chapter 13Visual Deception in the Public Sphere 375The Credibility of Visual Images 377
Myth #1: We See Things as They Really Are 377
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Myth #2: Cameras See Things as They Really Are 378
Seeing and Believing in the Digital Age 379Manipulating Recorded Visual Images 381
Setting the Scene 382Ways of Recording the Visual Image 384Modifying the Recorded Image 387Labeling the Recorded Image 392
Spotting Fake Visual Images 395First, Be Alert to the Possibility of
Deceptive Visual Images 396
Second, Examine the Visual Image 396Third, Don’t Hesitate to Use Qualifiers
When Talking about the Authenticity of Visual Images 397
Summary 397Things to Think About 398References 398
Epilogue 403
Author Index 405
Subject Index 415
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