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sit ISBN 0-B131-1370-9 (U niversity Press of Kentucky) we 10

101 ISBN 963 051886 (Akademiai Kiad6) Er Iy cu Library or Congress Catalog Card N umber 77~080463 IT

ac E copy Akadcruiai Kiado Budapest 1980

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A statewide cooperative scbohl-rly p lIblishing agency serviog Berea College Centre College b of Kentucky Eastern Kentucky Unhersity The- Filson Gob GcorgetolA-n College Kentucky tl

Historical Society Kentucky Stata University MOJehead State Ln ive~it) M urray State

LoiYersity NorLhcm KentuckY UnivcBlly Transylvania Unlversity Uniersity of Kentucky

Unh-ersity of Louisville and Wc~ern itcntllcky University

Editorial and Sa les Offius Lexington KaltlJCky 40506

Joint publication by the U niversity Press of Kelltuck~ Lexiugton Kenwcky

and Akld6mJo i Kiad6 Budapest Hungary

Pnaled la JlQQI~

CONTENTS

11Contributo J 3bbreviatibDS

Introduction (by A Lengyel and G T B Radan) 17

33

Pannonia research in Hungary Ferenc FiJlep

34 BrigtiQ lSzony) [34] Casua ad Hereulem (Pilismashyrot) [36] Ulcisia CasIta (Szentendre) [36] Aquincum (Budapest ill) [37] A1bertfalva (Budapest) [39] Camshypona (Budapest) [39] Vetus Salina (Adony) [40] i ntercisa (Dunapentele-Dunati~os) [41] Lugio (Dushynnszekcs6) [42]

Chy research 43 ScaIbantia (Sopron) [43 ] Savaria (Szombathely) [43] Gorsium (U e) [44] Keszthely-Fenekpusztn [46]

Limes research

TIicciana (Sigv~r) [47) Sopiana (pees) [47] Aspects of the future Notes LiteJature

s tindo Soponi Geography of Pannonia

Mountains River network

cs and swamps Agriculture and natural Notes

0 110 TrOtmuyer

resources

Pannonia before the Raman conquest Paleolithic Age

Buda induMfY [65] Moustier culture [65]

50 51 -~ 57 59 60 61 62 62

65 65

Szclet1 culture [661 Pilissztnto culturemiddot [66] Eamrn Gravettshyiall cult urc [66]

Neolithic and Copper Age 68 LineaT pottery culture [68J Lengyel culture [69 ] The

5

Balaton group [69] Thc Boleraz group [70] Classical period of the Pecci (Baden) culture [71]

Bronze Age n The Z6k culture [72] The Somogyviu- Vinkovci culshyture [73] The BeU-Beaker culturc [73] Problem of the Litzenkeramik [74] The Gilta group [74] The Nagyshyrev culture [74] The Tokod group [7 5] The Kisaposshytag culture [75] Encrusted pottery culture of Pannonia [76] The Varya culture [77] Hoard level of Koszishyder [7S] The tumulus culture [78] The umfield culshyture [79]

Early Iron Age Late lroll Age Notes

80 8 1 82

LasotJ Barkoczi History of Pannonia 85

History of territory prior to Roman occupation 86 The Roman occupation of Pannonia and the Flaians 90 The period of Trajan Hadrian and Antoninu Pius 93 The wars of the Marcomannians Quadians and azyges

under Marcus Aurelius 96 CitiIQlfS lown foundations and citizenship from the occushy

pation of Pannonia until the age of Marcus Aurelius 99 The age of the Severans 100 Military emperors 103 The situation in the province in the period between Marcus

A urelius and Diocletian 106 Diocletian and the tetrarchy period 109 The period of the COllstantinian dynasty 110 The general situation in Pannonia during the Constantinian

dynasty 113 The age of Valentinian 115 Pannonia after Valentinim 116 Notes 120

lelO Fit= Administration and army 125

Notes 139

lena Fito Population 141

The indigenous population 141 The emergence of tollS 142 Municipal life 147 The territorium of the cities 149

6

The concilium prorinciae 150 After the ~1arcomannic wars 151 The last century 154 Notes 157

lena Fitz The way of life 161

Notes 174

Edit B Thomas Religion 177

Native and uclassical gods 177 Oriental cults 185 Christianity 193 Notes 204

Sandor Soproni Roads 207

Itineraria 213 Notes 216

Sandor Soproni Limes 219

History 219 Structure 227 Notes 237

Klara P6czy Pannonian cities 239

Urbanization 240 City formations 247 Network of Pannonian cities 251 Results of archaeological investigation 254

Andautonia [255] Aquincum [255] Bassiana [258) Brishygelio [258] Camuntum [259] Cibalae [260] Emona [260] Municipium Faustinianum [261] Gorsium [261] Munishycipium asorum and lovia [262] Mogentiana [262] Murshysa [262] Mursella I and Mursella II [262] Neviodushynum [262] Poetovio [263] Sala [264] Savaria [264) Scarbantia [266] Sirmium [267] Siscia [268] Sopianae [268] Vindobona [269] Municipium Volg [269)

Notes 269

Edit B Thomas Villa sett lements 275

Concept of the tilla romalla 276

7

At tt noni fronl and west Dra and area gaT) was in f war itar imI pre thh

stu wo in lo En 1) cu 1

ad El

at pi bmiddot tt

Geographical preconditions of the villa settlements Types of villa plarui Technology IIlld ~Irocmrcs of buildings Interior decoration

Wall paintings in fresco and seceo techniques Stucco decorations M osaics

Functions of late Roman villas Fortification and $clf-sufficicncy

Survival of the Roman villa system Notes

Jcno Fit Economic life

AgricultlJfC Mining Workshops Trade Money circulation Notes

KataJln Biro-Sey Currency

BefOIe the Roman conquest Roman dcnarii and Eraviscan imitations Up to the Mrcomannic wars From Soptimius Severus to Inflntion and reform Economic uphoaval Mints

Notes

Edit B Thomas Arts and crafts

Early imperial period ute imperial period

Noles

tra B BOniS Pottery

Gamcnus

Origin of the potters craft and early potter ) Potlers settlements and kilns Pottry in tho Jate imperilll period Lucernae Eanhen lighthonses t(wer models T erra-coltU and crustutml molds

8

284 288 300 306 307 308 3JJ 31 2 31 2 317 321

323 323 325 325 329 332 334

33 7 338 339 340 341 343 343 344 346

349 349 353 354

357 357 362 365 367 368 368

Chronological catalog 369 Notes 378

Edit B Tlwmas Glassware 381

Notes 383

Edit B Thomas Annor 385

Helmets 385 Bronze helmets with reliefs 385 Crested iron helmets with plate coverings 387

Shield-bosses 390 Dn-ggers 394 Notes 396

Aglles Saloml11l CUld Agnes Cs Sds Pannonia - Fifth to ninth centuries 397

The Huns 397 The Ostrogoths 400 The Longobards 404 The Avars 406 CrrolingJBD Pannonia 416

TIle Franks [41 6) The Slavs [417 ) Notes 420

AppendiJlt 427

1m Lengyel New methods and results in paJeoanthropology employed in Pannonian research 429

Intr oduction 429 Methodology preliminaries 430

Weight loss by cremation 3S a result of the evaporation of the water content of e1cavated bones [431) Intershyrelation between the weigbt loss by cremation of excavated bones and tbe quanUty ortheir organic Clt)Il shy

stituents [431) The organic content of the bones [432) Examination of inorganic materials in excavated bODe tissue [433) HiSlOlogical examination of excashyvated bone tissue [434) Investigation of bone tissues fluoride CODtent [434) Theoretical blUeS of the complex method [435)

Notes 438

9

10

Imre Lengyel LaboratoI) analyses of fossil bones 441

Determination of sex of fossil bones 441 Determination of blood types in fossil bones 446 Notes 453

Gyorgy Duma Recent pottery analysis 455 Complex chemical and mineralogical inestigation of

pottery 455 Production of ungJazed black pottery containing organic

coloring agents 460 Carbon separation and carbon incorporation out of carbon

monoxide and gases containing carbon monoxide 461 Investigation of favorable carbon incorporation in pottery 462 Investigation of pottery made out of clay containing organic

matter 463 Glazed pottery 465 Literature 466

Gyorgy Duma Phosphate tests used in Pannonian research 469

Soil investigations 469 Investigation of earth in pots 472 Investigation of unglazed pots 473 Literature 475

AJonz Lengyel Chronological table 477

Index 489

Plates (photos by Zsuzsanna Erd6kiirti j Karath K Koshynya Ilona Molnar and S Soproni) 507

CONTRTBUTORS

Laszlo Bllrk6CCi head of department of ancient studies in the Archaeological Inst11ule of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest

tua B Bonis chief researcher and deputy department chief in the Hungarian Nati onal Museum Budapest

Gyorgy Duma professor of ceramic studies and researcher in the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest

Jello Fito gener] director of the County Museum of Szekesfebervar

Ferellc Fulep general director of the Hungarian National Yuseum Budapest

Imre Jokabffy department chief Museum of Applied Arts Budapest

AJollz Lengyel dean Institute for Mediterranean Art and Archaeology Cinshycinnati Ohio

Imr Lengyel researcher in the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Acadshyo my of Sciences Budapcst

Kcira Poez) field director of Aquincum Excavations and chief researcher in the Historical Museum Budapest

G T B Radon professor of art and archaeology at Villanova University Villashynova Pennsylvania

Agnes Salamon chief researcher in thc Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest

Kalain Biro-SeJ chief researcher in the Hungarian National Musewn Budapest

Sandor Sopron chief researcher and department chief in the Hungarian National Museum Budapest

Agnes Cs Sos chief researcher in the Hungarian National Museum Budapest

Edit B Thomas chief researcher and departmen t chief in the Hungarian National Museum Budapest

0116 Trogmayer general director of the County Museum of Szeged

II

At tt noni fronl and west Dra and area gaT) was in f war itar imI pre thh

stu wo in lo En 1) cu 1

ad El

at pi bmiddot tt

Geographical preconditions of the villa settlements Types of villa plarui Technology IIlld ~Irocmrcs of buildings Interior decoration

Wall paintings in fresco and seceo techniques Stucco decorations M osaics

Functions of late Roman villas Fortification and $clf-sufficicncy

Survival of the Roman villa system Notes

Jcno Fit Economic life

AgricultlJfC Mining Workshops Trade Money circulation Notes

KataJln Biro-Sey Currency

BefOIe the Roman conquest Roman dcnarii and Eraviscan imitations Up to the Mrcomannic wars From Soptimius Severus to Inflntion and reform Economic uphoaval Mints

Notes

Edit B Thomas Arts and crafts

Early imperial period ute imperial period

Noles

tra B BOniS Pottery

Gamcnus

Origin of the potters craft and early potter ) Potlers settlements and kilns Pottry in tho Jate imperilll period Lucernae Eanhen lighthonses t(wer models T erra-coltU and crustutml molds

8

284 288 300 306 307 308 3JJ 31 2 31 2 317 321

323 323 325 325 329 332 334

33 7 338 339 340 341 343 343 344 346

349 349 353 354

357 357 362 365 367 368 368

Chronological catalog 369 Notes 378

Edit B Tlwmas Glassware 381

Notes 383

Edit B Thomas Annor 385

Helmets 385 Bronze helmets with reliefs 385 Crested iron helmets with plate coverings 387

Shield-bosses 390 Dn-ggers 394 Notes 396

Aglles Saloml11l CUld Agnes Cs Sds Pannonia - Fifth to ninth centuries 397

The Huns 397 The Ostrogoths 400 The Longobards 404 The Avars 406 CrrolingJBD Pannonia 416

TIle Franks [41 6) The Slavs [417 ) Notes 420

AppendiJlt 427

1m Lengyel New methods and results in paJeoanthropology employed in Pannonian research 429

Intr oduction 429 Methodology preliminaries 430

Weight loss by cremation 3S a result of the evaporation of the water content of e1cavated bones [431) Intershyrelation between the weigbt loss by cremation of excavated bones and tbe quanUty ortheir organic Clt)Il shy

stituents [431) The organic content of the bones [432) Examination of inorganic materials in excavated bODe tissue [433) HiSlOlogical examination of excashyvated bone tissue [434) Investigation of bone tissues fluoride CODtent [434) Theoretical blUeS of the complex method [435)

Notes 438

9

10

Imre Lengyel LaboratoI) analyses of fossil bones 441

Determination of sex of fossil bones 441 Determination of blood types in fossil bones 446 Notes 453

Gyorgy Duma Recent pottery analysis 455 Complex chemical and mineralogical inestigation of

pottery 455 Production of ungJazed black pottery containing organic

coloring agents 460 Carbon separation and carbon incorporation out of carbon

monoxide and gases containing carbon monoxide 461 Investigation of favorable carbon incorporation in pottery 462 Investigation of pottery made out of clay containing organic

matter 463 Glazed pottery 465 Literature 466

Gyorgy Duma Phosphate tests used in Pannonian research 469

Soil investigations 469 Investigation of earth in pots 472 Investigation of unglazed pots 473 Literature 475

AJonz Lengyel Chronological table 477

Index 489

Plates (photos by Zsuzsanna Erd6kiirti j Karath K Koshynya Ilona Molnar and S Soproni) 507

CONTRTBUTORS

Laszlo Bllrk6CCi head of department of ancient studies in the Archaeological Inst11ule of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest

tua B Bonis chief researcher and deputy department chief in the Hungarian Nati onal Museum Budapest

Gyorgy Duma professor of ceramic studies and researcher in the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest

Jello Fito gener] director of the County Museum of Szekesfebervar

Ferellc Fulep general director of the Hungarian National Yuseum Budapest

Imre Jokabffy department chief Museum of Applied Arts Budapest

AJollz Lengyel dean Institute for Mediterranean Art and Archaeology Cinshycinnati Ohio

Imr Lengyel researcher in the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Acadshyo my of Sciences Budapcst

Kcira Poez) field director of Aquincum Excavations and chief researcher in the Historical Museum Budapest

G T B Radon professor of art and archaeology at Villanova University Villashynova Pennsylvania

Agnes Salamon chief researcher in thc Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest

Kalain Biro-SeJ chief researcher in the Hungarian National Musewn Budapest

Sandor Sopron chief researcher and department chief in the Hungarian National Museum Budapest

Agnes Cs Sos chief researcher in the Hungarian National Museum Budapest

Edit B Thomas chief researcher and departmen t chief in the Hungarian National Museum Budapest

0116 Trogmayer general director of the County Museum of Szeged

II

10

Imre Lengyel LaboratoI) analyses of fossil bones 441

Determination of sex of fossil bones 441 Determination of blood types in fossil bones 446 Notes 453

Gyorgy Duma Recent pottery analysis 455 Complex chemical and mineralogical inestigation of

pottery 455 Production of ungJazed black pottery containing organic

coloring agents 460 Carbon separation and carbon incorporation out of carbon

monoxide and gases containing carbon monoxide 461 Investigation of favorable carbon incorporation in pottery 462 Investigation of pottery made out of clay containing organic

matter 463 Glazed pottery 465 Literature 466

Gyorgy Duma Phosphate tests used in Pannonian research 469

Soil investigations 469 Investigation of earth in pots 472 Investigation of unglazed pots 473 Literature 475

AJonz Lengyel Chronological table 477

Index 489

Plates (photos by Zsuzsanna Erd6kiirti j Karath K Koshynya Ilona Molnar and S Soproni) 507

CONTRTBUTORS

Laszlo Bllrk6CCi head of department of ancient studies in the Archaeological Inst11ule of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest

tua B Bonis chief researcher and deputy department chief in the Hungarian Nati onal Museum Budapest

Gyorgy Duma professor of ceramic studies and researcher in the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest

Jello Fito gener] director of the County Museum of Szekesfebervar

Ferellc Fulep general director of the Hungarian National Yuseum Budapest

Imre Jokabffy department chief Museum of Applied Arts Budapest

AJollz Lengyel dean Institute for Mediterranean Art and Archaeology Cinshycinnati Ohio

Imr Lengyel researcher in the Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Acadshyo my of Sciences Budapcst

Kcira Poez) field director of Aquincum Excavations and chief researcher in the Historical Museum Budapest

G T B Radon professor of art and archaeology at Villanova University Villashynova Pennsylvania

Agnes Salamon chief researcher in thc Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest

Kalain Biro-SeJ chief researcher in the Hungarian National Musewn Budapest

Sandor Sopron chief researcher and department chief in the Hungarian National Museum Budapest

Agnes Cs Sos chief researcher in the Hungarian National Museum Budapest

Edit B Thomas chief researcher and departmen t chief in the Hungarian National Museum Budapest

0116 Trogmayer general director of the County Museum of Szeged

II