CONTENTS · 3. Preventing Common Human Induced Disasters Formative Assessment Worksheets 124 to...

HISTORY

4. Forest Society and ColonialismSummative Assessment Worksheets 1 to 8 ............................................4-11Chapter Test .............................................................11-12Formative Assessment Worksheets 9 & 10 .............................................12

5. Pastoralists in the Modern WorldSummative Assessment Worksheets 11 to 17 ......................................13-19Chapter Test .............................................................19-20Formative Assessment Worksheets 18 & 19 ...........................................20

6. Peasants and FarmersSummative Assessment Worksheets 20 to 26 ......................................21-26Chapter Test .............................................................26-27Formative Assessment Worksheets 27 & 28 ...........................................27

7. History and Sports: The Story of CricketSummative Assessment Worksheets 29 to 33 ......................................28-32Chapter Test ..................................................................32 Worksheet 34 .................................................33-34Formative Assessment Worksheets 35 & 36 ...........................................34

8. Clothing: A Social HistorySummative Assessment Worksheets 37 to 43 ......................................35-40Chapter Test .............................................................40-41Formative Assessment Worksheets 44 & 45 ...........................................41

GEOGRAPHY

4. ClimateSummative Assessment Worksheets 46 to 55 ......................................43-50Chapter Test ..................................................................51Formative Assessment Worksheets 56 to 60 ...........................................52

5. Natural Vegetation and WildlifeSummative Assessment Worksheets 61 to 67 ......................................53-59Chapter Test .............................................................59-60Formative Assessment Worksheets 68 to 71 ...........................................61

6. PopulationSummative Assessment Worksheets 72 to 79 ......................................62-67

Chapter Test .............................................................67-68Formative Assessment Worksheets 80 & 81 ...........................................68

POLITICAL SCIENCE

4. Electoral PoliticsSummative Assessment Worksheets 82 to 88 ......................................70-75Chapter Test .............................................................75-76Formative Assessment Worksheets 89 & 90 ...........................................76

5. Working of InstitutionsSummative Assessment Worksheets 91 to 95 ......................................77-81Chapter Test .............................................................81-82Formative Assessment Worksheets 96 & 97 ...........................................82

6. Democratic RightsSummative Assessment Worksheets 98 to 102 ....................................83-86Chapter Test ..................................................................87Formative Assessment Worksheets 103 & 104 .......................................88

ECONOMICS

3. Poverty as a ChallengeSummative Assessment Worksheets 105 to 111 ..................................90-94Chapter Test ..................................................................94Formative Assessment Worksheets 112 to 114 .......................................95

4. Food Security in IndiaSummative Assessment Worksheets 115 to 121 ................................96-100Chapter Test ................................................................101Formative Assessment Worksheets 122 & 123 ..............................101-102

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

3. Preventing Common Human Induced DisastersFormative Assessment Worksheets 124 to 126 ..............................104-105Chapter Test ................................................................105Formative Assessment Worksheets 127 & 128 ..............................105-106

4. Community Planning for Disaster Management Worksheet 129 ..................................................106Formative Assessment Worksheets 130 & 131 .....................................106 Practice Papers (1 to 5) .............................107-151

CONTENTS

HISTORY(Second Term)

4 OS C I A L S C E NI IX–C E

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

WORKSHEET–1

1. They were skilled forest cutters in Java. 2. Collecting latex from wild rubber trees. 3. Rice production 4. (i) Reserved, (ii) Protected and (iii) Village forests. 5. At Dehradun 6. Dietrich Brandis 7. Chhota Nagpur 8.Scientificforestryreferstoasystemofcuttingtreescontrolledbytheforestdepartment

in which old trees are cut and new ones are planted. Underscientificforestry— (a) Natural forests which had different types of trees were cut down and new ones

belonging to one type of tree was planted in straight rows. (b)Forestofficialsestimatedhowmuchofplantationareatobecuteveryyear. (c) The area cut was replanted so that it was ready to be cut again in some years. 9. The practice of shifting cultivation was banned by the European foresters because: (a) They felt that land which was used for cultivation every few years could not grow trees

for railway timber. (b)Theyfelt thatwhena forestwasburnt, therewasdangerofflamesspreadingand

burning valuable timber. (c)Shiftingagriculturealsomadeitdifficultforthegovernmenttocalculatetaxes. 10. (a) In shifting cultivation, parts of forests are cut and burnt in rotation. (b)Seedsaresownintheashesafterthefirstmonsoonrainsandthecropisharvestedby

October–November. (c) Such plots are cultivated for a couple of years or till the time the soil contains fertility

and then abandoned or left fallow. (d) A mixture of crops is grown on these plots.

WORKSHEET–2

1. The Dutch 2. It is prevalent in various parts of Asia, Africa and South America. 3. In 1906 4. Old trees are cut and new ones are planted in place of them.

HIST.

4 FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM

5E R MTDNOCESNOITULOS

5. Forests are important for us in many ways: (a) They help maintaining ecological atmosphere and serve as an important source of many

useful products. (b) They provide us food, clothing, fuel, industrial raw material, fodder. (c) They provide us a variety of herbs and roots which are used for medicinal purposes.

We can not think a life without forests. 6. The provisions of the Forests Act of 1878: (a) The Act divided forests into three categories–reserved, protected and village forests. (b) The best forests were called ‘reserved forests’. (c) Villagers could not take anything from these forests, even for their own use. (d) For house building or fuel, they could take wood from protected or village forests. 7. Causes for deforestation in India during British rule are: (a) Increase in population led to the growth in demand for food and expansion of

cultivation. (b) Increased demand for timber due to expansion of railways and shipbuilding purposes. (c) Large areas of forests were cleared for plantation purposes. 8. World War I and World War II had a major impact on forests. (a) In India, wars led to reckless cutting of forests to meet British war needs. In Java, the

Dutch followed ‘a scorched earth’ policy destroying sawmills and burning huge piles of giant teak logs so that they would not fall into the hands of the advancing Japanese.

(b) After Java fell into the Japanese hands, the Japanese exploited the forests for their own war industries, forcing forest villagers to cut down forests.

(c) Many local people took advantage of war situation and usurped forest lands and expanded cultivation.

(d) The forests during war times became no man’s land and were subject to abundant plunder and destruction.

WORKSHEET–3

1. Chhattisgarh 2. Pargana 3. In 1865 4. The need to manage forests for shipbuilding and railways led to the introduction of forest

service. In 1882, 280,000 sleepers were exported from Java alone. Much labour was required to cut the trees, transport logs and prepare the sleepers. The Dutch had to take free labour. Hence,theyfirstimposedrentsonallthecultivatedforestland.Thentheyexemptedsomevillages from these rents if they were willing to work collectively to provide free labour and transport facilities. This practice was known as the Blandongdiensten system.

5. The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. It wasdifficulttoharvestteakwithouttheirexpertise.TheDutchwereawareofthis.Hence,they wanted to make the Kalangs work for them when they started establishing control over the forests in the 18th century. But the Kalangs were not ready for this. They resisted by attacking a Dutch fort at Joana. However, their uprising was crushed.

6. (a)Shifting cultivators—Banning of shifting cultivation resulted in displacement ofmany communities from their homes in the forests. Many were reduced to the level of starvation. Some changed their occupations. Some took trading in forest products or were converted into labourers, still others resisted through large and small rebellions.


(b)Nomadic and pastoralist communities—Grazing in forests was restricted by thecolonists. In the process, many nomadic and pastoral communities lost their means of livelihood. Some were forced to take up other forms of occupation like working in factories, plantations or mines as labourers. Others rebelled as criminal tribes.

(c)Firmstradingintimberandforestproduce—Changesinforestmanagementworkedtotheadvantageoffirmstradingintimberandforestproducts.Thesefirmswerelargelycontrolled by European traders. They were vested with sole right to trade in forest products and timber. They indulged in indiscriminate plunder of forest resources and timber which led to deforestation and ecological imbalance.

(d)Plantationowners—Changesinforestmanagementfavouredtheplantationowners.They were given a free right to destroy the forests which had a variety of trees and plant there one type of tree which was suitable for building ships and railways, e.g., teak and sal. Most of the plantation owners controlled the reserved forests. Villagers were prohibited from taking anything from these forests even for their own requirements.

(e)Kings/Britishofficialsengagedinshikar—Theygotso indulgedinhuntingthat itsscale rose very high and various species came to the verge of extinction.

WORKSHEET–4

1. According to the Forest Act 1878, forests were to be divided into three categories – reserved, protected and village forests.

2. A forest community living in central India.

3. Dutch

4. Lading

5. The policy of the Dutch created resentment among the people of Java. They began protesting against it and soon their resentment turned into a movement, known as Saminist Movement. In 1890, Surontiko Samin of Randublatung village, a teak forest village, questioned state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state had not created wind, water, earth and wood, so it could not own it. Soon, there developed a widespread movement. Samin was helped by his sons-in-law. By 1907, his ideas were followed by 3000 families. Some of the Saminists protested by lying down on their land when the Dutch cametosurveyit,whileothersrefusedtopaytaxesorfinesorperformlabour.

6. (a)Railways—Railwayswereessentialforcolonialtradeandforthemovementofimperialtroops. To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel and to lay railway lines, sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together. Each mile of railway track required between 1,760 and 2,000 sleepers. As the railway tracks spread through India, larger and larger number of trees were felled. Forests around the railway tracks started disappearing.

(b)Shipbuilding—OakforestsstarteddisappearinginEnglandbytheearly19thcentury.This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy. By the 1820s, search parties were sent to explore the forest resources of India. And within a decade trees were being felled on a massive scale resulting in deforestation in India.


(c)Agriculturalexpansion—Inthecolonialperiod,cultivationexpandedrapidlyduetoavariety of reasons. First, the British directly encouraged the production of commercial crops. Second, in the early 19th century, the colonial state thought that forests were unproductive and therefore they should be brought under cultivation. So, between 1880 and 1920, cultivated area rose by 6.7 million hectares which resulted in the disappearance of forests.

(d)Commercialfarming—Thedemandforcommercialcropsincreasedinthe19thcenturyEurope where food grains were needed to feed the growing urban population and raw material were required for industrial production. Hence, Indian farmers started placing more and more land under commercial crops. This also resulted in the decline of forest cover.

(e)Tea/Coffeeplantations—Tea,coffeeandrubberwereingreatdemandinEurope.Hence,the colonial government took over the forests and gave vast areas to European planters at cheap rates. These areas were enclosed and cleared off forests and planted with tea or coffee.

(f)Adivasisandotherpeasantusers—Theyalsoplayedtheirroleinthedeclineoftheforest cover in India. They usually did shifting cultivations, in which they cleared the forest. After the trees have been cut, they were burnt to provide ashes. The seeds were then scattered in the area and left to be irrigated by rain. This process proved harmful for the forests.

The dependence of Adivasis on the forest produce was a contributory factor in the loss of forest cover.

WORKSHEET–5

1. They aggravated the process of deforestation.

2. Forests that produced commercially valuable timber like Deodar, Sal, etc.

3. 1860s

4.TheForestActsof1865,1878and1927createdalotofdifficultiesforthetribalpeople.

(a) After these Acts passed, all their everyday practices like cutting wood for the household chores,hunting,fishing,etc.,becameillegal.

(b) People were now forced to steal wood from forests. If they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them.

(c) Women who collected fuel wood were also worried.

(d) It was common practice of forest guards to harass people by demanding free food from them.

(e) The practice of shifting cultivation was banned by the colonial government. As a result, people depending on this practice faced a lot of problems. Many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change the occupations while others resisted through large and small rebellions.

5. (a) Baigas are a forest community of Central India.


(b) They were mainly involved in shifting cultivation. In 1892, its practice was stopped.

(c) They wrote a petition to the government, ‘we daily starve, having had no food grain in our possession. The only wealth we possess is our axe. We have no clothes to cover our bodywith,butwepasscoldnightsbythefiresideswearenowdyingforwantoffood.We cannot go elsewhere. What fault have we done that the government does not take care of us? Prisoners are supplied with ample food in jail. A cultivator of the grass is not deprived of his holding, but the government does not give us our right who have lived here for generations past’.

6. (a)DirkvanHogendorpwasanofficialoftheUnitedEastIndiaCompanyincolonialJava.

(b) He viewed the forest of Java as a treasure of timber which could be used to build a respectable navy as well as several merchant ships in a short time. The forest of Java grew as fast as they were cut. They would be inexhaustible under proper care and management.

WORKSHEET–6

1. Nomadic and pastoralist communities who were caught stealing wood were called the Criminal tribes. Due to the changes brought in by forest management, nomadic and pastoralistcommunitiescouldnotcutwood,grazecattle,collectfruitsandroots,andhuntorfish.Allthiswasmadeillegal.Asaresult,theystartedstealingthewood,bribingtheforestguardstoallowthemtohunt,collectwoodorgrazetheiranimals.

2. Provisions of Forest Act passed by the Dutch:

1. Villagers were not allowed to take anything from the forests.

2.Wood could only be cut under supervision for specified purposes like constructinghouses or making boats from certain forests.

3. Villagers were punished for carrying wood without permission travelling in forest with animalsorgrazingcattle.

3. In shifting cultivation, part of the forest is cut and burnt in rotation. Seeds are sown in the ashes. Such land is cultivated for a couple of years and then left fallow to regain fertility.

Europeans discouraged practice of shifting cultivation because : 1. They considered the practice harmful for the forests. 2. Lands used for shifting cultivation could not be used to grow trees for railway timber. 3.Therewasdangeroftheflamesspreadingandburningvaluabletimber.

4.Difficultyinthecalculation of taxes. (Any other relevant point)

4. The people of Bastar got worried when the colonial government proposed to reserve two-thirds of the forest in 1905 and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce. Some villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests on the condition that they worked free for the forest department in cutting and transporting trees, and protectingtheforestfromfires.Subsequently,thesecametobeknownas‘forestvillages’.People of other villages were displaced without any notice or compensation. For long, villagers suffered from increased land rents and frequent demands for free labour and


goodsbycolonialofficials.Theterriblefaminesin1899-1900andagainin1907-1908addedto their problems.

To oppose the forest policies initiative was taken by the Dhurwas of the Kanger forest wherereservationfirsttookplace.

(a) In 1910, mango boughs a lump of earth, chillies and arrows, began circulating between villages.

(b) Every village contributed something to the rebellion expenses.

(c)Bazaarswerelooted,thehousesofofficialsandtraders,schoolsandpolicestationswere burnt and robbed, and grain redistributed.

WORKSHEET–7

1. The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. They were so valuable that in 1755 when the Mataram kingdom of Java split, the 6,000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms. Without their expertise, itwouldhavebeendifficulttoharvestteakandforthekingstobuildtheirpalaces.Whenthe Dutch gained control over the forests in the eighteenth century they tried to make the Kalangs work under them. In 1770, the Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort at Joana, but the uprising was suppressed.

2. After the Forest Act was enacted in 1865, the forest department wanted trees which were suitable for building ships or railways tracks. They needed trees that could provide hard wood, and were tall and straight. So particular species like teak and sal were promoted and others were cut.

The villagers, on the other hand, wanted forests with a mixture of species to satisfy different needs – fuel, fodder, leaves.

3. The people of Bastar got worried when the colonial government proposed to reserve two-thirds of the forest in 1905 and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce. To oppose the forest policies initiative was taken by the Dhurwas of the Kanger forestwherereservationfirsttookplace.

(a) In 1910, mango boughs a lump of earth, chillies and arrows, began circulating between villages.

(b) Every village contributed something to the rebellion expenses. (c)Bazaarswerelooted,thehousesofofficialsandtraders,schoolsandpolicestations

were burnt and robbed, and grain redistributed.

WORKSHEET–8

1. With the rapid depletion of forests, the British got worried that the use of forests by local people and the reckless felling of trees by traders would destroy forests. So they decided toinviteaGermanexpert,DietrichBrandis,foradvice,andmadehimthefirstInspectorGeneralofForests inIndia.Hebelievedthatapropersystemhadtobe introducedtomanage the forests and people had to be trained in the science of conservation. So Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act of


1865. The rules were made and the system was made legal sanction. Felling of trees and grazingwasrestrictedsothatforestscouldbepreservedfortimberproduction.Anybodyfound cutting the trees without following the system was punished.

The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906. The system they taughtherewascalled‘scientificforestry’.

Inscientificforestry,naturalforestswhichhadlotsofdifferenttypesoftreeswerecutdown.In their place, one type of trees were planted in straight rows. This is called a plantation.

Forestofficialssurveyedtheforests,estimatedtheareaunderdifferenttypesoftrees,andmade working plans for forest management. They planned how much of the plantation area to be cut every year. The area cut was then to be replanted so that it was ready to be cut again in some years.

The Indian Forest Act affected the life of Indian forest dwellers in many ways: (i)All their everyday practices – cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle,

collectingfruitsandroots,huntingandfishing–becameillegal. (ii) People were now forced to steal wood from the forests, and if they were caught, they

were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them. (iii) Police constables and forest guards would harass people by demanding free food from

them. (iv) The government banned shifting cultivation. They considered it a waste of fertile land

which could instead be used for growing railway timber. (v) Communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. (vi) Shifting cultivators were forced to change professions while some participated in large

and small rebellions opposing the changes. 2. Java is now famous as a rice-producing island in Indonesia. But once upon a time it was

covered mostly with forests. The Dutch started forest management there. Like the British, they wanted timber from Java to build ships. In 1600, the population of Java was an estimated 3.4 million. They used to practice shifting cultivation.

The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators. They were so valuable that in 1755, when the Mataram kingdom of Java split, the 6,000 Kalang families were equally divided between the two kingdoms. Without their expertise, itwouldhavebeendifficulttoharvestteakandforthekingsto build their palaces. When the Dutch gained control over the forests in the eighteenth century they tried to make the Kalangs work under them. In 1770, the Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort at Joana, but the uprising was suppressed.

In the 19th century, the Dutch enacted forest laws in Java, restricting villagers’ access toforests.Nowwoodcouldonlybecutforspecifiedpurposeslikemakingriverboatsorconstructing houses, and only from specific forests under close supervision. Villagerswerepunishedforgrazingcattleinyoungstands,transportingwoodwithoutapermitortravelling on forest roads with horse carts or cattle. In 1882, two lakh eighty thousand sleeperswere exported fromJavaalone.TheDutchfirst imposed rents on landbeingcultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from these rents if they worked collectively to provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. This was known as the Blandongdiensten system.


Chapter Test

1. Chitemene or tavy 2. 1910 3.Santhals,Gonds 4. Dutch 5.TheForestActmadethe lifeof the forestpeopleverydifficult.AftertheAct,all their

everydaypracticessuchascuttingwoodfortheirhouses,grazingtheircattle,collectingfruitsandroots,huntingandfishingbecameillegal.Peoplewerenowforcedtostealwoodfrom the forest, and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them. Women who collected fuelwood were especially worried. It was also common for police constables and forest guards to harass people by demanding free food from them.

3.


6. The European foresters felt that land which was used for cultivation every few years could not grow trees for railway timber. When a forest was burnt (a major feature of shifting cultivation)therewastheaddeddangerof theflamesspreadingandburningvaluabletimber. Shifting cultivation also made it harder for the government to calculate taxes. Therefore, the government decided to ban shifting cultivation.

As a result, many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change occupations while some resisted through large and small rebellious.

7. The two World Wars had a major impact on forests. In India, working plans were abandoned at this time, and the forest department cut trees

freely to meet British war needs. In Java, just before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed ‘a scorched earth’

policy, destroying sawmills, and burning huge piles of giant teak logs so that they would not fall into Japanese hands. The Japanese then exploited the forests recklessly for their own war industries, forcing forest villagers to cut down forests. Many villagers used this opportunitytoexpandcultivationinforest.Afterthewar,itwasdifficultfortheIndonesianforest service to get this land back.

As in India, people’sneedforagriculturallandhasbroughtthemintoconflictwiththeforest department’s desire to control the land and exclude people from it.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

WORKSHEET–9

A. 1. Do it yourself 2. Do it yourself 3. Dehradun 4. Baster 5. forests, timber 6. trade, imperial 7. European planters, cheap 8. reserved, village 9. Taungya, plantation 10. wild, primitive 11. timber 12. Dutch

WORKSHEET–10

A. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T

6. F 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. F

11. T 12. F 13. T 14. F

qq


HIST.

5 PASTORALISTS IN MODERN WORLD


WORKSHEET–11

1. Nomads are people who wander from one place to another in search of subsistence. 2. The settlement of the Maru Raikas was known as dhandi. 3.Toexpanditsrevenueandtobancattleherderfromenteringgrazingtracts. 4. InTanzania 5. The Raikas lived in the deserts of Rajasthan. The rainfall in this region was meagre and

uncertain.Oncultivatedland,harvestfluctuateeveryyear.Overvaststretches,cropcouldnot be grown. So, the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism. During the monsoons, the Raikas of Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner stayed in their home villages where pasturewasavailable.ByOctober,whenthesegrazinggroundsweredryandexhausted,they moved out in search of other pasture and water and returned again during the next monsoon. One group of Raikas is known as Maru Raikas. Raikas herded camels while Maru Raikas reared sheep and goats.

6.Thecolonialofficialssawuncultivatedlandaswasteland.Theyplannedtobringsuchlandunder cultivation. For this, they made Wasteland rules which were enacted in various parts of the country from the mid-19th century. By these rules, uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals. These individuals were granted various concessions and encouraged to settle in these lands. Some of them were made headmen of villages in the newly cleared areas.

Inmostareas, the landswhichwere takenoverwereactually thegrazing tractsusedregularly by pastoralist. So, expansion of cultivation meant decline of pastures and a problem for pastoralists.

WORKSHEET–12

1. Sheep and goats 2. Jammu and Kashmir 3. Camels 4.TheGaddi shepherds ofHimachalPradesh spent theirwinters in the lowhills of the

Shiwalikrange,grazingtheirflocksinscrubforests.ByApril,theymovednorthandspentthe summer in Lahul and Spiti. When the snow melted and the high passes were clear, many of them moved on to higher mountain meadows. By September, they began to return. On their way back they stopped once again in villages of Lahul and Spiti, reaping their summerharvestandsowingtheirwintercrop.ThentheycamedownwiththeirflocktotheirwintergrazinggroundontheShiwalikhills.NextApril,onceagaintheybegantheirmarch with their goats and sheep, to the summer meadows.

5.Aspasturelandsreducedsharply,theexistinganimalstockhadtofeedonwhatevergrazinglandremained.Thisledtocontinuousintensivegrazingofthesepastures.Asaresult,grazinglandcametobecontinuouslyusedandthequalityofthepasturesdeclined.Thisin


turn created shortage of forage for animals and the deterioration of animal stock. Underfed cattle died in large numbers during scarcity and famines.

6.TheBritishofficialsweresuspiciousofnomadicpeoplebecauseoftheirmobilenature.They wanted to rule over a settled population. Such a population was easy to identify and control. Those who were settled were seen as law abiders while the nomads were seen as criminals. The colonial government in India passed the Criminal Tribes Act in 1871. UnderthisAct,manycommunitiesofcraftsmen,tradersandpastoralistswereclassifiedasCriminal Tribes. They were regarded criminals by nature and birth. Once this Act came into force,thesecommunitieswereexpectedtoliveinnotifiedvillagesettlements.Theywerenotallowed to move out without a permit. A continuous watch was kept by the village police.

WORKSHEET–13

1. Traders, Craftsmen and Pastoralists. 2. In Kenya 3. Inthepre-colonialtimes,theMaasaisocietywasdividedintotwosocialcategories—Elders

and Warriors. The Elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of the community and settle disputes. The Warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe. They defended the community and organised cattle raids. Raiding was an important activity in a society where cattle was wealth. It is through raids that the power of different pastoral groups was asserted. Young men came to be called as members of the warrior class when they proved their manliness by raiding the cattle of other pastoral groups and participating in wars. The Elders exercised control over the Warriors.

4. Due to the several restrictions imposed by the colonial government on the Maasai pastoralists,theywereboundtoafixedarea,confinedwithinareserveandprohibitedfrom moving in search of pastures.

Theywerecut-offfromthebestgrazinglandsandforcedtolivewithinasemi-aridtractprone to frequent droughts. Since they could not move and shift their cattle to the lands where the pastures were available, large numbers of Maasai cattle died of starvation and disease in the years of drought.

Astheareaofgrazingshrank,theadverseeffectofthedroughtsincreaseditsintensity.The frequent bad years led to a steady decline of the animal stock of the pastoralists.

5. The social changes in Maasai society occurred at two levels: First, the traditional difference based on age, between the Elders and Warriors was

disturbed, though it did not break down entirely. Second, a new distinction between the wealthy and the poor pastoralists developed. 6.Grazingtaxwasimposedonthepastoralistsbecausethecolonialgovernmentwantedto

enhancetheirrevenueandcontroltheirgrazingrights. Initially, the tax collection was given to the private contractors. These contractors tried

to extract as high a tax as they could to recover the money they had paid to the state and earnasmuchprofitastheycouldwithintheyear.Bythe1880s,thegovernmentbegancollecting taxes directly from the pastoralists. Each of them was given a pass. To enter a grazingtract,acattleherderhadtoshowthepassandpaythetax.Thenumberofcattlehe had and the amount of tax he paid was entered on the pass. The pastoralists were very much worried due to this tax. It proved to be an additional burden on them.

15 OS C I A L S C E NI IX–C E 15E R MTDNOCESNOITULOS

WORKSHEET–14

1. Vast meadows on the high mountains are called Bugyals.

2. They decided on the affairs of the community and settled disputes.

3. (a) The picture shows a camel fair at Balotra in western Rajasthan. (b) Camel herders have come here to sell and buy camels. (c) Two qualities of camels: • Theyarecalledtheshipofthedesert. • Theycanstorelargequantityofwaterintheirbodyforalongtime.Thisquality

enables them to survive in the deserts. 4. (a) The picture shows an elaborate ritual performed by the young men of the Maasai

pastoral community to become warriors.

(b) They are mainly responsible for the protection of the tribe.

(c) They prove their manliness by raiding the cattle of other pastoral groups and participating in wars.

5.TheMaasaicommunitylosttheirgrazinglandduetothefollowingreasons:

(a) In the late nineteenth century, the European imperial powers scrambled for territorial possessions in Africa led to the slicing up the region into different colonies. In 1885, Maasai land was cut into half with an international boundary between British Kenya andGermanTanganyika.Subsequently,thebestgrazinglandweretakenoverforthewhite settlers.

(b) The Maasai were pushed into a small area. They lost about 60% of their pre- colonial lands.Theywereconfinedtoanaridzonewithuncertainrainfallandpoorpastures.

(c) Local peasant communities were encouraged by the British colonial government to expand cultivation. As cultivation expanded, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields.

(d)LargeareasofMaasaigrazinglandswereconvertedintogamereserves.SerengetiNational Park in Tanzania was created over 14,760 km of Maasai grazing land.Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves.

WORKSHEET–15 1. In Kenya 2. Dhangars

3. Because these produced commercially valuable timber.

4.Nomadictribesthoroughlydependontheiranimalsfortheirlivelihood.Assufficientwaterand pasture cannot be available in any area throughout the year, they need to wander from one place to another with their herds in search of water and pasture. When the pastures areexhaustedorunusableinoneplace,thentheymovetheirherdsandflockstonewareas.

Their continuous movement proves advantageous for the environment in the following ways:

The movements of the nomadic pastoralists allow time for natural restoration of the vegetative growth.


Their movements enable them to set-up relationships with farmers on the way so that theirherdscouldgrazeonthestubbleoftheharvestedfields.Thishelpsinweedingthe leftover soil and cattle can also help in manuring the soil.

Nomadicpastoralistsprovideasupporttothepopulationinadifficultenvironmentandpresent a sustainable approach of land use.

5. The colonial government restricted the lives of the Maasai pastoralists. Their freedom was snatchedwhentheirbestgrazinglandsweregraduallytakenoverinthelate19thcenturyfor the white settlement and they (the maasai) were pushed into a smaller area to South KenyaandnorthTanzania.TheMaasailostabout60%oftheirpre-coloniallands.Theywereconfinedtoanaridzonewithuncertainrainfallandpoorpastures.Undercolonialgovernment, the cultivation expanded. Due to the expansion of cultivation, pasturelands wereturnedintocultivatedfields,whichcreatedanumberofproblemsfortheMaasaipastoralists.LargeareasofMaasaigrazinglandwerealsoturnedintogamereserves.Forexample,theNationalParkinTanzaniawascreatedover14,760kmofMassaigrazingland. The pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves. They could neither hunt animalsnorgrazetheirherds intheseareas.Fromthe late19thcentury, thecolonialgovernment began imposing restrictions on the mobility of the Nomadic pastoralists and the new territorial boundaries suddenly changed the life of the pastoralists. This adversely affectedboththeirpastoralandtradingactivities.Theywerecut-offfromtheirgrazinglands and were forced to live within a semi-arid tract prone to frequent droughts. Since they could not shift their cattle to places where pastures were available, large numbers of Maasai cattle died of starvation and disease.

6. The pastoralists cope with the changes in a variety of ways:

(a) Some pastoralists reduced the number of cattle in their herds since there was not enough pasture to feed large number of cattle. Others discovered new pastures when theirmobilitytoothergrazinggroundswasrestricted.

(b) The new political boundaries between India and Pakistan stopped their movement. So theyhadtofindnewplacestogo.Inrecentyears,theyhavebeenmigratingtoHaryanawheresheepcangrazeonagriculturallandsaftertheharvestsarecut.

(c) Over the years, some rich pastoralists started buying lands and settling down by giving up their nomadic lives. Some became settled peasants cultivating land, while others took extensive trading as their occupation.

(d) Many poor pastoralists borrowed money from moneylenders to survive. At times, they losttheircattleandsheepandbecamelabourers,workingonfieldsorinsmalltowns.Thus, the pastoralists not only able to survive but also expanded in large numbers. When the pasturelands in one place was closed to them, they changed the direction ofthemovement,reducedthesizeoftheherds,combinedpastoralactivitywithotherforms of income and adapted to the changes in the modern world.


WORKSHEET–16

1.ThemainreasonsforthecontinuouslossofgrazinglandsofMaasais: (i) Europeon imperial powers scrambled for territorial possessions in Africa, slicing up

the region into different colonies. (ii)MaasailandwasdividedintoBritishKenyaandGermanTanganyika. (iii)ThebestgrazinglandsweregraduallytakenoverbywhitesettlementsandMaasais

were pushed into a small area. (iv) The Maasais lost about 60 per cent of their pre-colonial lands. (v)Theywereconfinedtoanaridzonewithuncertainrainfallandpoorpastures. (vi)Largeareasofgrazinglandwereturnedintogamereserves. (Any other relevant point) 2. Impact of the colonial policies on the life of pastoralists: (i)Lossofgrazingland (ii) Loss of cattle (iii) Decline in the quality pastures (iv) Shortage of forage for animals (Any other relevant point) (v)Deathofcattle (Anyfivepointstobeexplained) 3.Thecolonialstatewantedtotransformallgrazinglandsintocultivatedfarmsbecausethe

colonial government considered any uncultivated land as unproductive. If this land could be transformed into cultivated farmland, it would result in an increase in land revenue andproductionofcropssuchasjute,cottonandwheat.Allgrazinglandswereconsideredas waste lands by the colonial rulers as they brought no revenue to them. From the mid-nineteenth century, Waste Land Rules were enacted in various parts of the country. By these Rules uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals. These individuals were granted various concessions and encouraged to settle these lands. Some of them were made headmen of villages in the newly cleared areas. In most areas the lands takenoverwereactuallygrazingtractsusedregularlybypastoralists.Thus,expansionofcultivation meant the decline of pastures which badly affected the life of the pastoralists.

4. The movement of pastoral nomads of India in the mountains was as follows: (a)TheGujjarBakarwalsofJammuandKashmirweregreatherdersofgoatandsheep. Theymovedannuallybetweentheirsummerandwintergrazinggrounds. Insummer,theGujjarherderswentuptothehighmeadows–thebugyals,andin

winter they came down to the dry forests of the Bhabar. (b)TheGaddishepherdsofHimachalPradeshhadasimilarcycleofseasonalmovement.

TheytoospenttheirwinterinthelowhillsofShiwalikrange,grazingtheirflocksinscrub forests. By April, they moved north and spent the summer in Lahaul and Spiti. When the snow melted and the high passes were clear, many of them moved on to higher mountain meadows. By September, they began their return movement.

(c) This pattern of cyclical movement between summer and winter pastures was typical of many pastoral communities of the Himalayas, including the Bhotiyas, Sherpas and Kinnauris.


WORKSHEET–17

1.


2.

Chapter Test

1. Elders and warriors 2. My people 3. Pastoral and trading activities. 4. Because of seasonal changes. 5. By these rules uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals. These

individuals were granted various concessions and encouraged to settle these lands. Some of them were made headmen of villages in the newly cleared areas.

In most areas the land taken over were actually grazing tracts used regularly bypastoralists. So expansion of cultivations meant the decline of pastures and a problem for pastoralists.


6. The African pastoralists were not allowed to enter the markets in white areas because of the following reasons:

(a) White settlers and European colonists saw pastoralists as dangerous and savage. (b) They thought to minimise all contact with such people. Hence, in many regions, they

were prohibited from participating in any form of trade. But cutting off all links was never really possible, because white colonists had to defend

on black labour to bore mines and build roads and towns. 7. Inpre-colonialtimes,theMaasaisocietywasdividedintotwosocialcategories—Elders

and Warriors. The Elders formed the ruling group and met in periodic councils to decide on the affairs of

the community and settle disputes. The Warriors consisted of younger people, mainly responsible for the protection of the

tribe. They defended the community and organised cattle raids. Raiding was important in a society where cattle was wealth. It is through raids that the power of different pastoral groups was asserted. Young men came to be recognised as members of the warriors class when they proved their manliness by raiding the cattle of other pastoral groups and participating in wars. They, however, were subject to the authority of the Elders.


WORKSHEET–18

A. 1. pastures 2. goat, sheep 3. mandaps, ringals 4. unproductive 5. Reserved 6. settled 7. water, salt, animals 8. economically, politically 9. whole 10. Elders, Warriors

WORKSHEET–19

A. (1) – (c) (2) – (d) (3) – (e) (4) – (b) (5) – (a) B. Do it yourself

qq


HIST.

6 PEASANTS AND FARMERS


WORKSHEET–20

1. President Wilson 2. Silk and Tea 3. It is an instrument to mow grass. 4. In 1786 5. Threshing was done manually. 6. Threshing machine brought large scale unemployment among the poor. 7. From the mid-eighteenth century, the English population increased rapidly. This meant

an increased demand for food grains to feed the population. Britain at this time was industrialising. More and more people began to live and work in urban areas. Men from rural areas migrated to towns in search of jobs.

As urban population grew, the market for food grains expanded and when demand increased rapidly, food grain prices rose.

8. Turnip and clover had the capacity to increase the nitrogen content of the soil. Nitrogen was important for the growth of crop. Cultivation of the same soil over a few years depleted the nitrogen in the soil and reduced its fertility. By restoring nitrogen, turnip and clover madethesoilfertileonceagain.Wefindthatfarmersintheearly19thcenturyusedthesame method to improve agriculture on a more regular basis.

WORKSHEET–21

1. Captain Swing 2. United States America 3. Landowners 4. Coming of modern agriculture meant many different changes: (a)Openfieldsdisappearedandcustomaryrightsofthepeasantswereundermined. (b)Rich farmers expanded grain production, exported grains, made high profits and

became powerful economically and politically. (c) The poor were dislocated. They tramped in large numbers for jobs both in the

countryside and the cities. (d) Their jobs became insecured and income unstable. 5. The impact of Westward expansion of the settlers: (a) Westward expansion of the settlers led to displacement of local tribes. They were driven

beyond river Mississippi and further west. (b) The settlers began agriculture on an extensive scale. They slashed and burnt forests,

pulled out the stumps, cleared the land for cultivation and built log cabins in the forest clearings.Thentheyclearedlargerareasanderectedfencesaroundthefields.They


ploughed the land and sowed corn and wheat. Thus, agriculture was undertaken at the expense of grasslands and forests.

(c) The settlers continued moving further west to explore new land and raise a new crop. Afterthe1860s,thesettlersreachedtheGreatPlainsacrosstheriverMississippi.Theystarted growing wheat there and soon turned this region into a major wheat producing area of America.

6. (a) From the late 19th century, the wheat production in the USA underwent a dramatic expansion. The urban population in the USA was growing and the export market was becoming even bigger. As a result demand for wheat rose higher. The rising demand resulted into high price of wheat. This encouraged farmers to produce more and more wheat.

(b) The spread of the railways made it easy to transport the grain from the wheat growing regions to the eastern coast for export.

(c)Bytheearly20thcentury,thedemandforwheatroseevenhigherandduringthefirstWorld War the world market boomed. Russian supplies of wheat were cut-off and the USA had to feed the entire Europe.

The farmers responded vigorously to the need of the time. They began producing more and more wheat.

WORKSHEET–22

1. President Wilson 2. Travelling traders 3. The Portuguese 4. Although the Chinese were aware of the dangers of opium addiction, yet they became

addicted to it. This was made possible due to the following reasons: (a) Western merchants in the mid-18th century began an illegal trade in opium. It was

unloaded in a number of seaports of south eastern China and carried by local agents to the interiors. By the early 1820s, about 10,000 crates were being annually smuggled into China. Fifteen years later, over 35,000 crates were being unloaded every year.

(b) Soon, people of all classes began to take the drug. This comprised of shopkeepers and peddlers,officialsandarmymen,aristocratsandpaupers.By1839,over4millionopium smokers were there in China.

5. Captain Swing was not a person in itself. It was a mythic name used in threatening letters delivered to the rich farmers who had started using threshing machines causing unemployment among the poor.

The poor harvest of 1829 and 1830 had made the life of the poor farmers very miserable. They resented and began riots which soon spread far and wide. They dropped threatening letters to rich farmers to stop the use of threshing machines. Most of these letters were signed in the name of Captain Swing. Alarmed landowners feared attacks by armed bands atnightandmanydestroyedtheirownmachines.Governmentactionwassevere.Thosesuspected of rioting were punished severely.

As has been mentioned above Captain Swing was a mythic name. The poor labourers did so in order to secure their future. Soon this name gained popularity and came to be known as Captain Swing Riots.


6. The Indian farmers were not willing to produce opium for a variety of reasons. However, they were made to do it through a system of advances. There were a large number of poor peasantsintheruralareasofBengalandBihar.Itwasdifficultforthemtopayrenttothelandlord or to buy food. Taking advantange of this situation, the village headmen under the instruction of the government began to give advances to the poor peasants to grow opium. When offered a loan, the cultivators were tempted to accept, hoping to meet their immediate needs and pay back the loan at a later stage.

But the loan tied the peasants to the headmen and through him to the government. It was the government opium agents who were advancing the money to the headmen, who in turn gave it to the peasants. By taking the loan, the cultivators were bound to grow opium.

WORKSHEET–23

1. The Confucian rulers of China 2. The plant was delicate. The cultivators had to spend long hours nurturing the plant. The

crop had to be grown on the best lands. 3.Theywantedtoexpandwoolproductiontoearnprofits. 4. From the 1780s, the poor farmers of Bihar and Bengal found their village headmen giving

them money advances to produce opium. When offered a loan, the cultivators were tempted to accept, hoping to meet their immediate needs and pay back the loan at a later stage. But the loan tied the peasant to the headman and through him to the government. By taking theloan,thecultivatorwasforcedtogrowopiumonaspecifiedareaoflandandhandoverthe produce to the agents once the crop had been harvested.

5. (i)Grainproductiongrewasquicklyaspopulation. (ii)Landlordssliceduppasturelands,carvedupopenfields,cutupforestcommons,

tookovermarshes,andturnedlargerareasintoagriculturalfields. (iii) Enclosures were seen as necessity to make long term investments on land. (iv) Planned crop rotation to improve their soil. (v) It also allowed the rich landowners to expand the land under their control and produce

more for the markets. (Any other relevant point) 6. (a) A tragic scene of death and destruction that occurred during the dust storms in the

USA is shown in this painting. (b) This painting reminds us the terrifying dust storms that began to blow in the 1930s

over the southern plains of the USA. As the skies darkened and the dust swept in, people were blinded and choked. Cattle were suffocated to death.

(c) Alexander Hogue.

WORKSHEET–24

1. because they feared the shortage of labour. 2. India, China and England 3. Mahato 4. A measure of capacity


5. In 1831

6. Threshing machines were broken.

7. (a)Arichfarmer—Theopenfieldsystemgaveagoldenopportunitytotherichfarmerstoenclosefieldsinordertoimprovesheepbreedingandensuregoodfeedforthem.Now,theywereabletoexpandwoolproductionandmakegoodprofitsbytakingadvantageof the rising prices of wool in the world market. They drove out the villagers from these fields.

(b)Alabourer—Forpoorlabourers,theopenfieldsystemwasessentialforsurvival.Itsupplemented their poor income, sustained their cattle and helped them tide over bad times when crops failed.

(c)Apeasantwoman—Theopenfieldsystemenabledpeasantwomentorearcow,collectfuelwoodforfireandberriesandfruitforfood.

8 . From the late 19th century, there was a dramatic expansion of wheat production in the USA. In 1910, about 45 million acres of land was under wheat. Nine years later, the area had expanded to 74 million acres, an increase of about 65%. Most of the increase was in theGreatPlains.

But the expansion of wheat cultivation in this area created grave problems. In the 1930s, terrifying dust storms began to blow over the southern plains. As the skies darkened, and the dust swept in, people were blinded and choked. Cattle were suffocated to death. Sand buriedfences,coveredfields,andcoatedthesurfacesofriverstillthefishdied.Deadbodiesof birds and animals were scattered all over the landscape. Tractors and machines were clogged with dust, damaged beyond repair.

9. The lessons that we can draw from the conversion of the countryside in the USA from a bread basket to a dust bowl are as follow:

(a) Man should respect the ecological conditions of each region.

(b) Man’s high ambitions and desires to conquer nature can lead to ecological imbalance resulting in death and destruction everywhere. Hence, he must control his greed and desires. He can’t get success by ignoring nature.

(c) Whatever technologies are developed, they should be nature-friendly otherwise our life would be perished.

(d) Nature will protect us only when we protect it. Hence, we must think about it sensibly for our own sake.

WORKSHEET–25

1. The triangular trade refers to the trade between England, India and China in the 18th century.

The English East India Company was buying tea and silk from China for sale in England. As tea became a popular English drink, the tea trade became more and more important.

England at this time produced nothing that could be easily sold in China. The western merchantsdidnothaveawaytofinancetheteatrade.


Theycouldbuyteaonlybypaying insilvercoinsorbullion.Thismeantanoutflowoftreasure from England.

At last it was decided that opium would be grown in India and transported to China in exchange of tea.

2. In 1800, Thomas Jefferson became President of the USA. The American War of Independence had been fought from 1775 to 1783 and the formation of the United States of America made it seem like a land of promise from the East Coast. It was during this time that the 700,000 white settlers began to move westward on to the Appalachian plateau through the passes. The westward expansion of settlers in the USA led to a complete total destruction of American Indians who were pushed westwards, down the Mississippi river, and then further west. They fought back, but were defeated. Numerous wars were waged in which Indians were massacred. Their villages were burnt and cattle destroyed.

They built log cabins in the forest clearings. Then they cleared larger areas, and erected fencesaroundthefields.Theyploughedthelandandsowedcornandwheat.

3.By1773,theBritishGovernmentinBengalestablishedamonopolytotradeinopium.Noone else was legally permitted to trade in the product.

The government wanted to produce opium at a cheap rate and sell it at a high price to opium agents in Calcutta, who then shipped it to China.

The prices given to the peasants were so low that by the early eighteenth century angry peasants began agitating for higher prices and refused to take advances. In regions around Banaras, cultivators began giving up opium cultivation. They produced sugarcane and potatoes instead. Many cultivators sold off their crop to travelling traders (pykars) who offered higher prices.

To control the situation the British instructed its agents posted in the princely states to takeawayallopiumanddestroythecrops.ThisconflictbetweentheBritishgovernment,peasants and local traders continued as long as opium production lasted.

WORKSHEET–26

1. Machines brought misery to the poor farmers. Mechanisation reduced the need for labour. It caused unemployment.

Manyhadtakenloansandboughtmachinesbutwhendemandplummetedafterthefirstworld war, they found themselves in debt which they could not repay.

Manylookedforjobswhichweredifficulttofindbecauseofmechanisationofagriculture.

2. Native American groups were settled as well as moved from one place to another. Many of themlivedonlybyhuntingandgathering,somewereengagedinfishing,otherscultivatedcorn, beans, tobacco, etc.

Some of them were expert trappers.


3.

Chapter Test

1. America 2. Landowners 3. The Confucian rulers of China 4. Cyrus McCormick 5. A measure of Capacity 6. Before the 1830s, the grains used to be harvested with a cradle or sickle. At harvest time,

hundredsofmenandwomencouldbeseeninthefieldscuttingthecrop.In1831,CyrusMcCormickinventedthefirstmechanicalreaperwhichcouldcutinonedayasmuchasfivemencouldcutwithcradlesand16menwithsickles.Bytheearly20thcentury,mostfarmers were using combined harvesters to cut grain. With one of these machines, 500 acres of wheat could be harvested in two weeks.


7. Unwilling cultivators were made to produce opium through a system of advances. In rural areasofBiharandBengal,therewerelargenumbersofpoorfarmers.Itwasdifficultforthemto pay rent to the landlord or to buy food and clothing. From the 1780s, these farmers found their village headmen giving them money advances to produce opium. When offered a loan, the cultivators were tempted to accept, hoping to meet their immediate needs and pay back the loan at a later stage. But the loan tied the peasant to the headman and through him to thegovernment.Bytakingtheloan,thecultivatorwasforcedtogrowopiumonaspecifiedarea of land and hand over the produce to the agents once the crop had been harvested.

8. The reasons were: (a)Opiumhadtobegrownonthebest land,onfieldsthat laynearvillagesandwere

well-manured. On this land peasants usually produced pulses. If they planted opium on this land, then pulses could not be grown there, or they would have to be grown on inferior land where harvests were poorer and uncertain.

(b) Many cultivators were poor and they did not own any land. To cultivate, they had to pay rent and lease land from landlords. And the rent charged on good lands near villages was very high.

(c)Thecultivationofopiumwasadifficultprocess.Theplantwasdelicateandcultivatorshad to spend long hours nurturing it. This meant they did not have enough time to care for other crops.

(d) The price the government paid to the cultivators for the opium they produced was very low.Itwasunprofitableforcultivatorstogrowopiumatthatprice.


WORKSHEET–27

A. 1. (b) 2. (e) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) B. 1. Parliament 2. Turnip 3. mythic, machines 4. commons, enclosed 5. Sheep, grain 6. Enclosures, expand, more 7. cut, workmen

WORKSHEET–28

A. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. F 11. T 12. T

qq



WORKSHEET–29

1. Cricket is played in Commonwealth countries. 2. West Indies 3.FrankWorrellwasthefirstblackplayerwholedtheWestIndiesin1960. 4. 22 yards 5. In 1971, between Australia and England. 6. The changes which were brought in the game of cricket by the MCC’s revision of the laws

during the second half of the 18th century are as follow: (a) It became common to pitch the ball through the air, rather than roll it along the ground. (b) It also opened new possibilities for spin and swing. In response, batsmen had to master

timing and shot selection. (c) The curved bat was replaced with the straight one. All this raised the premium on skill

andreducedtheinfluenceofroughgroundandbruteforce. 7. There were many changes introduced in the game of cricket during the 19th century: (a) The rule about wide balls was applied. (b)Theexactcircumferenceoftheballwasspecified. (c) Protective equipment like pads and gloves became available. (d) Boundaries were introduced where previously all shots had to be run. (e) Over-arm bowling became legal. 8. Cricket’s most important tools are all made of natural, pre-industrial materials, i.e.,

the bat is made of wood as the stump and the bails. The ball is made of leather twines and cork.

Even today, both bat and ball are hand made not industrially manufactured. The material of the bat have slightly changed. Earlier, it was cut out of a single piece of wood but now it consists of two pieces, i.e., blade which is made out of the willow tree and the handle which is made out of cane. Cricket has refused to remake its tools with industrial or man-made materialslikeplastics,fi bre, glass, etc.

WORKSHEET–30

1. In 1975 2. In 1932 3. Marylebone Cricket Club 4. Unlike hockey and football which became international games, played all over the world,

cricket remained a colonial game. Cricket was limited to the countries which became a part of the British empire. The pre-industrial oddness made it hard game to export. It took root only in the countries which were conquered by the British. In these colonies, cricket was established as a popular sport either by white settlers or by local elites who wanted to copy the habits of their colonial masters.

HIST.

7HISTORY AND SPORTS: THE STUDY OF CRICKET


5. CK Nayudu was an outstanding batsman of his time. He lives on the popular imagination of the people when some of his great contemporaries like Palwankar Baloo have been forgotten. His career lasted for long. He played test cricket for India. He was the prime cricketer who played India’s First Test match against England in 1932. His place in India’s cricket history is assured because he was the country’s First Test Captain.

6.Pentangulartournamentwasplayedbyfiveteams—theEuropeans,theParsis,theHindus,the Muslims and the Rest, which comprised all the leftover communities, such as the Indian Christians.

GandhijistronglycondemnedthePentangularasacommunallydivisivecompetitionthatwas out of place in a time when nationalists were trying to unite India’s diverse population. As it was a colonial tournament, it died with the Raj.

7. (a) Kerry Packer’s innovative ideas helped use television technology to develop the image of cricket as a television sport, a marketable game which could generate huge revenue. Theopportunitywasseizedbythesatellitetechnologyandmultinationaltelevisioncompanies to create a global market for the sport.

(b) It was a big change. It made the cricketers celebrities. Cricket boards started making huge money by selling television rights to television companies. Television channels earned money by selling television sports to companies to advertise their products. Thus, continuous television coverage turned the cricketers into celebrities.

(c) Television expanded the audience and broadened the social base of the game by beaming cricket into small towns and villages.

(d) Satellite television created a global market for cricket and helped shift the centre of gravity from Britain to South Asia. This shift was symbolised by the shift of the cricket headquarters from London to Dubai.

(e) Television technologies helped in gaining wide support and acceptance of these innovations in the game.

(f) One-day International matches got popularity and wide acceptance due to television technology. Hence, television along with satellite technology has helped in transforming the cricket from a game played and viewed by limited countries and people to a popular world sport.

WORKSHEET–31

1. Palwankar Baloo 2. Hambledon 3. In 1792 4. The Parsis 5. (a) He is Learie Constantine. (b) He is one of the best known cricketers of the West Indies. He was an all-rounder. His

battingstylewas—right-handbatandbowlingstylewas—right-armfast,rightarmmedium.

6. The peculiarities of cricket are as follow: (a) A match can go on for 5 days and still end in a draw.


(b)Anotherpeculiarityofcricketisthatthelengthofthepitchisspecified,i.e., 22 yards butthesizeorshapeofthegroundisnot.Mostotherteamsports,suchashockeyandfootball lay down the dimensions of the playing area but cricket does not.

7.Gandhijibelievedthatsportwasessentialtomakeabodyhealthy.Itwasessentialforcreating a balance between the body and the mind. But he did not believe that only sports like cricket, hockey or football could make the body and mind sound. He often emphasised that games like cricket and hockey were imported into India by the British and were replacing the traditional games. He believed that these games represented a colonial mindset and tended to divide people into privileged and non-privileged groups. He stressed thatsimpleexercisewhileworkinginthefieldswasmorehelpfultokeepthebodyhealthythan playing cricket.

He wanted to encourage the traditional Indian games. He urged the people of India to revive indigenous games because they were inexpensive and as interesting and exciting as cricket or football.

Thus, Gandhiji never approved the colonial games. He always favoured nobleindigenous games.

WORKSHEET–32

1. An outstanding Indian batsman

2. In 1774

3. In 1774

4. Oriental Cricket Club

5. The global market place has made Indian players the best paid, most famous cricketers in the game, men for whom the world is a stage. The history that brought about this transformation was made up of many smaller changes:

(a) The replacement of the gentlemanly amateur by the paid professional.

(b) The triumph of the one-day game as it overshadowed Test Cricket in terms of popularity.

(c) The remarkable changes in global commerce and technology.

Onehundredandfiftyyearsagothescenariowastotallydifferent.TheParsis,thefirstIndiancricketers,hadtostruggletofindanopenspacetoplayin.

6.Pakistanhaspioneeredtwogreatadvancesinbowling—thedoosra and the ‘reverse swing’. Bothskillsweredevelopedinresponsetosubcontinentalconditions—thedoosra to counter aggressivebatsmenwithheavymodernbatswhowerethreateningtomakefinger-spinobsolete and ‘reverse swing’ to move the ball in on dusty, unresponsive crickets under clear skies.

Initially, both innovations were greeted with great suspicion by countries like Britain and Australia which saw them as an underhanded, illegal bending of the laws of cricket. Afterwards, it came to be accepted that the laws of cricket could not continue to be framed for British or Australian conditions of play, and they became part of the technique of all bowlers, everywhere in the world.


7. Cricket became popular in India and the West Indies because of the following reasons: (a) Both India and West Indies were a part of British colonial empire. (b) The game was made popular by the white settlers and the local elites. (c) In both these countries cricket was looked upon as a sign of superior social and racial

status. (d) In both these countries cricket was a successful sport and became a measure of racial

equality and political progress. Cricket did not become a popular sport in the countries of South America because: (a)SouthAmericancountrieswereunder the influenceofAmerican,Spanishand the

Portuguese. (b) Unlike other games, cricket remained a British colonial game. (c) The pre-industrial oddness of cricket made it hard game to export. Therefore, it took

root only in countries that the British conquered and dominated.

WORKSHEET–33

1. (a) Dorothea Beale was the Principal of Cheltenham Ladies’ College during the period 1858-1906. She reported to the school’s Enquiry Commission in 1864 that the vigorous exercise which boys got from cricket, etc., must be supplied in the case of girls by walking and skipping.

(b)Theschoolstartedacquiringplaygroundsbythe1890s.Girlswerepermittedtoplaysome of those games which were earlier considered male preserves. But they were not allowed to play competitive games.

(c) The games being played by girls made Dorothea Beale anxious about them. She wrote in school council in 1893-94 that the girls should not exert themselves or become absorbed in athletic rivalries. She wrote that it was better for girls to take interest in botany, geology, etc., and not make country excursions.

2. (a)PalwankarBaloo—HewasborninPoonain1875.Hewasbornduringthosetimeswhen Indians allowed to play Test Cricket. He was the greatest Indian slow bowler of his time. He played for the Hindus in the Quadrangular, the major cricket Tournament of the colonial period. He was never made a captain because he was a dalit and was discriminated against the upper caste. Baloo’s enormous cricketing talent made sure that he could not be kept out of the team but was never allowed to take over as a captain.

(b)VijayHazare—VijaySamuelHazarewasborninaworkingclassMarathiChristianfamily in Sangli (Maharashtra) in 1915. He was one of the eight children of a school teacher. He was a Roman Catholic. He studied at the Presbyterian Mission Industrial school in Sangli. He had great faith in Jesus. His dedicated faith in Jesus made him a successful cricketer of his time. Primarily he was a right hand batsman and was also a right hand medium pace bowler between 1951-52 against England at Madras. He was thefirstbatsmantoscoreatripplecenturyinthefirstclasscricket.Afterretirement,he was Indian test Cricket selector. He was honoured with the trophy in his name, ‘VijayHazareTrophy’aZonalCricketTournamentinIndia.Hediedon18December2004.


3. Map work.

Chapter Test 1. International Cricket Conference 2. 1889 3. Race and religion

4. (a) 512

to 534

ounces

5. Kerry Packer 6.ThefirstIndiancommunitytostartplayingthegameofcricketwasthesmallcommunity

of Zoroastrians, the Parsis. TheParsisfoundedtheFirstIndianCricketClub,theOrientalCricketClubinBombay

in1848.ParsiclubswerefundedandsponsoredbyParsibusinessmenliketheTatasandtheWadias.TheParsisbuilttheirowngymkhanainBombaytoplaycricketin.TheParsiteambecametheFirstIndiancricketteamtotourEnglandin1886.

7.ThePentangulartournamentwasplayedbyfiveteams—theEuropeans,theParsis,theHindus,theMuslimsandtheRest,whichcomprisedallthecommunitiesleftover,suchastheIndianChristians.GandhijicondemnedthePentangulartournamentbecauseitwasbasedonracialandcommunalfoundations.ThistournamentwascommunallydivisioncompetitionthatwasoutofplaceinatimewhennationalistsweretryingtouniteIndia’sdiversepopulation.

8.Theimportantchangesthatoccurredinthegameofcricketduringthe19thcenturyare: (a) The rule about wide balls was applied. (b)Theexactcircumferenceoftheballwasspecified. (c)Protectiveequipmentlikepadsandglovesbecameavailable. (d)Boundarieswereintroducedwherepreviouslyallshotshadtoberun. (e)Over-armbowlingbecamelegal.


WORKSHEET–34

1. KerryPackerwasanAustraliantelevisiontycoon.Hesignedupfifty-oneoftheworld’sleadingcricketersandstagedunofficialTestsandOne-DayInternationalsundertheWorldSeries Cricket.

(a)Heintroducedcoloureddress,helmetsandfieldrestrictions.Cricketunderlightbecamea standard part of the game because of his innovations.

(b) Due to his innovations, cricket became marketable game. Television coverage of cricket matches made cricket celebrities who earned huge money by making commercials for various products.

2.CricketwasfirstplayedinIndiafrom1721byEnglishsailorsinCambay.TheCalcuttaCricket Club (the first Indian club) was established in 1792. The origins of IndiancricketcanbetracedtoBombay.ThefirstIndiancommunitytostartplayingthegamewasthe Parsis.

The ParsisfoundedthefirstIndianCricketClub,theOrientalCricketClubinBombayin1848. Parsi clubs were funded and sponsored by Parsi businessmen like the Tatas and the Wadias. The Parsis built their own gymkhana to play cricket in.

TheestablishmentoftheParsiGymkhanabecameanexampleforotherIndianswho,inturn, established clubs based on the idea of religious community. By the 1890s, Hindus andMuslimswere busy gathering funds and support for aHinduGymkhana and anIslamGymkhana.TheBritishdidnotconsidercolonialIndiaasanation.Theysawitasa collection of castes and races and religious communities and gave themselves the credit for unifying the sub-continent.

In the late 19th century, many Indian institutions and movements were organised around the idea of religious community because the colonial state encouraged these divisions and was quick to recognise communal institutions. Thus, applications that used the communal categories favoured by the colonial state were more likely to be approved.

The teams that played colonial India’s greatest and most famous first-class crickettournament did not represent regions, as teams in today’s Ranji Trophy currently do, but religious communities.

The tournament was initially called the Quadrangular, because it was played by four teams: the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims. It later became the Pentangularwhenafifth teamwasadded,namely, theRest,which comprisedall thecommunities left over, such as the Indian Christians.

3.TheParsisfoundedthefirstIndianCricket Club, the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay in 1848. Parsi clubs were funded and sponsored by Parsi businessmen like the Tatas and the Wadias. The Parsis built their own gymkhana to play cricket in.

TheestablishmentoftheParsiGymkhanabecameanexampleforotherIndianswho,inturn, established clubs based on the idea of religious community. By the 1890s, Hindus andMuslimswere busy gathering funds and support for aHinduGymkhana and anIslamGymkhana.TheBritishdidnotconsidercolonialIndiaasanation.Theysawitasa collection of castes and races and religious communities and gave themselves the credit for unifying the sub-continent.


In the late 19th century, many Indian institutions and movements were organised around the idea of religious community because the colonial state encouraged these divisions and was quick to recognise communal institutions. Thus, applications that used the communal categories favoured by the colonial state were more likely to be approved.

The teams that played colonial India’s greatest and most famous first-class crickettournament did not represent regions, as teams in today’s Ranji Trophy currently do, but religious communities.

4. This statement actually implies that Britain’s military success was based on the values taught to schoolboys in Britain’s best public schools. Eton was the most famous of these schools. The English boarding school was the institution that trained English boys for careers in the military, the civil service and the church, the three great institutions of imperial England. Men like Thomas Arnold, headmaster of the famous Rugby School and founder of the modern public school system in the 19th century, saw team sports like cricket and Rugby as an organised way of teaching.

English boys learnt discipline, the importance of hierarchy, the skills, the codes of honour and the leadership qualities that helped them build and run the British Empire. Victorian empire builders justified the conquest of other countries as an act of unselfish socialservice,bywhichbackwardpeoplewereintroducedtothecivilisinginfluenceofBritishlawandWesternknowledgeCrickethelpedtoconfirmthisself-imageoftheEnglishelitebyglorifyingtheamateurideal,wherecricketwasplayednotforvictoryorprofit,butforits own sake, in the spirit of fair play.


WORKSHEET–35

A. 1. Sailors 2. Parsis 3. batsman 4. Vulcanised, 1848, gloves 5. amateur, professionals 6. hockey, colonial 7. race, religion 8. Europeans, Hindus 9. gymkhana 10. satellite, cricket 11. doosra, reverse 12. mulattos

WORKSHEET–36

A. (1) – (d) (2) – (e) (3) – (a) (4) – (c) (5) – (b)

B. (1) – (b) (2) – (d) (3) – (a) (4) – (e) (5) – (c)qq



WORKSHEET–37

1. Dress reforms 2. A landlord community of Travancore 3. A type of fur 4. America 5. In the 19th century 6. The ideal woman in Victorian England was one who could bear pain and suffering. While

men were expected to be serious, strong, independent and aggressive, women were seen asfrivolous,delicate,passiveanddocile.Normsofclothingreflectedtheseideals.Fromchildhood, girls were tightly laced up and dressed in stays (support as part of a woman’s dress to hold the body straight). The effort was to restrict the growth of their bodies, contain themwithinsmallmoulds.Whenslightlyolder,girlshadtoweartightfittingcorsets.

Lightly laced, small-waisted women were admired as elegant and graceful. 7. Medieval Europe was a multi-layered society. Often dress codes were imposed on the lower

layers of the society by the social superiors. The social inferiors were not allowed to wear certain clothes, consume certain foods and beverages. These rules were not enforced with equal stringency in all the European countries. But in France these rules were minutely codifiedassumptuarylaws.Fromabout1294tothetimeoftheFrenchRevolution,thepeople of France were expected to strictly follow these rules.

The laws tried to control the behaviour of those considered social inferiors. The items of clothing a person could purchase per year was regulated, not only by income but also by social rank.

The material to be used for clothing was also legally prescribed. As per laws, only royalty could wear expensive materials like ermine and fur, or silk, velvet and brocade. Other classes were debarred from using these materials.

WORKSHEET–38

1. A hat 2. Red, blue and white 3.MahatmaGandhi 4. It was a long-buttoned coat worn by men. 5.MahatmaGandhifinallyadoptedaloinclothandChaddar as his dress. 6.MahatmaGandhitookKhadiasasignofpurity,simplicityandpoverty. 7. The European dress codes were quite different from the Indian dress codes. Wearing of

shoes and the headgear are two such points: (a)Wearing of turban and hat—These two headgears not only looked different but

signifieddifferentthings.InIndia,wearingaturbanwasasignofrespectamongthe class of social superiors. The turban could not be removed at will. On the other hand, in the western tradition the hat had to be removed before social superiors as a sign of respect.

HIST.

8 CLOTHING: A SOCIAL HISTORY


(b)Wearing of shoes—Indians took off their shoes when they entered a sacred placeor homes due to different reasons. In the early years of the 19th century, it became customaryevenfortheBritishofficialstoremovetheirshoeswhilevisitingcourtsofrulingkingsorchiefs.SomeBritishofficialsalsoworeIndianclothes.Butin1830,theywereforbiddenfromwearingIndianclothesatofficialfunctionssothattheirculturalidentity was not undermined.

WORKSHEET–39

1. In 1921 2. A dress reformer 3.Acloselyfittingandstiffinnerdressforwomen 4. The reformers faced ridicule and hostility. Conservatives opposed change everywhere.

They lamented that women who gave up traditional norms of dressing no longer looked beautiful, and lost their femininity and grace. Women reformers got fed up with persistent attacks and changed back into traditional clothes to conform to conventions.

5. When the British became the masters of India, they were distinguished from the Indian ‘turban wearers’ as the ‘hat wearers’. These two headgears not only looked different, they alsosignifieddifferentthings.TheturbaninIndiawasasignofrespectabilityandcouldnotbe removed at will. On the other hand, as per western tradition, the hat was to be removed before social superiors as a mark of respect. This is nothing but a cultural difference. But it created misunderstanding. The British were often offended if Indians did not take off theirturbanwhentheymetcolonialofficials.

6. (a) Many European women stopped wearing jewellery and luxurious clothes. As upper class women mixed with other classes, social barriers came to be vanished and women began to dress in similar ways.

(b) Clothes got shorter during the First World War out of practical necessity. Several women got employed in ammunition factories. This made them wear a working uniform.

(c) Bright colours faded from sight and only sober colours were worn as the war dragged on. Thus, the clothes became plainer and simpler. Skirts became shorter. Soon, trousers became a part of western women’s clothing. It gave them greater freedom of movement.

7.Governor-GeneralLordDalhousiemade‘shoerespect’verystrict.Indiansweremadetotake off their shoes when entering any government institution. This made the Indians very unhappy.

In1862,ManockjeeCowasjeeEntee,anassessorintheSuratFouzdareeAdawlut,refusedto take off his shoes in the court of sessions judge. As a result, he was barred entry into the courtroom.

The British insisted that since Indians took off their shoes when they entered a sacred place or home, they should do so when they entered the courtroom. In the controversy that followed, Indians urged that taking off shoes in sacred places and at home was linked to twodifferentquestions—first,therewastheproblemofdirtandfilth.Shoescollecteddirton the road. This dirt could not be allowed into spaces that were clean, particularly when peopleinIndianhomessatontheground.Second,leathershoes,andthefilththatstuckunder it were seen as polluting. But public buildings like the courtroom were different from home.


WORKSHEET–40

1. A cap worn on one side 2. Lucy Stone 3. B R Ambedkar 4. The Shanars were a community of toddy tappers who migrated to southern Travancore to

work under Nair landlords. They were considered a subordinate caste. They were subjected to these restrictions:

(a) They were not allowed to use umbrellas and wear shoes or golden ornaments. (b) Men and women were also expected to follow the local custom of never covering their

upper bodies before the upper castes. 5. The Tagore family experimented with designs for a national dress for both men and women

in India. Rabindranath Tagore suggested that instead of combining Indian and European dress, India’s national dress should combine elements of Hindu and Muslim dress. The chapkan which was a long-buttoned coat was thus considered the most suitable dress for men.

6. By the middle of the 20th century, large numbers of people began boycotting British or mill-madeclothandadoptingkhadi,eventhoughitwascoarser,costlyanddifficulttoobtain.

This was a great change which came about due to the partition of Bengal which occurred in 1905. The Swadeshi movement developed in reaction to this measure. People were urged to boycott British goods and start their own industries for the manufacture of goods such as match boxes and cigarettes. Mass protest followed. Thus use of khadi was made a patriotic duty. Women were urged to throw away their silk and glass bangles and wear simple shell bangles.Roughhome-spunclotheswereglorifiedinsongsandpoemstopopularisethem.

7. (a)ThemostfamiliarimageofGandhijisittingbare-chestedandinshortdhoti, at the spinning wheel.

(b) These symbolised self-reliance as well as resistance to the use of British mill-made cloth.

WORKSHEET–41

1.MahatmaGandhi 2. They were under the impression of colonial masters. 3. M C Entee 4.AfterMahatmaGandhireturnedtoIndiafromSouthAfricain1915,hetransformedthe

Kashmiri cap which he sometimes used into a cheap white cotton khadi cap. For two years from 1919, he himself wore the cap and then gave it up, but by this time it had become a partofthenationaluniformandevenasymbolofdefiance.LargenumberofpeoplebegantowearGandhiancap.

5.MahatmaGandhi’sdreamofclothingthenationinkhadi did not appeal to all sections of people in India:

(a) Even though the nationalist leaders like Motilal Nehru adopted wearing of Indian dhoti and kurta but these were not made of coarse cloth.

(b) Those who had been deprived by caste norms for centuries were attracted to the western-style of clothing. Unlike Mahatma Gandhi, other nationalists such as


Babasaheb Ambedkar never gave up the western-style suit. Many Dalits began in the early 1910s to wear three-piece suit, and shoes and socks on all public occasions as a political statement of self-respect.

(c) Other women like Sarojini Naidu and Kamala Nehru wore coloured saris with designs, instead of coarse, white homespun.

(d) For the poor, khadi was very expensive and therefore, not possible to wear it. 6.Theclothwhichwouldhavedefinitelyfallenoutofuseintheearly1900swasthemuslin

because: (a)TheCompanyuseditspoliticalpowertodictatetermstotheweavers—toselltheir

products at cheaper rates and dictated prices even during loss. (b) Many of them were compelled to work for the Company for low wages and were

forbidden to work for Indian merchants. (c) The servants of the Company monopolised the sale of raw cotton and made the Bengal

weaverspayexorbitantpricesforit.Goodqualitycottonwasalsoneededformakingmuslin cloth. The non-availability of good quality cotton affected greatly to the weavers of the muslin cloth.

(d) Moreover, high import duties were levied on Indian textiles to protect British machine- made cloth.

WORKSHEET–42

1.Corsetwasatypeofsleevelesstightfittingbodiceforwomenextendingfromthechestto the hips in the medieval Europe till late 18th century. It caused many deformities and illness among young girls. Such clothing restricted body growth and hampered blood circulation. Muscles remained underdeveloped and the spines got bent. The women suffered from acute weakness and frequently fainted. Corsets then became necessary to hold up the weakened spine. Women started to oppose and agitated for dress reform. As a result, in the late 1870s, corsets were discarded gradually.

2. Objective of sumptuary laws was to control the behaviour of those considered social inferiors.

Restrictions: 1. Preventing them from wearing certain clothes. 2. Preventing them from consuming certain foods and beverages. (Any other relevant point) 3. Preventing them from hunting game in certain areas. (Any two points to be mentioned) 3. Women’s clothing changed dramatically during the two World Wars. Consequently: (a) Many European women stopped wearing jewellery and luxurious clothes. (b) Upper-class women started mixing up with other classes which eroded social barriers. (c) Clothes got shorter during the First World War (1914-1918) as over 700,000 women in

Britain worked in ammunition factories. And they had to wear a working uniform of blouse and trousers with accessories such as scarves.

(d) Sober colours were worn. Thus, clothes became plainer and simpler. (e) Skirts became shorter.


(f) Trousers became a vital part of Western women’s clothing. (g) Women started having hair cut for convenience. (h)Bythetwentiethcentury,aplainandausterestylecametoreflectseriousnessand

professionalism. (i) New schools for children emphasised the importance of plain dressing, and discouraged

ornamentation.

WORKSHEET–43

1. Indians used to wear turbans to protect them from the heat and it was also a sign of respect. Turban could not be removed at will. In contrast Europeans used to wear hats which had to be removed before social superiors as a sign of respect. This cultural difference created misunderstanding. The British were often offended if Indians did not take off their turban when theymet colonial officials.Many Indians on the otherhandwore the turban toconsciously assert their regional or national identity.

Anothersuchconflictrelatedtothewearingofshoes.Atthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury,itwascustomaryforBritishofficialstofollowIndianetiquetteandremovetheirfootwearinthecourtsofrulingkingsorchiefs.In1824-1828,Governor-GeneralAmherstinsisted that Indians take their shoes off as a sign of respect when they appeared before him,butthiswasnotfollowedstrictly.WhenLordDalhousiebecameGovernorGeneral,‘shoe respect’ was made stricter and Indians were made to take off their shoes when entering any government institution. Those who wore European clothes were exempted from this rule. Many Indian government servants were increasingly uncomfortable with these rules.

In1862,ManockjeeCowasjeeEntee,anassessorintheSuratFouzdareeAdawlut,refusedto take off his shoes in the court of the session’s judge. He was barred entry into the court roomandheprotestedagainsthisexclusionbysendingletterstotheGovernorofBombay.

In response to it, the British insisted that since Indians take off their shoes when they entered a sacred place or home, they should do so when they entered the courtroom. But Indians were not ready to accept their logic.

2. (a) InIndia,itwasthecastesystemwhichdefinedwhatthesubordinateanddominantcaste Hindus should wear eat, etc. and these codes had the force of law. Changes in clothing styles that threatened these norms often created violent reactions. The man and women of the Shanar caste were forbidden from covering their upper bodies before the upper castes.

(b)UndertheinfluenceoftheChristianmissionaries,theShanarwomenconvertsbeganto wear tailored blouses and clothes to cover themselves. In 1822, these women were attackedbytheNairswhotoreofftheirupperclothes.Complaintswerealsofiledincourt against this dress change especially since Shanars were refusing to give free labour to the upper castes.

(c) In 1829, the TravancoreGovernment ordered the Shanarwomen to abstain fromcovering the upper parts of the body. But this did not stop the Shanar Christians and even Shanar Hindus from adopting the blouse and upper cloth.

(d) In 1859, riots broke out as Shanar women were attacked in the marketplace and stripped of their upper cloths.


(e) Finally the government issued another proclamation permitting Shanar women of all faiths to cover their upper bodies in any manner they wished but not like the high caste women.

3. Many Indians reacted differently to the introduction of western style clothing: (i)ThewealthyParsisofwesternIndiawereamongthefirsttoadoptwesternstyleof

clothing. Baggy trousers and the phenta (or hat) were added to long colourless coats with boots and a walking stick to look like a gentleman.

(ii) To some western clothes were a sign of modernity and progress. (iii) There were others who were convinced that western culture would lead to a loss of

traditional cultural identity. (iv) The use of western style clothes was taken as a sign of the world turning upside down. (v) Some men resolved this dilemma by wearing western clothes without giving up their

Indian ones. (Any other relevant point) 4. (i) Manockjee was asked to remove his shoes at court in order to show respect to the

British judge. (ii) No. He did not agree to remove his shoes. He told that he did not believe in such

practices. He offered to remove his turban instead of his shoes.

Chapter Test

1. He believed that the poor could not afford more than this dress. 2. Liberty 3. Mulberry 4. The three changes that came to be seen in European women’s clothing as a result of two

World Wars were: (a) Many European women stopped wearing jewellery and luxurious clothes. As upper

class women mixed with other classes, social barriers vanished and women began to dress in similar ways.

(b) Clothes got shorter during the First World War out of practical necessity. Several women got employed in ammunition factories. This made them wear a working uniform.

(c) Bright colours faded from sight and only sober colours were worn as the war dragged on. Thus, clothes became plainer and simpler skirts became shorter.

5. The Indian dress codes were quite different from the European dress codes. Wearing of shoes and the headgear are two such points:

(a)Wearingofshoes—Indianpeopletookofftheirshoeswhentheyenteredasacredplaceor homes due to different reasons. In the early years of the 19th century, it became customaryevenfortheBritishofficialstoremovetheirshoeswhilevisitingcourtsofrulingkingsorchiefs.SomeBritishofficialsalsoworeIndianclothes.Butin1830,theywereforbiddenfromwearingIndianclothesatofficialfunctionssothattheirculturalidentity was not undermined.

(b)Wearingofturbanandhat—Thesetwoheadgearsnotonlylookeddifferentbutsignifieddifferent things. In India, wearing a turban was a sign of respect among the class of social superiors. The turban could not be removed at will. On the other hand, in the western tradition the hat had to be removed before social superiors as a sign of respect.


6. There were several reasons behind it: (a) Nationalists like Motilal Nehru, gave up his expensive Western-style suits and adopted

the Indian dhoti and kurta. But these were not made of coarse cloth. (b) Those who had been deprived by caste norms for centuries were attracted to Western

dressstyles.Therefore,unlikeMahatmaGandhi,othernationalistssuchasBabasahebAmbedkar never gave up the Western-style suit. Many Dalits began in the early 1910s to wear three-piece suits, and shoes and socks on all public occasions, as a political statement of self-respect.

(c) Other women like Sarojini Naidu and Kamala Nehru wore coloured saris with designs, instead of coarse, white homespun.

(d) For the poor, Khadi was very expensive and therefore not possible to wear.


WORKSHEET–44

A. 1. docile, obedient 2. corsets 3. dress, tunic 4. cheap,chintzes 5. movement 6. Paris 7. respectability, removed 8. European, Hindu, Muslim 9. bare, dhoti, spinning 10. dhoti, death

WORKSHEET–45

A. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. T 11. T 12. F

qq

GEOGRAPHY(Second Term)



WORKSHEET–46

1. The basic elements of natural environment are landforms, climate and drainage. 2. Monsoon winds 3. Temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation are elements of

weather. 4. Arabs 5. Rajasthan 6. Dras 7. Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for

a long period of time. Weather refers to the state of atmosphere over an area at any point of time. 8. India has a tropical type of climate. India extends between 8° 4' N and 37° 6' N latitude.

Tropic of Cancer divides the country into almost 2 equal parts. Almost half of the country lying south of Tropic of Cancer belongs to tropical area. Areas north of tropic lies in the sub-tropic. Therefore, India’s climate has characteristics of tropical as well as sub-tropical.

9. Temperature and precipitation vary from place to place and season to season. In summers Rajasthan records 50° C while Pahalgam may be 20° C. On a winter night in Drass in Jammu and Kashmir temperature is –45° C while Thiruvananthapuram may have 20° C. In Thar desert the day temperature rises to 50° C and drops to 15° C during night. But there is hardly any difference in day and night temperature in Andaman and Nicobar or in Kerala.

The annual precipitation varies from 400 cm in Meghalaya to less than 10 cm in Ladakh. Higher slopes of Himalayas receive snowfall. During June – September, most parts of country experiences monsoon rains. But some parts of Tamil Nadu receive rain in winters.

WORKSHEET–47

1. Monsoon has been derived from Arabic word ‘Mausim’. 2. Himalayan regions 3. Western Ghats and north-east India 4. Western Rajasthan and Leh. 5. The climate of Rajasthan is very hot, and the area has little rainfall. It experiences highest

diurnal range of temperature. To protect from heat the houses have thick walls and flat roofs. 6. Assam receives heavy rainfall. Rivers are flooded every year. To prevent houses from

flooding they are built on stilts. 7. The proximity to the equator affects the climate of a place. The equator receives more

sunlight than anywhere else on earth. This is due to its position in relation to the sun.

GEOG.

4 CLIMATE


Equator is hotter because the sun has less area to heat. It is cooler at the north and south poles as the sun has more area to heat up. It is cooler as the heat is spread over a wider area.

8. The sea affects the climate of a place. Coastal areas are cooler and wetter than inland areas. Clouds form when warm air from inland areas meets cool air from the sea. Thus areas near the sea are cooler. The centre of continents are subject to a large range of temperatures. In the summer, temperatures can be very hot and dry as moisture from the sea evaporates before it reaches the centre of the continent.

9. Relief plays a major role in determining the climate of a place. High mountains act as barriers for cold or hot winds; they may also cause precipitation if they are high enough and lie in the path of rain-bearing winds. The leeward side of mountains remains dry. The Himalayas protect India from cold and chilly winds, act as effective climate divide.

The oceans exerts a moderating influence on most of peninsular India, i.e., places near the sea have equable climate. The Indian Ocean act as a source of moisture which is absorbed by monsoon winds blowing across the ocean. The south west monsoons give heavy rainfall to most parts of the country.

WORKSHEET–48

1. Thiruvananthapuram has equable climate as it lies very close to sea. 2. Relief, altitude, wind system control climate of a place. 3. Very hot in summers and very cold in winters is called continentality. 4. Jet streams are a narrow belt of high altitude (above 12,000 m) westerly winds in the

troposphere. Their speed varies from about 110 km/hr in summer to about 184 km/hr in winter. Jet steams are located approximately over 27° – 30° north latitude, therefore, they are known as subtropical westerly jet streams. Over India, these jet streams blow south of the Himalayas, all through the year except in summer. The western cyclonic disturbances experienced in the north and north-western parts of the country are brought in by this westerly flow. In summer, the subtropical westerly jet stream moves north of the Himalayas with the apparent movement of the sun. An easterly jet stream, called the tropical easterly jet stream blows over peninsular India.

5. The western cyclonic disturbances are weather phenomena of the winter months brought in by the westerly flow from the Mediterranean region. They usually influence the weather of the north and north-western regions of India. Tropical cyclones occur during the monsoon as well as in October – November, and are part of the easterly flow. These disturbances affect the coastal regions of the country.

6. 1. Latitude—India extends between 8° 4′ N and 37° 6′ N latitude. Tropic of Cancer divides the country into almost two equal parts. Part of India lying North of Tropic of Cancer enjoys a subtropical climate. This is characterised by wide range of temperature of rainfall-summers are hot and winters are cool. The Himalayan region experiences a very cold climate in winters.

2. Altitude—The Himalayas act as an effective climate divide. The Great Himalaya Range obstructs the passage of cold continental air from the north into India in winter and also forces the south westerly monsoon (rain-bearing) winds to give up most of their moisture before crossing the range northward. The result is heavy precipitation (both rain and snow) on the Indian side but arid conditions in Tibet.

7. 1. Pressure condition on land in Jan.—High Pressure. Pressure condition on land in June —Low Pressure.


2. Direction of winds blow in month of Jan.— Land to Sea. Direction of winds blow in month of June—Sea to Land. 3. At the equator the south easterly winds turn to right. 4. South westerly winds.

WORKSHEET–49

1. Coastal areas 2. Decreases 3. Moderating influence of sea 4. Monsoon winds 5. During daytime 6. During night the direction of winds would be from land to sea. 7. ITCZ is a equatorial trough positioned about 5° N of equator. It is a low pressure belt of

highly unstable weather. This is where the north-east and south-east trade winds converge, moves north or south with apparent movement of sun. It is also known as monsoon trough during the monsoon season and lies over the Ganga Plains in summers.

8. Normally when tropical eastern south Pacific Ocean has high pressure, the tropical eastern Indian Ocean experiences low pressure. But over the years there is a reversal in pressure conditions. The eastern Pacific Ocean has lower pressure as compared to Indian Ocean. This periodic change is termed as Southern Oscillations. The difference in Tahiti (Pacific Ocean) and Darwin (Indian Ocean) is a measure to predict the intensity of monsoons. If difference is negative, monsoon could be average or late.

9. Mechanism of monsoons: 1. The differential heating and cooling of land and water. Land warms faster and reaches

a higher temperature than the ocean. The hot air rises, creating low pressure, creates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it. In winter the land cools off quickly, but the ocean keeps the heat for longer. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean.

2. The shift of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) low pressure belt of highly unstable weather, northward towards India.

3. The presence of the high pressure area, east of Madagascar, at 20°S over the Indian Ocean. High pressure in the subtropical region of the Pacific Ocean in northern hemisphere. In the south part of Indian Ocean there is low pressure. This causes shifting of winds.

4. The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer, which results in strong vertical air currents, formation of high pressure over the plateau. The southeast trade winds originating from a high pressure attracted by a low pressure region centered over South Asia. It gives rise to surface winds that ferry humid air into India from southwest. These inflows ultimately results from rising summer temperatures over Tibet and the Indian subcontinent.

WORKSHEET–50

1. Tropic of Cancer 2. Himalayas 3. Coriolis force 4. Low pressure 5. Monsoons

6. Sudden approach of moisture laden winds are associated with violent thunder and lightening. The duration of the monsoon is between 100–120 days from early June to mid-September. Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and


continues constantly for several days. This is known as the ‘burst’ of the monsoon. The monsoon first breaks or bursts on southwest coast.

7. Onset of monsoons: 1. The duration of the monsoon is between 100–120 days from early June to mid-September.

Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues constantly for several days. This is known as the ‘burst’ of the monsoon and can be distinguished from the pre-monsoon showers.

2. The southwest monsoon arrives in two branches-Bay of Bengal branch-First appearing near the Malabar coast of Kerala. The Bay of Bengal branch, moves over Coromandal Coast and hits Assam, moves towards Meghalaya, has lot of moisture, therefore Mawsynram receives heavy rainfall. Rainfall decreases as it moves westward up the Ganga valley. Kolkata receives heavy rains while Delhi has less and Amritsar even less rains.

3. The Arabian Sea branch moves northeast towards the Himalayas. The Arabian Sea branch hits Western Ghats, there are heavy rains in Konkan and Malabar coast. As it moves becomes dry in Deccan plateau. Another branch passes over western Rajasthan and Aravalli hills. Here monsoon is late, winds are dry. Thar desert is parallel to these wind directions, no barrier therefore Rajasthan receives less rainfall.

4. By the first week of July, the entire country experiences monsoon rain. On an average, South India receives more rainfall than North India.

8.


WORKSHEET–51 1. 20°N and 20°S 2. Differential heating and cooling of land and water 3. A warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian coast in place of cold Peruvian current

every 2 to 5 years. 4. The presence of El Niño leads to an increase in sea-surface temperature and weakening

of trade winds in the region. The changes in pressure condition are connected to El Niño and hence, the phenomena is referred to as ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation).

5. El Niño leads to an incease in sea surface temperature and weakening of trade winds in the region.

6. Inter Tropical Convergence Zone. 7. Cold weather season: 1. As the Sun’s vertical rays move south of the equator, most of the country experiences

moderately cool weather; temperatures change by about 0.6° C per degree of latitude. December and January are the coldest months. The cold weather season begins from mid-November in northern India and stays till February. December and January are the coldest months in the northern part of India.

2. The temperature decreases from south to the north. The average temperature of Chennai, on the eastern coast, is between 24°–25° Celsius, while in the northern plains, it ranges between 10°–15° Celsius. Days are warm and nights are cold. Frost is common in the north and the higher slopes of the Himalayas experience snowfall.

3. In the northern part of the country, a feeble high pressure region develops, with light winds moving outwards from this area.

8. 1. A characteristic feature of the cold weather season over the northern plains is the inflow of cyclonic disturbances from the west and the north west. These low-pressure systems, originate over the Mediterranean Sea and western Asia and move into India, along with the westerly flow. North-West receives rain from Mediterranean cyclones. These extra-tropical low pressure originate in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. They are carried towards India by the subtropical westerlies. Once their passage is hindered by the Himalayas, they are unable to proceed further and they release significant precipitation over the southern Himalayas. The three Himalayan states (Jammu and Kashmir in the extreme north, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand experience heavy snowfall; in Jammu and Kashmir, blizzards occur regularly, disrupting travel and other activities.

2. The winds cause the much-needed winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountain. They are of immense importance for the cultivation of ‘rabi’ crops.

3. The peninsular region does not have a well-defined cold season. There is hardly any noticeable seasonal change in temperature pattern during winters due to the moderating influence of the sea.

9. 1. Punjab, Haryana, Western India receive rain from western disturbances caused by cyclones that arise from Mediterranean Sea. These cyclones move over Arab countries, Iran, Pakistan and strike north western India and cause rain. But at the same time north-east trade winds blow over north India but they are without moisture and these areas do not get rains.

2. Tamil Nadu coast receives rainfall in winters. Temperature is low in the plains, pressure is high, winds move from land to sea but pick moisture from Bay of Bengal where a depression has developed, give rainfall to Tamil Nadu coast.


WORKSHEET–52

1. Late and Average 2. Pulsating 3. 100-120 days 4. April, May 5. Bay of Bengal branch 6. Northern and central part of India experience hot weather condition. In Deccan plateau

temperature is 38° C. In Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh temperature exceeds 42° C. 7. (a) The summer months (March–May) experience rising temperature and falling air

pressure in the northern part of the country. (b) End of May, an elongated low pressure area develops in the region extending from

the Thar Desert in the northwest to Patna and Chhotanagpur plateau in the east and southeast. Circulation of air begins to set in around this trough. This low pressure trough from west to east (Thar desert to Chhotanagpur plateau) strongly attracts winds from Arabian Sea and rain in Chhotanagpur plateau region.

(c) A striking feature of the hot weather season is the ‘loo’. These are strong, gusty, hot, dry winds blowing during the day over the north and northwestern India.

8.


WORKSHEET–53

1. December, January 2. Rabi 3. North-east trade winds 4. Advancing Monsoon (The Rainy Season) — By early June, the low pressure condition over

the northern plains intensifies. The windward side of the Western Ghats receives very heavy rainfall. The maximum rainfall of this season is received in the north-eastern part of the country. Mawsynram in the southern ranges of the Khasi Hills receives the highest average rainfall in the world. Another phenomenon associated with the monsoon is its tendency to have ‘breaks’ in rainfall. Thus, it has wet and dry spells. They are interspersed with rainless intervals.

5. The month of October–November forms a period of transition from a hot rainy season to dry winter condition. The retreat is marked by clear skies, rise in temperature, dry seasons but pleasant. Owning to conditions of high temperature and humidity. The weather becomes oppressive during the day and this is commonly called October heat.

6. (a) Maximum temperature — 38° C; Minimum temperature — 12° C. (b) Mumbai receives maximum rainfall in month of July due to Southwest monsoons. 7. (a) The difference between maximum and minimum temperature i.e. 45 – 14 = 31. (b) October – November are rainiest. Tamil Nadu coast receives rainfall in winters. Temperature is low in the plains, pressure

is high, winds move from land to sea but pick moisture from Bay of Bengal where a depression has developed, give rainfall to Tamil Nadu coast.

WORKSHEET–54

1. The tourists come to Kulu valley to avoid hot weather of north-western parts of the country where temperature rises to 48°C in summers. But temperature in Kulu valley is about 20°C in this season.

The cool weather in this valley gives respite to the tourists from heat and hot dry winds called loo.

2. North-east monsoon Retreating monsoon1. They blow during the months of

December-February.1. They blow during the months of

October to December.

2. This is the cold weather season. 2. This is a season of transition between the hot, rainy season and the cold, dry season.

3. This is very pleasant season with low temperatures, low humidity, clear skies.

3. Characterised by oppressive heat and humidity known as October Heat.

4. These winds blow in north-east direction from the land to the sea.

4. They blow in the south-west direc-tion but are not strong enough to blow right into the Northern Plain.

5. They do not give rain. 5. They withdraw in stages which re-sults in decreasing rain.


3. The climate of India is governed by the following atmospheric conditions: (a) Pressure and surface winds. (b) Upper air circulation. (c) Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones. Examples: 1. Development of low and high pressure during different seasons and the consequent

development and pattern of wind movements. 2. Development and the position of jet stream during different seasons. 3. Inflow of western disturbances during winters and the development of tropical cyclone

over the seas. 4. Features of Advancing Monsoon: (i) June to September is the period of advancing monsoon. (ii) Development of monsoon low pressure trough. (iii) Formation of south west monsoon winds. (iv) Distribution of rainfall across the country. (v) Breaks in monsoon. (vi) Known for uncertainties. (vii) The monsoon is known for its uncertainties. The alternation of dry and wet spells vary

in intensity, frequency and duration. It causes heavy floods in one part and droughts in the other.

(viii) It is often irregular in its arrival and its retreat. (Any three features)

WORKSHEET–55

1. (a) Good monsoon means good agriculture. (b) Farmers get good price for production. (c) Reduction in food inflation. (d) Country achieves food security. (e) Economic condition of country is stable. (f) GDP of agro-based industries improves. 2. There is great diversity of the climatic conditions in India due to different location and

land relief patterns. The Indian landscape, its animal and plant life, its entire agricultural calendar and the life of the people, including their festivities, revolve around monsoon phenomenon. The arrival of the monsoon is most welcome all over the country. Monsoon gives relief from the scorching heat. The monsoonal rainfall provides water for agricultural activities. The seasonal alteration of the wind systems and the associated weather conditions provide a rhythmic cycle of seasons that binds the entire country. The river valleys which carry this water also unite as a single river valley unit.

3. Change in pressure conditions over the southern oceans affect the monsoon. A feature connected with it is El Niño, a warm ocean current that flows past a peruvian coast in place of cold peruvian current every 2 to 5 years. The presence of El Niño leads to an increase in sea-surface temperature and weakening of trade winds in the region. The changes in pressure condition are connected to El Nino and hence, the phenomena is referred to as ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation).


Chapter Test 1. March to May 2. Kaal Baisakhi 3. Thiruvananthapuram, Shillong. 4. Strong, gusty, hot, dry, winds blowing during the day over the north, north-west India in

the months of March to May.

5. Thar Desert to Patna and Chhota Nagpur plateau 6. South-west monsoon crosses Western Ghats and moves towards Rajasthan, it has less

moisture and winds are dry. As Aravallis are parallel to these winds, there is no obstruction and therefore, there is no rainfall.

7. Month of October – November is a period of transition from hot to dry weather conditions. In mid-October temperature falls. Low pressure conditions shift towards Bay of Bengal. This transition or shift causes depression in the Andaman Sea causing heavy rains/cyclones on eastern coast.

8.



WORKSHEET–56

A. 1. altitude 2. isotherms 3. local winds 4. Leh

5. Chennai is near to equator B. Do yourself

WORKSHEET–57

A. 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a)

WORKSHEET–58

Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–59

Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–60

Do it yourself.

qq



WORKSHEET–61

1. Natural vegetation refers to a plant community which has grown with the help of natural factors, without human aid and has been undisturbed by man for a long time.

2. Endemic vegetation 3. Land and soil 4. There is variation in duration of sunlight at different places due to difference in latitude. 5. Southern slopes. 6. Forests play a vital role in social, cultural, historical, economic and industrial development

of any country and in maintaining its ecological balance. Forests are renewable resources and play a major role in enhancing the quality of

environment. They modify local climate, control soil erosion, regulate stream flow, support a variety of industries, they are the resource base for sustenance of its population and a storehouse of biodiversity and offer panoramic or scenic view for recreation. It controls wind force, temperature and causes rainfall. It provides humus to the soil and shelter to the wildlife.

7. India’s natural vegetation has undergone many changes due to several factors such as: 1. Growing demand for cultivated land. 2. Development of industries. 3. Urbanisation 4. Overgrazing of pastures 5. Large-scale developmental projects (such as dams) led to clearing of forests. 6. Mining activities have disturbed the natural habitat of many species. 8. The ecosystem has been disturbed because of excessive exploitation of the plants and animal

resources by human beings. About 1,300 plant species are endangered and 20 species are extinct. Quite a few animal species are also endangered and some have become extinct.

The main causes for this major threat to nature are habitat destruction, which have led to the decline in India’s biodiversity and habitat degradation. The body parts of many wildlife species like rhino horn, tiger parts, ivory have great value in the international market, command high prices and rampant illegal trade continues. Therefore, to maintain the ecological balance bio-diversity needs to be conserved.

WORKSHEET–62

1. Western slopes of Western Ghats receive heavy rainfall as compared to Eastern slopes. 2. 33% 3. 20.55% 4. Forest area has decreased steadily as they are cleared for agriculture, hydroelectric plants.

GEOG.

5 NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE


5. In order to save the natural world, ecosystem as a whole has to be saved. Unless the entire ecosystem is preserved, the individual species will not be able to survive for long.

6. All the plants and animals in an area are interdependent and interrelated to each other in their physical environment, thus, also an integral part of the ecosystem.

A very large ecosystem on land having distinct types of vegetation and animal life is called a biome. A major biotic community characterized by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate.

7. Modern civilization being consumption-oriented, our natural resources and particularly forests bear the brunt of indiscrimate use. With increasing development activities, forests have been severely fragmented and at many places degraded, causing threat to local extinction of many wild species of plants and animals. About 41% of forest cover of the country has already been degraded and dense forests are losing their crown density and productivity continuously. Thus creating ecological imbalance.

8. Tropical Rainforests: 1. These forests are restricted to heavy rainfall areas of the Western Ghats and the island

groups of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar, upper parts of Assam and Tamil Nadu coast.

2. They are at their best in areas having more than 200 cm of rainfall with a short dry season. 3. The trees reach great heights up to 60 metres or even above. 4. Since the region is warm and wet throughout the year, it has a luxuriant vegetation of

all kinds – trees, shrubs, and creepers giving it a multilayered structure. 5. There is no definite time for trees to shed their leaves. As such, these forests appear

green all the year round. 6. Some of the commercially important trees of this forest are ebony, mahogany, rosewood,

rubber and cinchona. The common animals found in these forests are elephants, monkey, lemur and deer. The

one-horned rhinoceros are found in the jungles of Assam and West Bengal.

WORKSHEET–63

1. Biome 2. Mahogany, Ebony 3. Assam 4. 200 cms 5. Western slopes of Western Ghats are covered with dense forests. 6. Dry deciduous forest: 1. The dry deciduous forests are found in areas having rainfall between 100 cm and

70 cm. 2. These forests are found in the rainier parts of the peninsular plateau and the plains of

Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. 3. There are open stretches in which teak, sal, peepal, neem grow. A large part of this region

has been cleared for cultivation and some parts are used for grazing. Moist deciduous forests: 1. These are found in areas receiving rainfall between 200 and 100 cm. 2. These forests exist, mostly in the eastern part of the country – northeastern states, along

the foothills of the Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Odisha and Chhattisgarh, and on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.

3. Teak is the most dominant species of this forest, bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair are also found here.


7. Tropical deciduous forests (Monsoon forests): 1. These are the most widespread forests of India. They are also called the monsoon forests

and spread over the region receiving rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm. 2. Trees of this forest-type shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks in dry summer. 3. On the basis of the availability of water, these forests are further divided into moist and

dry deciduous.

8. Tropical rainforest Tropical deciduous forest 1. Area — Western ghats, Andaman and

Nicobar islands 1. Area — foothills of Himalayas, eastern

slopes and western ghats. 2. Rainfall — more than 200 cm. 2. Rainfall — 70 – 200 cm. 3. Feature — trees are dense, remain

green throughout the year. 3. Tree shed their leaves for about 6 – 8

weeks in dry summer.

4. Commercially important trees-ebony, mahogany.

4. Commercially important tree — teak, sal.

WORKSHEET–64

1. Tropical deciduous forests are classified on basis of rainfall. 2. Tropical deciduous forests 3. Monsoon forests 4. Tropical deciduous forests 5. Rajasthan 6. 1. In mountainous areas, the decrease in temperature with increasing altitude leads to the

corresponding change in natural vegetation. As such, there is a succession of natural vegetation belts in the same order as we see from the tropical to the tundra region.

2. The wet temperate type of forests are found between a height of 1000 and 2000 metres. Evergreen broad-leaf trees such as oaks and chestnuts predominate.

3. Between 1500 and 3000 metres, temperate forests containing coniferous trees like pine, deodar, silver fir, are found. These forests cover mostly the southern slopes of the Himalayas, places having high altitude in southern and north-east India.

4. At higher elevations, temperate grasslands are common. 5. At high altitudes, generally more than 3,600 metres above sea level, temperate forests

and grasslands give way to the Alpine vegetation. Silver fir, junipers, pines and birches are the common trees of these forests. However, they get progressively stunted as they approach the snow-line.

Ultimately through shrubs and scrubs, they merge into the Alpine grasslands. These are used extensively for grazing by nomadic tribes like the Gujjars and the Bakarwals.

6. At higher altitudes, mosses and lichens form part of tundra vegetation. The common animals found in these forests are Kashmir stag, spotted deer.

7. Thorn forests are found in north western part of country. Thorn forests are found in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana.


8.

WORKSHEET–65

1. Dry and moist deciduous forests 2. Thorn forests 3. Montane forests 4. Temperate forests 5. Sundari trees 6. Dense mangroves are the common varieties with roots of the plants submerged under water

in deltas of Ganga, Mahanadi. In Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, Sundari trees are found which provide durable hard timber.

Palm, coconut, keora, agar also grow in this region. 7. Mangrove Forests: 1. The mangrove tidal forests are found in the areas of coasts influenced by tides. 2. Mud and silt get accumulated on such coasts. Dense mangroves are the common varieties

with roots of the plants submerged under water.


3. The deltas of the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the Krishna, the Godavari and the Kaveri are covered by such vegetation. In the Ganga-Brahamaputra delta, sundari trees are found, which provide durable hard timber. These forests supply timber and firewood. Palm and coconut trees adorn the coastal strip.

4. Royal Bengal Tiger is the famous animal in these forests. Turtles, crocodiles, gharials and snakes are also found here.

8.

WORKSHEET–66

1. West Bengal 2. Ganga-Brahmaputra delta 3. Tidal 4. Royal Bengal tiger, gharial


5. Jamun, Tulsi 6. The Himalayas harbour a hardy range of animals which survive in extreme cold. Ladakh’s

freezing high altitudes are a home to yak, the Tibetan antelope, Tibetan wild ass, ibex snow leopard and a very rare red panda.

7. Every specie has a role to play in the ecosystem. Animals provide milk, dairy products. They also provide transportation. The fish provides nutritive food. Many insects help in pollination of crops, and fruit trees exert biological control on such insects which are harmful.

8. Migratory birds are found on wetlands of India. During winter, Siberian Crane come in large numbers. Rann of Kachchh is a favourable place for migratory birds. At a place where the desert merges with sea, flamingo come in thousands to build nests.

9. India is also rich in its fauna. It has more than 90,000 of animal species. The country has more than 2,000 species of birds. They constitute 13% of the world’s total. There are 2,546 species of fish, which account for nearly 12% of the world’s stock. It also shares between 5 and 8 per cent of the world’s amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The elephants are the most majestic animals among the mammals. One-horned rhinoceroses, wild ass, camels, Indian bison, nilgai (blue bull), are some other animals found in India. It also has several species of monkeys. India is the only country in the world that has both tigers and lions. The natural habitat of the Indian lion is the Gir forest in Gujarat. The Himalayas harbour a hardy range of animals, which survive in extreme cold. Ladakh’s freezing high altitudes are a home to yak, the Tibetan antelope, wild sheep, and the kiang. In the rivers, lakes and coastal areas, turtles, crocodiles and gharials are found. The bird life in India is colourful.

10. Relief (i) Land: Vegetation varies in different types of landforms. In plain fertile areas crops

are cultivated while in rigged terrains grasslands are found. (ii) Soil: Different types of soil provide basis for different types of vegetation. The sandy

soil supports cactus, detaic soil supports mangrove forests. Climate (i) The temperature and rainfall affects distribution of vegetation. Near the tropics,

rainfall is heavy-tropical evergreen forests, moderate temperature to moderate rainfall, vegetation is deciduous and as the temperature fall with height vegetation varies from alpine to tundra.

(ii) The variation in sunlight at different places affects vegetation. Due to longer duration of sunlight, trees grow faster in summers.

WORKSHEET–67

1. 1. Varied relief of mountains, plains, plateaus and deserts affect distribution of flora in India.

(a) In the mountainous regions, wet temperate forests are found between the height of 1000-2000 m, coniferous forests are found between 1500 and 3000 m. Trees like cedar, deodar, pine and spruce are found.

(b) In areas where rainfall is less than 70 cm and in semi-arid regions the vegetation consists of acacias, cacti and palms.

(c) In areas of heavy rainfall like the Western Ghats, which receive more than 200 cm of rainfall, tropical evergreen forests are found.


2. The soils vary over space. Different types of soil provide basis for different types of vegetation.

(a) Sandy soil supports cactus. (b) Deltaic soil supports mangroves. 2. In mountainous areas, the decrease in temperature with increasing altitude leads to the


(a) Wet temperate type of forests are located between a height of 1000-2000 metres. Evergreen broad-leaf trees such as chir, ash, oak, chestnuts are found in this region.

(b) Between 1500-3000 metres above sea-level, temperate forests such as pine, deodar, silver fir, spruce and cedar are found.

(c) At high altitudes, generally more than 3,600 metres above sea level, Alpine vegetation such as silver fir, junipers, pines and birches is found. Above the snowline of 5000 metres, mosses and lichens form part of tundra vegetation.

3. Mangrove forests: 1. The mangrove tidal forests are found in the areas of coasts influenced by tides. 2. Mud and silt get accumulated on such coasts. Dense mangroves are the common varieties

with roots of the plants submerged under water. 3. The deltas of the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the Krishna, the Godavari and the Kaveri are

covered by such vegetation. 4. In the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, sundari trees are found, which provide durable hard

timber. These forests supply timber and firewood. Palm and coconut trees adorn the coastal strip.

5. Royal Bengal tiger is the famous animal in these forests. Turtles, crocodiles, gharials and snakes are also found here.

4. Thorn forests and shrubs are found in the north-western part of India including semi-arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. Characteristics:

(i) Found in regions with less than 70 cm of rainfall (ii) Trees are scattered and have long roots penetrating deep into soil to get moisture. (iii) Stems are succulent to conserve water. (iv) Leaves are thick and small to minimise evaporation.

Chapter Test

1. 13 per cent 2. In 1972 3. In Assam 4. Due to excessive exploitation of the plants and animal resources by human beings, the

ecosystem has been disturbed. About 1,300 plant species are endangered and 20 species are extinct. Quite a few animal species are also endangered and some have become extinct.

The main causes for this major threat to nature are Habitat destruction, which have led to the decline in India’s biodiversity. Habitat degradation — The body parts of many wildlife species like rhino horn, tiger parts, ivory have great value in the international market, command high prices and rampant illegal trade continues.


Pollution due to chemical and industrial waste, acid deposits, introduction of alien species and reckless cutting of the forests to bring land under cultivation and inhabitation, are also responsible for the imbalance.

The steps adopted by the government to conserve fauna are: 1. 14 Biosphere reserves have been set-up in the country to protect flora and fauna.

Sundarbans in West Bengal, Niligiri have been included in the world network of biosphere reserve.

2. Financial and technical assistance is provided to many botanical gardens by the government since 1992.

3. Project Tiger, Rhino, and many other eco-developmental projects have been introduced. 4. 89 National Parks, 490 Wildlife Sanctuaries and Zoological gardens are set-up to take

care of natural heritage. 5. (a) Nagaland (b) Punjab, Haryana (c) Lakshadweep

6.


aFORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

WORKSHEET–68

A. 1. Tropical rainforest 2. Sundari/coconut 3. Alpine forest 4. Rainforest 5. Mangrove forest 6. Dry deciduous forest 7. Tropical deciduous 8. Thorn 9. Mountain 10. Kachnar

WORKSHEET–69

A. Type of forests Plant species Areas1. Rainforests2. Dry deciduous forests3. Most deciduous forests4. Thorn forests

5. Montane forests

Sal (3)Deodar (5) Palm (4)Peepal (2)

Cinchona (1)

West Odisha (3)Bihar (2)Western Ghats (1)Kashmir (5)

Rajasthan (4)

B.

Plant Plant Importance1. Neem tree is the wonder plant, a unique gift of the mother

nature to the mankind. Its fruitis the richest source of Vitamin C. (3)

2. Aloe Vera is popularly known as the Miracle Tree. (1)3. Amla is the popular herb with the botanical name of Aloe

barbadensis. (2)4. Ashwagandha is known as Holy Basil in English and Tulsi in

Sanskrit. (5)5. Tulsi

is the powerful herb that is believed to increase health and longevity. (4)

WORKSHEET–70

A. 1. Peacock 2. Endemic 3. Exploitation 4. Sundari

5. Tiger 6. Tulsi 7. Gir 8. Mahogany

9. Gharial 10. Monsoon

B. Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–71

Do it yourself.

qq


aSUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

WORKSHEET–72 1. 10 years 2. In 1881 3. In 1872 4. Population census is the total process of collecting, compiling, analysing, or otherwise

disseminating demographic economic and social data pertaining at a specific time of all persons in a country. The census provides information on size, distribution and socio-economic, demographic and other characteristics of country’s population.

5. Population is the pivotal element in social studies. It is the point of reference from which all other elements are observed and from which they derive importance and meaning, e.g., resource, disasters are meaningful in relation to human beings. Their numbers, distribution, growth and characteristics/qualities provide the basic background for understanding and appreciating all aspects of environment.

6. (a) 16.7% (b) 2.4% (c) India has a population of 1,210.6 million people who are unevenly distributed over the

country. 7. (a) Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal. (b) Rajasthan is largest state in area, but has only 6% of total population of India.

WORKSHEET–73 1. 1028 million 2. Uttar Pradesh 3. 324 persons per sq. km 4. Area wise Rajasthan is the biggest state but the climate is extermely hot and there is very

little rainfall. 5. Population density is calculated as the number of persons per unit area. The state of Bihar

has the highest population density of 1102 persons per sq. km while Arunachal Pradesh has lowest population density of 17 persons per sq. km.

6. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana. 7. 1. Areas that have plain area, has dense population, e.g., Northern Plains. 2. Rugged topography is responsible for less population such as Jammu and Kashmir. 3. Hilly dissected and rocky nature of terrain influences moderate population, e.g., Deccan

Peninsula. 8. 1. Relief features: Mountains, desert regions have sparse population. While flat, plain

areas have dense population. 2. Climatic conditions: Areas in moderate, suitable climatic conditions have moderate

to high population. While areas experiencing extremes of climate such as mountains, deserts have less population.

Assam and most of Peninsular states have moderate population density, while Northern Plains have high population density.

9. Do it yourself

GEOG.

6 POPULATION


WORKSHEET–74

1. 904 persons per sq. km. 2. Japan and Bangladesh 3. Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh 4. 1981 5. Birth rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in one year.

6. International Migration Internal Migration 1. Movement of people between the

countries. 2. Movement of people within the country.

2. Influences the size of population. 2. Influences the distribution of population within the nation.

3. e.g., people moving out to USA (Brain drain).

3. e.g., Rural — urban migration in search of better employment opportunities.

7. Population growth/change can be expressed in two ways: 1. In terms of absolute numbers. 2. In term of % change per year. 8. Migration is an important determinant of population change. 1. It changes not only the population size but also the population composition of urban and

rural populations in terms of age and sex composition. 2. Internal migration does not change the size of the population, but influences the

distribution of population within the nation. 3. In India, the rural-urban migration has resulted in a steady increase in the percentage

of population in cities and towns. The urban population has increased from 17.29 in 1951 to 31.80 per cent in 2011. There has been a significant increase in the number of million plus cities also.

9. The three main processes of population growth are: 1. Birth rate 2. Death rate 3. Migration 10. (a) Adults — 58.7% (b) Children — 34.4% (c) Working age (15–59 years), i.e., Adults are economically productive. Children below 15 years are dependent, economically unproductive and need to be

provided with food, clothing, etc. The aged are also dependent, but may be working voluntarily.

WORKSHEET–75

1. It affects the distribution of population. 2. Rural urban migration leads to increase in million plus cities in India. 3. Internal migration 4. It refers to the number of people in different age groups in a country. 5. Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population. This is an

important social indicator to measure the extent of equality between males and females in a society at a given time. The sex ratio in India has remained unfavourable to females due to lack of education. Kerala has a sex ratio of 1084 females per 1000 males.


6. Literacy is a very important quality of population. Only an informed, educated citizen can make intelligent choices and undertake research and development projects, bring in awareness among people and eradicate social evils from society.

7. Health is an important component of population composition, which affects the process of development.

1. Sustained efforts of government programmes have registered significant improvements in the health condition of the Indian population.

2. Death rates have declined considerably. 3. The substantial improvement is the result of many factors including improvements

in public health, prevention of infectious diseases and application of modern medical practices in diagnosis and treatment of ailments.

WORKSHEET–76

1. 7 years 2. Number of females per thousand males 3. 877 females per 1000 males 4. The distribution of the population according to different types of occupation is referred to as

occupational structure. Occupations classified as Primary activities — fishing, agriculture; Secondary activities — manufacturing and tertiary activities — transport.

5. The proportion of people working in various sectors has changed over the years. 1. About 64% of our population is engaged in agriculture. 2. 13% of population is engaged in secondary and 20% in tertiary sectors. 3. There has been an occupational shift due to industrialisation and urbanisation. 6. Occupations are classified as: 1. Primary activity — includes agriculture, mining. 2. Secondary activity — include manufacturing, building. 3. Tertiary activity — include transport, communication. 7. Adolescent population: 1. The most significant feature of the Indian population is the size of its adolescent

population. 2. It constitutes one-fifth of the total population of India. 3. Adolescents are generally grouped in the age-group of 10 to 19 years. 4. They are the most important resource for the future. Nutrition requirements of

adolescents are higher than those of a normal child or adult. 5. Poor nutrition can lead to deficiency and stunted growth. 6. But in India, the diet available to adolescents is inadequate in all nutrients. A large

number of adolescent girls suffer from anaemia. Their problems have so far not received adequate attention in the process of development. The adolescent girls have to be sensitised to the problems they confront. Their awareness can be improved through the spread of literacy and education among them.

WORKSHEET–77

1. Kerala 2. Primary 3. 64 per cent 4. Secondary sector 5. 1980


6. Recognising that the planning of families would improve individual health and welfare, the Government of India initiated the comprehensive Family Planning Programme in 1952. The Family Welfare Programme has sought to promote responsible and planned parenthood on a voluntary basis. The National Population Policy 2000 is a culmination of years of planned efforts.

7. 1. The NPP 2000 provides a policy framework for imparting free and compulsory school education up to 14 years of age.

2. Reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births. 3. Achieving universal immunisation of children against all vaccine preventable diseases. 4. Promoting delayed marriage for girls. 5. Making family welfare a people-centered programme. 6. NPP 2000 identified adolescents as one of the major sections of the population that

need greater attention. (a) Besides nutritional requirements, the policy put greater emphasis on other

important needs of adolescents including protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STD).

(b) It called for programmes that aim towards encouraging delayed marriage and child-bearing.

(c) Education of adolescents about the risks of unprotected sex. (d) Making contraceptive services accessible and affordable. (e) Providing food supplements, nutritional services. (f) Strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage. 8. A well-educated, healthy population provides potential power. They earn higher incomes,

improve their standard of living and the leads the country to the path of progress and higher development.

9. 1. Better efficiency levels 2. Higher productivity and higher incomes 3. Leads to development 10. NPP 2000 identified adolescents as one of the major sections of the population that need

greater attention. (a) Besides nutritional requirements, the policy put greater emphasis on other important

needs of adolescents including protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STD).


(c) Education of adolescents about the risks of unprotected sex. (d) Making contraceptive services accessible and affordable. (e) Providing food supplements, nutritional services. (f) Strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage.

WORKSHEET–78

1. Quality of people refers to education, knowledge and skill of the people while quantity of people refers to total population of the country. For example, in a developing country like India the population is very high. Most people do not get basic necessity of life such


as education, health, etc. If the government invests in sectors like education, health, skill development, then the productive power of the country will definitely increase.

2. (a) Better efficient levels (b) Higher productivity and higher income (c) Leads to development. 3. In India (i) Birth Rate is the number of live births per thousand persons in a year. It is a major

component of growth of population. In India birth rates have always been higher than death rates.

(ii) Death Rate is the number of deaths per thousand persons in a year. Rapid decline in death rate is the main cause of rapid growth in population rapidly. Since 1981, birth rate has also started declining resulting in a gradual decline in the rate of population growth.

(iii) Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories. Migration can be internal or international. Internal migration does not change the size of the population within the nation. Migration plays a very significant role in changing the composition and distribution of population.

4. Dependency ratio is the ratio between the economically working population and dependent population. It is calculated by dividing the dependent population by the working population and multiplying it by 100.

Dependent population of children below the age of 15 years and aged above 59 years. The dependency ratio is higher in India because of the following:

(a) Due to fast growing population, the number of new born are steadily rising. They have to be provided food, clothing, medical and health care by the parents. More children in the family increases the dependent population.

(b) Large number of families lead hand to mouth existence in India. A large percentage of people live below the poverty line. They do not have any savings, which they can utilise during their old age. They depend on their children for their basic needs and become dependent population.

5. Provisions made in the National Population Policy 2000. (i) Imparting compulsory school education up to 14 years of age. (ii) Reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live birth. (iii) Achieving universal immunisation of children against all vaccine preventable diseases. (iv) Raising marriage age for girls.

(v) Making family welfare a people centred programme. (Any other relevant point)

WORKSHEET–79

1. Although substantial improvement has been brought in the health conditions of India, it needs even more and more efforts in this regard to get the optimum result. The reasons for unsatisfactory health situation are:

(a) The per capita calorie consumption is much below the recommended levels and malnutrition afflicts a large percentage of our population.

(b) Safe drinking water and basic sanitation amenities are available to only one-third of the rural problems.


2. India’s population is unevenly distributed. It is one of the most densely populated countries of the world.

1. The population density of India in the year 2011 was 382 persons per sq km. Density varies from 1,102 persons per sq km in Bihar to only 17 persons per sq km in Arunachal Pradesh.

2. The states having rugged terrain and unfavourable climatic conditions are thinly populated.

3. Assam and most of the Peninsular states have moderate population densities. Hilly, dissected and rocky nature of the terrain, moderate to low rainfall, shallow and less fertile soils have influenced population densities in these areas.

4. The Northern Plains and Kerala in the south have high to very high population densities. These areas are flat plains with fertile soils and abundant rainfall.

3. The distribution of the population according to different types of occupation is referred to as occupational structure. Occupations classified as Primary activities—fishing, agriculture; Secondary activities—manufacturing and tertiary activities—transport.

4. Factors that improve the quality of population are literacy and health. 1. Literacy/education enhances the national income, cultural richness and increases the

efficiency of governance. 2. Health contributes to: (a) Longetivity (b) Work efficiency (c) Physical fitness

Chapter Test

1. Size of its adolescent population 2. 1952 3. Adolescents 4. 14 years 5. Quality of population is important. 6. Health contributes to physical fitness and improves the efficency which leads to personal

growth and progress of the country. 7. It is the number of live births per thousand in a year. 8. 1. Relief features: Mountains, desert regions have sparse population. While flat, plain

areas have dense population. 2. Climatic conditions: Areas in moderate, suitable climatic conditions have moderate

to high population. While areas experiencing extremes of climate such as mountains, deserts have less population.

Assam and most of Peninsular states have moderate population density. While Northern Plains have high population density.

9. The distribution of the population according to different types of occupation is referred to as occupational structure. Occupation is classified as Primary activities — fishing, agriculture; Secondary activities — manufacturing; and tertiary activities — transport.

The proportion of people working in various sectors has changed over the years. 1. About 64% of our population is engaged in agriculture. 2. 13% of population is engaged in secondary and 20% in tertiary sectors. 3. There has been an occupational shift due to industrialisation and urbanisation. 9. Migration is an important determinant of population change. 1. It changes not only the population size but also the population composition of urban and

rural populations in terms of age and sex composition.


2. Internal migration does not change the size of the population, but influences the distribution of population within the nation in India.

3. In India, the rural-urban migration has resulted in a steady increase in the percentage of population in cities and towns. The urban population has increased from 17.29 in 1951 to 31.80 per cent in 2011. There has been a significant increase in the number of million plus cities also.

10. 1. The NPP 2000 provides a policy framework for imparting free and compulsory school education up to 14 years of age.

2. Reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births. 3. Achieving universal immunisation of children against all vaccine preventable diseases. 4. Promoting delayed marriage for girls. 5. Making family welfare a people-centered programme. 6. NPP 2000 identified adolescents as one of the major sections of the population that need

greater attention. (a) Besides nutritional requirements, the policy put greater emphasis on other

important needs of adolescents including protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STD).


(c) Education of adolescents about the risks of unprotected sex. (d) Making contraceptive services accessible and affordable. (e) Providing food supplements, nutritional services. (f) Strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage.


WORKSHEET–80

Do yourself.

WORKSHEET–81

A. Column A Column B 1. Highest population Kerala (3) 2. Highest population density Uttar Pradesh (1) 3. Highest literacy rate West Bengal (2) 4. Lowest population Arunachal Pradesh (5) 5. Lowest population density Sikkim (4)

B. 1. started declining gradually 2. Lakshadweep 3. 382 persons per square km 4. Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh 5. The Northern Plains and Kerala

qq

POLITICAL SCIENCE(Second Term)



WORKSHEET–82

1. Election Photo Identity Card 2. 5 years 3. 18 years 4. Some criminals and persons with an unsound mind 5. Election is a mechanism by which people choose their representatives at regular intervals

and change them if they wish to do so. In an election, the voters make several choices: (a) They can choose who will make laws for them. (b) They can choose who will form the government and take major decisions. (c) They can choose the party whose policies will guide the government and law-making. 6. Demerits of an electoral competition: (a) It creates a sense of disunity and factionalism in every locality. (b) Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another. (c) Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win elections. (d)Thepressuretowinelectoralfightsdoesnotallowsensiblelongtermpoliciestobe

formulated. 7. Regular electoral competition provides incentives to political parties and leaders. They

know that if they raise issues that people want to be raised, their popularity and chances of victory will increase in the next elections. But if they fail to satisfy the voters with their work they will not be able to win again. So, if a political party is motivated only by desire to be in power, even then it will be forced to serve the people. Thus, political competition maycausedivisionsandsomeugliness,butitfinallyhelpstoforcepoliticalpartiesandleaders to serve the people.

WORKSHEET–83

1. 79 seats 2. Congress Party 3. The Chief Election Commissioner 4. Creating party within party 5. Our Constitution makers were worried that in an open electoral competition, certain

weaker sections may not stand a good chance to get elected to the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies. They may not have the required resources, education and contacts tocontestandwinelectionsagainstothers.Thosewhoareinfluentialandresourcefulmayprevent them from winning elections. If this happens, our Parliament or Assemblies would bedeprivedofthevoiceofasignificantsectionofthesociety.Hence,themakersofourConstitution initiated a special system of reserved constituencies for the weaker sections.

POL. SC.

4 ELECTORAL POLITICS


Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs).

6. Universal Adult Franchise in practice, means that everyone should have one vote and each vote should have equal value. No one should be denied the right to vote without any genuine reason. Citizens differ from one another in many ways like some are rich, some are poor, some are illiterate, some are educated etc. But all of them are human beings with their own needs and views. So, they deserve to have an equal say in the decision that affect them. In our country, all the citizens aged 18 years and above can vote in an election. Some criminals and persons with unsound mind can be denied the right to vote.

7. The makers of our Constitution thought of a special system of reserved constituencies for the weaker sections. Some constituencies are reserved for people belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). In a SC reserved constituency only those who belongs to the Scheduled Castes can stand for election. Similarly, only those belonging to the Scheduled Tribes can contest an election from a constituency reserved for ST. Currently, in Lok Sabha, 79 seats are reserved for SCs and 41 for the STs. This number is in proportion to their share in the total population. This system of reserved constituencies was extended later to other weaker sections at the district and local levels. In many states, seats in rural andurbanlocalbodiesarereservedforOtherBackwardClasses(OBCs)aswell.However,the proportion of seats reserved varies from state to state. Similarly, one-third seats are reserved for the woman candidates in rural and urban local bodies.

WORKSHEET–84

1. Uttar Pradesh 2. N.T. Ramarao 3. It is used to record votes. 4. The Janata Party 5. Every candidate contesting election has to make a legal declaration giving full details of: (a) Serious criminal cases pending against the candidate. (b) Details of the assets and liabilities of the candidate and his/her family (c)Educationalqualificationofthecandidate. This provides an opportunity to the voters to make their decision on the basis of the

information provided by the candidates. 6. It is necessary to regulate campaigns to ensure that every political party and candidate

gets a fair and equal chance to compete. According to our election law, no party or candidate can

(a) Bribe or threaten voters. (b) Appeal to them in the name of caste or religion. (c) Use government resources for election campaigns. (d) Spend more than ` 25 lakh in a constituency for a Lok Sabha election or ` 10 lakh in

a constituency in an Assembly election. 7.Thereisnoeducationalqualificationforthecandidateswhocontestelectionsbecauseof

the following reasons: (a)The educational qualifications are not relevant for all kinds of jobs. The relevant

qualificationforbeinganMPoranMLAistheabilitytounderstandpeople’sconcerns,problems and to represent their interests.


(b) Even if education was relevant, it should be left to the people to decide how much importancetheygivetoeducationalqualifications.

(c) In our country, puttingan educational qualificationwouldgoagainst the spirit ofdemocracy.Itwouldmeandeprivingamajorityofthecountry’scitizenstherighttocontest elections.

WORKSHEET–85

1. In refers to the list of those who are eligible to vote. 2. 543 3. It means a set of norms and guidelines to be followed by political parties and contesting

candidates during election time. According to this no party or candidate can (a) Use any place of worship for election propaganda. (b)Usegovernmentvehicles,aircraftsandofficialsforelections. (c) Once elections are announced ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any projects,

take any big policy decisions or make any promises of providing public facilities. 4.Mostoftheleadersusuallyforgettheirelectionpromises.Atthetimeofelectionsthey

make several promises because they know, only in this way they would win the hearts of the millions

Once, they get victory they cease to come close to the common mass. They engage themselves in several other activities that bring fortune to them but they never think even for a while about those who gave them the opportunity to rule the country.

5. First of all, we will try to imagine a democracy without election. A rule of people is possible without any elections if all the people can sit together everyday and take all the decisions. But this is not possible in large community.

It is also not possible for everyone to have the time and knowledge to take decisions on all matters. Therefore in most democracies, people rule through their representatives.

But the question arises, how to ensure whether these representatives rule as per the wishes of the people?

This requires a mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular intervals and change them if they wish to do so. This mechanism is called election.

Hence,electionsareconsideredessentialinourtimesforanyrepresentativedemocracy. 6.Minimumconditionsofademocraticelection: (a) Everyone should be able to choose. This means that everyone should have one vote and

every vote should have equal value. (b) There should be something to choose from. Parties and candidates should be free to

contest elections and should offer some real choice to the voters. (c) The choice should be offered at regular intervals. Elections must be held regularly after

every few years. (d) The candidate preferred by the people should get elected. (e) Election should be conducted in a free and fair manner where people can choose as

they really wish.


WORKSHEET–86

1. According to our election commission laws, no party or candidate can (i) Bribe or threaten voters (ii) Appeal to voters in the name of caste or religion. (iii) Use government resources for election campaign: (iv) Spend not more than 25 lakh in a constituency for Lok Sabha election or 10 lakh in a

constituency in an assembly election. (Any other relevant point) 2. Reserved Constituencies: Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and

Scheduled Tribes (STs). In these constituencies, only someone belonging to these categories can contest election.

Arguments for introduction of Reserved Constituencies: (i) The Constitution makers were worried that in an open electoral competition, certain

weaker sections may not stand a good chance to get elected to Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies.

(ii) They may not have the required resources, education and contacts to contest and win elections against others.

(iii) If the reservation is not done, our Parliament and Assemblies would be deprived of the voiceofasignificantsectionofourpopulation.

3People’sparticipationinelectionisusuallymeasuredbyvoterturnoutfigures.Turnoutindicatesthepercentofeligiblevoterswhoactuallycasttheirvote.Overthelastfiftyyears in India the turnout has either remained stable or actually gone up.

(a) In India the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich and privileged sections. This is in contrast to western democracies. For example in the United States of America, poor people, African Americans and Hispanicsvotemuchlessthantherichandthewhitepeople.

(b) Common people in India attach a lot of importance to elections. They feel that through elections they can bring pressure on political parties to adopt policies and programmes favourable to them. They also feel that their vote matters in the way things are run in the country.

(c) The interests of voters in election related activities have been increasing over the years. During the 2004 elections, more than one third voters took part in campaign-related activities.

4. In our country elections are conducted by an independent and very powerful Election Commission (EC).

It enjoys the same kind of independence that the judiciary enjoys. The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) is appointed by the President of India. But once appointed the Chief Election Commissioner is not answerable to the President or the government. The powers of the Election Commission:

(a) EC takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results.

(b) It implements the Code of Conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it.


(c) It can also order the government to follow some guidelines, to prevent use and misuse of governmental power to enhance its chances to win elections, or to transfer some governmentofficials.

(d)Whenonelectionduty,governmentofficersworkunderthecontroloftheECandnotthe government.

WORKSHEET–87

1.Nowadays,ElectronicVotingMachines(EVM)areusedtorecordvotes.Themachineshowsthe names of the candidates and the party symbols. Independent candidates too have their ownsymbols,allottedbyElectionCommission.Oncethepollingisover,alltheEVMsaresealed and taken to a secure place. Then on the decided date the votes secured by each candidate are counted and the candidate who secures the highest number of votes from a constituency is declared elected.

2. In elections a lot of unfair practices are used. Some of these are given below: (a) Inclusionoffalsenamesandexclusionofgenuinenamesinthevoters’list. (b)Misuseofgovernmentfacilitiesandofficialsbytherulingparty. (c) Excessive use of money by rich candidates and big parties. (d) Intimidation of voters and rigging on the day of polling. (e)Boothcapturingisalsodonebyseveralinfluentialcandidatesforwinningelections. 3. Our Constitution entitles every citizen to elect its representative and to be elected as a

representative. The makers of our Constitution have made a special system of reserved constituencies for the weaker sections. It has been done to safeguard the rights of weaker sections to get elected to the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative which they otherwise may not have due to lack of the required resources, education and contacts to contest and win elections against others. Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). Currently, in the Lok Sabha, 79 seats are reserved for the Scheduled Castes and 41 for the Scheduled Tribes. In many states, seats in rural (panchayat) and urban (municipalities and corporations) local bodies are now reserved for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) as well. Similarly, one-third of the seats are reserved in rural and urban local bodies for women candidates.

4.Yes,it’strue.People’sparticipationinelectionisusuallymeasuredbyvoterturnoutfigures.OverthelastfiftyyearsinIndiatheturnouthaseitherremainedstableoractuallygoneup. Common people in India attach a lot of importance to elections. They feel that through elections they can bring pressure on political parties to adopt policies and programmes favourable to them. They also feel that their vote matters in the way things are run in the country. The interests of voters in election-related activities have been increasing over the years.

WORKSHEET–88

1. No. In fact, the Election Commission of India is powerful enough to conduct free and fair elections. It implements the code of conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violatesit.Whileonelectionduty,governmentofficialsworkundertheECandnotthegovernment.

2. It is true that party politics creates tension in the society, but it is wrong to say that elections should be decided by consensus. Competition in politics works out for the good of


thepeopleaspoliticianscompetewitheachotherinfulfillingtheirpromises.Theymightnotbehonest,buttheyknowthattheyneedtoworktobeelected.Thus,eventheirselfishactionsbenefitthepeople.

3.Voter’sIDcardisanewsystemtoproveidentityofaperson.Thegovernmenthasgiventhis card to every person who is on the voters list. The voters need to carry this card when they go to cast vote, so that no one can vote for someone else.

4. Elections are very expensive in India. For instance, the government spent about ` 1,300 crores in conducting Lok Sabha elections in 2004. It is about ` 20 per person on the voters list. The amount spent by parties and candidates was more than what the government spent. The expenditure made by government, parties and candidates was around ` 3,000 crores, i.e., ` 50 per vote. So, it is clear that a large amount of money is spent in conducting elections in India.

Chapter Test

1. Election Commission 2. The President of India 3. 5 years 4. Lok Sabha 5. Uttar Pradesh 6. (c) The right to vote should be given to the selected people only. 7. Election is a mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular

intervals and change them if they wish to do so. Therefore, elections are considered essential in our times for any representative democracy.

In an election the voters make many choices: (a) They can choose who will make law for them. (b) They can choose who will form the government and take major decisions. (c) They can choose the party whose policies will guide the government and help in

law-making. 8. Reserved Constituencies: Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes (SCs) and

Scheduled Tribes (STs). In these constituencies, only someone belongs to these categories can contest election.

Arguments for introduction of Reserved Constituencies: (i) The constitution makers were worried that in an open electoral competition, certain

weaker sections may not stand a good chance to get elected to Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies.

(ii) They may not have the required resources, education and contacts to contest and with elections against others.

(iii) If the reservation is not done, our Parliament and Assemblies would be deprived of the voiceofasignificantsectionofourpopulation.

9. In our country elections are conducted by an independent and very powerful Election Commission. The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President of India. But once appointed, the Chief Election Commissioner is not answerable to the President or the government. The powers enjoyed by the Election Commissioner of India are as follow:

(a) Election Commission takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results.

(b) It implements the Code of Conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it.


(c) During the election period, the Election Commission can order the government to follow some guidelines, to prevent use and misuse of government power to enhance its chancestowinelections,ortotransfersomegovernmentofficials.

(d)Whenonelectionduty,governmentofficersworkunder thecontrolof theElectionCommission and not under the government.


WORKSHEET–89

A. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (b)

B. Do it yourself

WORKSHEET–90

A. 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. T

9. F 10. T

qq



WORKSHEET–91

1. The Supreme Court 2.ThePrimeMinister 3. (a) In a Parliamentary democracy like India, only the leader of the majority party in the

LokSabhacanbecomethePrimeMinister.IfadirectlyelectedPrimeMinisterwhodoes not have the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha is appointed as Prime Minister,hewillbeabletogethispoliciesandlawspassedintheLokSabha.Inthatsituation government will not be able to run smoothly and effectively.

4.Onedayistoolittletobringanypotentialchangesinanystate.AChiefMinistermaybeverytalentedanddynamic,hemaybeamanofvision,buthecan’tdoanythinginoneday.Thestateissobig,therearesomanyproblemsthere.Howcanonethinkofbringingconstructivechangesinoneday?Itisallfantasyandcanhappeninfilmsonly.

5.PowerofthePrimeMinisterasheadofthegovernment. ThePrimeMinister: (i) chairs cabinet meetings. (ii) coordinates the work of different departments. (iii) exercises general supervision of different ministries. (iv) distributes and redistributes work to the ministers. (v) has the power to dismiss ministers. (vi)his/herdecisionsarefinalincaseofdisagreementbetweenthedepartments.

WORKSHEET–92

1.ThePrimeMinister 2. The President 3. The Parliament 4. The President 5. The senior most judge of the Supreme Court. 6.Atdifferentlevelsofanygovernmentwefindfunctionarieswhotakeday-to-daydecisions

but do not exercise supreme power on behalf of the people. All those functionaries are collectively known as the executive. They are called executives because they are in charge of the execution of the policies of the government. Thus, when we talk about the government, we usually mean the executive.

7. Lok Sabha exercises more powers in money matters. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget of the government or any other money related law, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days or suggest changes in it. It is up to the Lok Sabha whether it accepts such changes or not.

POL. SC.

5 WORKING OF INSTITUTIONS


8. As the Parliament plays an important role in modern democracies, its powers and functions havebeendividedintotwopartsinmostofthelargecountriesoftheworld.OneHouseisusually directly elected by the people and exercises real power on behalf of the people. In caseofIndiaitistheHouseofPeoplealsoknownastheLokSabhaortheLowerHouse.ThesecondHouseisusuallyindirectlyelectedandperformssomespecialfunctions.InIndia,thisisknownastheCouncilofStatesalsoknownastheRajyaSabhaortheUpperHouse.

Thus, the Parliament of India consists of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The PresidentofIndiaisapartoftheParliamentbutheisnotamemberofeitherHouse.ThatiswhyalllawsmadeintheHousescomeintoforceonlyaftertheyreceivetheassentofthe President.

WORKSHEET–93

1. Janata Dal

2. Civil servants

3. Presidential form of government.

4. The Lok Sabha

5. Legislature

6. The President appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that commandsamajority intheLokSabha,asPrimeMinister. Incasenosinglepartyoralliance gets a majority, the President appoints the person most likely to secure a majority support.ThePrimeMinisterdoesnothaveafixedtenure.Hecontinuesinpowersolongas he remains the leader of the majority party or coalition.

AftertheappointmentofthePrimeMinister,thePresidentappointsotherministersontheadviceofthePrimeMinister.TheMinistersareusuallyfromthepartyorthecoalitionthat has the majority in the Lok Sabha.

7. All the major appointments are made in the name of the President.

(a) The President appoints the Chief Justice of India, and the Judges of the Supreme Court andtheHighCourtofthestates.

(b)HeappointstheGovernorsofthestates.

(c)HeappointstheElectionCommissioners.

(d)Heappointsambassadorstoothercountries.

8. Presidents all over the world are not always nominal executives like President of India. In many countries of the world the President is both the head of the state and the head of the government. The President of USA is an appropriate example of this kind of President. Heisdirectlyelectedbythepeople.Hepersonallychoosesandappointsallministers.The law-making is still done by legislature but the President can veto any law. The President does not need the support of the majority of members in the Congress and is neither answerabletothem.HehasafixedtenureoffouryearsandcompletesitevenifhispartydoesnothaveanymajorityintheCongress.AsthePresidentisthecentralfigure,thissystem of government is called the Presidential form of government.


WORKSHEET–94

1. Vice President 2.MinisterofstateforHomeAffairs 3. 14 days 4. The states 5. In all democracies, an assembly of elected representatives exercises supreme political

authority on behalf of the people. Such a national assembly of elected representatives is called the Parliament. We need it because of the following reasons:

(a)TheParliamentisthefinalauthorityformakinglawsinanycountry.Thistaskof law-making or legislation is very crucial for the Parliament.

(b) Parliaments all over the world exercise some control over those who run the government. In India this control is direct and full. Those who run the government can take decisions only so long as they enjoy the support of the Parliament.

(c) Parliaments control all the money that the governments have. (d) Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debates on public issue and national

policy in any country. Parliament can seek information about any matter. 6. Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in the following ways: (a)AnyordinarylawneedstobepassedbyboththeHouses.Butifthereisadispute

betweenthetwoHouses,thefinaldecisionistakeninajointsessioninwhichmembersof both the Houses sit together. As the Lok Sabha consists of a large number ofmembers, its view prevails in such a meeting.

(b) Lok Sabha exercises more powers. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget of the government or any other money related law, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can delay it for 14 days or suggest changes in it. The Lok Sabha may or may not accept these changes.

(c)TheLokSabhacontrolstheCouncilofMinisters.OnlyapersonwhoenjoysthemajoritysupportofthemembersoftheLokSabhaisappointedasthePrimeMinister.IfthemajorityoftheLokSabhamemberssaythattheyhavenoconfidenceintheCouncilofMinisters,thenalltheministersincludingthePrimeMinisterhavetoresign.Thispower is not enjoyed by the Rajya Sabha.

7.TheOfficeMemorandumwastheculminationofalongchainofevents.TheGovernmentof India had appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission in 1979. It was headed byB PMandal hence called theMandal Commission. TheCommissionwas asked todetermine the criteria to identify the socially and educationally backward classes in India and recommend steps to be taken for their advancement.

The Commission gave its report in 1980 and made many recommendations. One of them was 27 per cent of the government jobs to be reserved for socially and economically backward classes. The report and recommendations were discussed in the Parliament. ForseveralyearsmanypartieskeptdemandingtheimplementationoftheCommission’srecommendations.

Then came the Lok Sabha elections of 1989. In these elections Janata Dal got victory and its leaderVPSinghbecamethePrimeMinister.Severaldevelopmentstookplaceafterthat:

(a) The President of India in his address to the Parliament announced the implementation oftherecommendationsoftheMandalCommission.


(b) On 6 August, 1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to implement the recommendations.

(c)Nextday,PrimeMinisterVPSinghinformedtheParliamentaboutitsdecisionthroughastatementinboththeHousesoftheParliament.

(d) The decision of the Cabinet was sent to the Department of Personnel and Training. TheseniorofficersofthedepartmentdraftedanorderinlinewithCabinetdecisionandtooktheminister’sapproval.AnofficersignedtheorderonbehalfoftheUnionGovernment.

WORKSHEET–95

1. Differences between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha:

Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha

1. MembersofLokSabhaaredirectlyelected by the eligible voters.

1. MembersofRajyaSabhaareelectedbythe elected members of State Legisla-tive Assemblies.

2. The normal life of every Lok Sabha is 5years.Afterfiveyearsthetermofallelected representatives comes to an end. The Lok Sabha stands dissolved.

2. The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body. It is not subject to dissolution, but one-third of its member retire every two years.

3. ThemaximumstrengthoftheHouseis 552.

3. It has not more than 250 members.

4. MoneyBills can only be introducedin the Lok Sabha. Also it is the Lok Sabha which grants the money for running the administration of the country.

4. The Rajya Sabha does not exercise muchpoweroverMoneyBills.

5. The Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.

5. The Rajya Sabha is less powerful than the Lok Sabha.

2.TwoHousesofParliamentinIndia: (i) Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha (ii) Lok Sabha is more powerful. (iii) (a) If both the houses disagree on an ordinary bill, the will of Lok Sabha will prevail

in the joint session due to its larger number. (b) Lok Sabha enjoys more powers in money matter. For example, a money bill can only

be introduced in Lok Sabha. (c) Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. (d) Only Lok Sabha can pass the no confidence motion against the Council of Ministers. 3. When a party or coalition of parties gets a clear majority in the elections, the President

has to appoint the leader of the majority party or the coalition that enjoys majority support in the Lok Sabha. When no party or coalition gets a majority in the Lok Sabha, the President exercise his discretion. The President appoints a leader who in his opinion


can muster majority support in the Lok Sabha. In such a case, the President can ask the newlyappointedtoprovemajoritysupportintheLokSabhawithinaspecifiedtime.

4.Moneybillreferstothebillforlegislationwhichdealswiththemoneymatterandfinancialstatement. The Lok Sabha exercises supreme power in the matter of money. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget of the government or any other money related law the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days or suggest changes in it. The Lok Sabha may or not accept these changes.

Chapter Test 1. 20 2. Supreme Court 3. The President 4. It is not under the control of the legislature or the executive, the judges do not act on the

direction of the government and the judges do not act according to the wishes of the party in power.

5. 25 years 6. When a party or coalition of parties secures a clear majority in the elections, the President,

has to appoint the leader of the majority party or the coalition that enjoys majority support in the Lok Sabha. But when no party or coalition gets a majority in the Lok Sabha, the President exercises his discretion. The President appoints a leader who in his opinion can muster majority support in the Lok Sabha. In such a case, the President can ask the newly appointedPrimeMinistertoprovemajoritysupportintheLokSabhawithinaspecifiedtime.

7. (a) Institutions involve rules and regulations. This can bind the hands of leaders. Institutions involve meetings, committees and routines. This often leads to delay and complications. One might feel it is much better to have one person take all decisions without any rules, procedures and meetings. But that is not the spirit of democracy.

(b) Some of the delays and complications introduced by institutions are very useful. They provide an opportunity for a wider set of people to be consulted in any decision.

(c) Institutionsmake itdifficult tohaveagooddecision takenveryquickly.But theyalsomakeitequallydifficulttorushthroughabaddecision.Thatiswhydemocraticgovernments insist on political institutions.

8. A civil servant is usually more educated and has more expert knowledge of the subject. The advisorsworkingintheFinanceMinistryknowmoreabouteconomicsthantheminister.Sometimes, the ministers may know very little about the technical matters which come undertheirministry.Despitethat,itistheministerwhohasthefinalsayonmatterssuchas defence, industry, health, etc.

In a democracy, the will of the people is supreme. The minister is elected by the people and thusempoweredtoexercisethewillofthepeopleontheirbehalf.Heisfinallyanswerableto the people for all the consequences of his decision. This is why the minister takes all thefinaldecisions.Theministerdecidestheoverallframeworkandobjectivesinwhichdecisions on policy should be made.


The minister takes the advice of experts on all technical matters. But very often experts hold different opinions or place before him more than one option.

In the light of the above facts, we can say that in a democracy, the political executives have more power than the permanent civil servants.


WORKSHEET–96

A. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (c)

B. Do it yourself

WORKSHEET–97

A. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T

9. F 10. Tqq



WORKSHEET–98

1. The state has no religion of its own. 2. B R Ambedkar 3. President 4. In 1993 5. 6 4. About 600 people were secretly picked up by the US forces from all over the world and put

intheprisoninGuantanamoBay,anareanearCubacontrolledbyAmericanNavy.TheAmerican government said that they were the enemies of the US and linked to the attack on New York on 11 September, 2001.

5.The Amnesty International, an International Human Rights Organisation, collectedinformationontheconditionoftheprisonersinGuantanamoBayandreportedthattheprisoners were being tortured in ways that violated the US laws. They were being denied thetreatmentthateventheprisonersofwarmustgetasperinternationaltreaties.Manyprisoners had tried protesting against these conditions by going on a hunger fast. Prisoners werenotreleasedevenaftertheywereofficiallydeclarednotguilty.

6. (a) Saudi Arabia is ruled by a hereditary king and the people have no role in electing or changing their rulers.

(b)Thekingselectsthelegislatureaswellastheexecutive.Heappointsthejudgesandcan change any of their decisions.

(c)Citizens cannot formpolitical parties or any political organisations.Media cannotreport anything that the monarch does not like.

(d)EverycitizenisrequiredtobeMuslim.Non-Muslimresidentscanfollowtheirreligionin private but not in public.

WORKSHEET–99

1. Saudi Arabia 2.GuantanamoBay 3. Through media 4. An international human rights organisation. 5. 1. One cannot use this freedom to instigate violence against others. 2. One cannot use it to incite people to rebel against government. 3. One cannot use it to defame others by saying false things that cause damage to a

person’sreputation. 6.Hefoundthatuntouchabilitystillexistedinmanypartsoftheplaces: (a) Tea stalls kept two kinds of cups, one for dalits and one for others. (b) Barbers refused to serve dalit clients. (c) Dalit students were made to sit separately in the classroom or drink water from

separate pitcher.

POL. SC.

6 DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS


(d) Dalit grooms were not allowed to ride a horse in the wedding procession. Dalits were not allowed to use common handpump or if they did, the handpump was washed to purify it.

7. (a) Every country that is a democracy gives rights to its citizens. In a democracy, every citizen has right to vote and the right to be elected. For

democratic elections to take place, it is necessary that the citizens should have the right to express their opinions, form political parties and take part in other political activities. Moreover, in democratic countries, special provisions are made for theprotection of the rights. In most of the democratic countries, more important rights are placed higher in the Constitution. The Constitution of India also contains a list of Fundamental Rights. Provisions have also been made for the protection of these rights.

8. (a) Under right to freedom, all the citizens enjoy the freedom to move freely throughout thecountry.However,duetothesecurityreasons,thefreedomofmovementofordinarycitizens can be restricted and their entry in border areas or army cantonment areas is generallyrestricted.Thisisverymuchjustifiedfromsecuritypointofview.

(b) Incertaincases(speciallyinremoteandtribalareassuchrestrictionscanbejustifiedso that people of the area can maintain the cultural or ethnic identity. According to Article 370 of the Indian Constitution outsiders are not allowed to buy property and settle permanently in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

(c)Sucha restriction cannotbe justifiedbecause it isa clearviolationof the right tofreedom of expression.

WORKSHEET–100

1. 24 hours 2. For sustenance of a democracy and to protect minorities from the oppression of majority. 3. No one can employ a child below the age of 14 years to work in any factory or mine or any

hazardous work. 4. To offer religious instruction in government schools. 5. We can approach the Supreme Court. 6. Rights are essential in a democracy for many reasons: (a) In a democracy, every citizen has to have the right to vote and the right to be elected

to the government. (b) For any democratic elections to take place, it is necessary that the citizens should have

the right to express their opinions, form political parties and take part in political activities.

(c) Rights protect the minority from the oppression of the majority. They ensure that the majority cannot do whatever it likes.

7. India is a secular state. It means the state has no religion of its own. It remains neutral and impartial in dealing with religions. According to our Constitution every person has a right to profess, practise and propagate the religion he or she believes in. Every religious group or sect is free to manage its religious affairs.

Arighttopropagateone’sreligion,however,doesnotmeanthatapersonhasrighttocompel another person to convert into his religion by means of force, fraud, inducement or allurement. Religious practices which treat woman as inferior are not allowed. For example, one cannot force a widow to shave off her head or wear white clothes in the name of religion.


WORKSHEET–101

1. Right against Exploitation: (a)TheConstitutionprohibits‘trafficinhumanbeings’.Trafficheremeanssellingand

buying of human beings, usually women, for immoral purposes. (b) It prohibits forced labour or begar in any form. (c) It also prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child below the age of fourteen to

work in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous work. 2. Under the Right to equality, the Indian Constitution has sought to lessen or remove the

social discrimination and economic disparities. Its essential features are as follows: (a) Equality before law. Under this every person is equal before law and equal protection

under law within the India territory. (b) Prohibition of discrimination. Under this, state cannot discriminate against any

citizen on the grounds of caste, race, religion, place of birth, etc. (c) Abolition of titles. Under the Right to equality the Indian state is prohibited from

conferring on Indian citizens any titles other than related to academics, sports and military distinction.

(d) Ban on untouchability. Under right to equality the practice of untouchability has been forbidden in any form and to follow up, our Constitution has made untouchability a punishable offence.

Importance.RighttoequalityisverysignificanttoIndianpolityaseverycitizenevenfromthePrimeMinistertothecobblerisliabletobetreatedequallybeforelaw.

3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recognises many rights that are not directly a part of the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution. These include:

(a) Right to work: opportunity to everyone to earn livelihood by working. (b) Right to safe and healthy working conditions, fair wages that can provide decent

standard of living for the workers and their families. (c) Right to adequate standard of living including adequate food, clothing and housing. (d) Right to social security and insurance. (e) Right to health: medical care during illness, special care for women during childbirth

and prevention of epidemics. (f) Right to education: free and compulsory primary education, equal access to higher

education.Thus,InternationalCovenantsplayasignificantroleinexpandingthescopeof rights.

4. Rights are necessary for the sustenance of democracy because (i) Every citizen must have the right to vote and the right to be elected. (ii) Every citizen should have the right to express his/her opinion. (iii) Citizens have the right to form political parties. (iv) Right to project minorities from the oppression of majority. (v) Right to act as a check on misuse of government power. (Any other relevant point)


WORKSHEET–102

1. From time to time, the courts gave judgements to expand the scope of rights. Certain rights like right to freedom of press, right to information and right to education are derived from the Fundamental Rights.

(a) Now school education has become a right for Indian citizens. The governments are responsible for providing free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14 years.

(b) The Parliament has enacted a law giving the right to information to the citizens. This Act was made under the Fundamental Right to freedom of thought and expression. Wehaverighttoseekinformationfromgovernmentoffices.

(c) Recently, the Supreme Court has expanded the meaning of the right to life to include the right to food.

2. A person can go to court against the violation of a fundamental right, if it is of social or public interest. This is called Public Interest Litigation (PIL). Under this, an individual oragroupofpeoplecanapproachtheSupremeCourtortheHighCourtfortheprotectionof public interest against a particular law or action of the government.

3. In India, people follow different religions. Therefore, India remained neutral in matters of religion and chose to be a secular country. A secular state or a country is one that does notestablishanyonereligionasofficialreligion.

Following constitutional provisions declare India to be a secular state:

(a) The Constitution provides to all its citizens the freedom to profess, practise and propagate any religion of their choice.

(b)ThereisnoofficialreligionforIndia.UnlikeSriLanka,whereBuddhismisthestatereligion, Islam in Pakistan and Christianity in England, our Constitution does not provide any special status to any religion.

(c) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

4. In India, like most other democracies in the world, some rights are mentioned in the Constitution. These rights are fundamental to our life and are given a special status. They are called Fundamental Rights. It talks about securing for all its citizens equality, liberty and justice. Fundamental Rights are an important basic feature of the Indian Constitution. These are preserved in the Part III of the Constitution.

Importance of Fundamental Rights:

(a) Fundamental Rights create a feeling of security amongst the minorities in the country.

(b) No democracy can function in the absence of basic rights such as freedom of speech and expression.

(c) Fundamental Rights grant the standards of conduct, citizenship, justice and fair play. They act as a check on the government.


Chapter Test 1.Humanrights 2. The State 3. (a) Every religious sect is free to manage its religious affairs. (b) A person has the right to propagate his religion. 4. (c)Heisnotallowedtoconsulthislawyer. 5. (d) Citizens enjoy the freedom of religion. 6. Freedom means absence of interference in our affairs by others. Under the Indian

Constitution all citizens have the right to: — Freedom of speech and expression — Assemble in a peaceful manner — Form associations and unions —Movefreelythroughoutthecountry — Reside in any part of the country — Practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. Every citizen

is free to do anything but with some limitations. The government imposes certain restrictions on these freedoms in the larger interests of all society.

7. Every person has a right to profess, practice and propagate the religion he or she believes in. Every religious group or sect is free to manage its religious affairs. A right to propagate one’sreligion,however,doesnotmeanthatapersonhasrighttocompelanotherpersonto convert into his religion by means of force, fraud, or allurement. Of course, a person is free to change religion on his or her own will. Freedom to practice religion does not mean that a person can do whatever he wants on the name of religion. For example, one cannot sacrificeanimalsorhumanbeingsasofferingstosupernaturalforcesorGods.Religiouspractices that treatwomenas inferioror those that infringewomen’s freedomarenotallowed.

8. Fundamental Rights are the source of all rights. But apart from these rights, our Constitution and law offer a wider range of rights. Over the years the scope of rights has expanded.

(a) From time to time, the courts give judgements to expand the scope of certain rights like right to freedom of press, right for information and right to education. Now school education has become a right for Indian citizens. The Parliament has enacted a law giving the right to information to the citizens. We have a right to seek information fromgovernmentofficer.

(b) Recently, the Supreme Court has expanded the meaning of right to life to include the right to food.

(c)SometimestheexpansiontakesplaceinwhatiscalledHumanRights. (d) Some international covenants have also contributed to the expansion of rights. They

recognise many rights such as right to work, right to adequate standard of living including adequate food, clothing and housing, right to health, etc., which are not directly a part of the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution.



WORKSHEET–103

A. 1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b)

B. Do it yourself

WORKSHEET–104

A. 1. Rights 2. six 3. law 4. violence 5. exploited

6.official 7. conserve 8. free,compulsory 9. court 10. three

qq

ECONOMICS(Second Term)



WORKSHEET–105 1. 21.9 per cent 2. Mahatma Gandhi 3. Income method 4. 2400 calories per person per day 5. ` 454 per month 6. Poverty is seen in terms of poor having to live only in a poor surrounding with other poor

people, excluded from enjoying social equality of better off people in better surroundings, e.g., working of caste system in India in which people belonging to certain castes are excluded from equal opportunities.

7. Various dimensions of poverty are: 1. It means hunger and lack of shelter. 2. It means lack of clean water and sanitation facilities. 3. It means people living with a sense of helplessness. 8. Vulnerability to poverty is a measure which describes the greater probability of certain

communities of becoming or remaining poor in the coming years. It is determined by the options available to different communities for finding alternative living in terms of education and jobs.

9. A case of farmer in small village near Meerut — He does not own land, does jobs for other big farmers, earning is less, has a big family, cannot afford medication for old parents, not able to manage two square meals a day. The village has a school but the farmer cannot send his children to school. Therefore, unemployment, illiteracy and helplessness are related to poverty.

10. The indicators of poverty as seen by social scientists are social indicators which include literacy level, lack of access to health care, lack of job opportunities. social exclusion, vulnerability.

WORKSHEET–106

1. 5 years 2. when large number of people are deprived of basic necessities 3. NSSO 4. Scheduled Castes are most vulnerable to poverty. 5. Scheduled Tribe 6. Poverty is a situation in which one is unable to get even the minimum basic necessities

of life such as food, clothing and shelter for his or her sustenance. A person is considered poor or below the poverty line if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given minimum level necessary to fulfill basic needs.

7. The average calorie requirement for people in urban areas is 2100, while in rural areas it is 2400 calories per person per day. Yes, there is a difference.

Since people living in rural areas engage themselves in physical work, calorie requirement in rural areas is considered to be higher than urban areas.

ECO.

3 POVERTY AS A CHALLENGE


8. For the year 2011-12 poverty line for a person was fixed at ` 816 per month for rural areas and ` 1000 for urban areas. Basis of calculation is monetary expenditure per capita need for buying the calorie requirements.

9. For making comparisons between developing countries the World Bank uses a uniform standard for the poverty line, i.e., minimum availability of the equivalent of $1.25 per person per day.

10. There are two methods to measure poverty line: 1. Income method — A person is considered poor if his or her income falls below a given

‘minimum level’ necessary to fulfil basic needs. All those families whose total income in a month is less than poverty line fixed by government are considered below poverty line.

2. Expenditure method — A minimum nutritional food requirement for survival is estimated and energy obtained is measured in calories. This calorie amount is converted into rupees. The minimum value of clothes, education, etc. is also added to the money value of food requirement. The total amount is considered as poverty line and families spending less than this are considered below poverty line.

WORKSHEET–107

1. Urban casual labour, rural agricultural households 2. Women, children, old people 3. China 4. To reduce the proportion of poor people living below $1 a day to half the 1990 level

by 2015. 5. Sub-Saharan Africa 6. The proportion of poor is not the same in every state. State level poverty has declined but

varies from one state to another. 1. Recent estimates show while the all India (HCR) was 21.9% in 2011-12 states like

M P, Assam, U P, Bihar and Odisha had above all India poverty level. 2. Urban poverty exists in Odisha, Bihar, U P, M P. 3. Odisha and Bihar are poorest. 4. In Odisha, M P, Bihar, U P both rural and urban poverty is high. There has been a significant decline in poverty in some states: 1. Punjab and Haryana — High agricultural growth. 2. Kerala — Focussed on human resource development. 3. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu — public distribution system. 4. West Bengal — land reform measures. 7. (a) Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes households. (b) Rural agricultural labour households and urban casual labour households. (c) 21.9

WORKSHEET–108

1. South Asia 2. Textile 3. Industries were not able to provide jobs to all due to lack of resources, lack of capital to

buy better machinery.


4. Unequal distribution of land 5. PMRY 6. 1. Poverty has declined substantially in China (from 85 per cent in 1981 to 14 per cent in

2008 to 6 per cent in 2011) as result of rapid economic growth and massive investments in human resource development.

2. In India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan the decline has not been rapid.

3. Number of poor has declined marginally from 61 per cent in 1981 to 36 per cent in 2008.

7. 1. The proportion of people in developing countries living in poverty has fallen from 43% in 1990 to 22% in 2008.

2. The number of poor in south-east Asian countries such as India, Pakistan has decline from 61% to 36% in 2008.

3. In sub-Saharan Africa poverty rose from 51% to 47% in 2008. 4. Poverty has also resurfaced in some of former socialist countries. 8. (a) Odisha, Bihar (b) Himachal Pradesh, Kerala (c) Tamil Nadu–11.3%, Haryana–11.2%.

WORKSHEET 109

1. REGP 2. A person with income, below `1000 per month is considered urban poor. 3. Poverty 4. 21.9% 5. 21 per cent 6. 1. The British government did not encourage industry in India. 2. Backwardness in agriculture — using old, traditional methods of farming. 3. Slow rate of economic growth. 4. Industries were not able to provide enough jobs. 7. Features of NREGA are: 1. Provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200

districts. 2. One-third of proposed jobs would be reserved for women. 3. If an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days he or she will be entitled

to a daily unemployment allowance. 8. 1. Lack of proper implementation and right targeting. 2. Lot of overlapping of schemes. 3. Benefits of the schemes did not reach the deserving poor. 9. The objectives of Indian Development strategy are: 1. Removal of unemployment. 2. Removal of poverty. 3. Rapid economic growth.


WORKSHEET 110

1. Causes of poverty: (a) India was a colony of the British who drained the country economically, destroyed

traditional crafts and discouraged development of industries. (b) Unequal distribution of land and other resources have resulted in huge income

inequalities. Inspite of major policy initiatives like land reforms, the result is not bright. Where there are industrial houses who are top 10 in the world there are people who do not get even square meals a day.

2. The common method used to estimate poverty line in India is based on income or consumption method.

Income Method. For the year 2011-12, the poverty line for a person was fixed at ` 816 permonth for the rural areas and `1000 for the urban areas.

Consumption Method. The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person per day in urban areas.

3. Causes for the widespread poverty in India: (i) Low level of economic development under colonial rule (ii) Less job opportunities (iii) Low growth rate of income (v) High growth rate of population (Any other relevant point) (vi) Low per capital income (Any three points to be explained) 4. Refer to Page 82 Worksheet 107 Ans. 6. 5. Poverty means hunger and lack of shelter. It also is a situation where a person fails to attain

the basic facilities like medical facilities, educational facilities and basic civic amenities. Around 25,000 people die everyday of hunger or hunger-related causes, according to the United Nation and most of them are children. Though there is plenty of food in the world for everyone but due to lack of money to buy, people are malnourished, they become weaker and often sick. This makes them increasingly less able to work, which then makes them even poorer and hungrier. This downward spiral often continues until death for them and their families. Several programs have been started to solve this problem in India. ‘Food for work’ programs—where the adults are paid with food to build schools, dig wells, make roads and so on. This both nourishes them and builds infrastructure to end the poverty. ‘Food for education’ programs—where the children are provided with food when they attend school. Their education will help them to escape from hunger and global poverty.

WORKSHEET 111

1. Anti-Poverty Measures taken by the Government of India: 1. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005 The Act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household

in 200 districts. 2. National Food for Work Programme (NFWP) 2004 was launched in 150 most backward

districts of the country. It is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment.


3. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) 1995 The aim is to create self-employment opportunities for educated youth in rural areas

and small towns. 4. Rural Empoyment Generation Programme (REGP) 1995 The aim is to create self-employment opportunities in rural areas. 5. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) 1999. It aims at bringing the poor

families above poverty line by organising them into self-help groups through bank credit and government subsidy.

2. Do it yourself. 3. No. There is a strong link. 1. Urban India Opportunities available such as: Literacy – Each and every child can go to school. Because of good Industrial growth job opportunities exists in Urban India. 2. While Rural India is dependent on agricultural and the progenies such as MNERGA

are not being implemented properly.

Chapter Test 1. Increasing population and illiteracy 2. Illiteracy, unemployment, indebtedness 3. 2015 4. Anti-poverty programme and public distribution system 5. NSSO, AAY and PMGY. 6. Ample job opportunities. 7. 1. National food for work programme was launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts

of the country. 2. The programme is open to all rural people who are in need of wage employment and

desire to do manual unskilled work. 3. It is a centrally sponsored scheme and foodgrains are provided free of cost to the states. 8. (a) China, South-East Asia (b) Sub-Saharan Africa. 9. There are two methods to determine poverty line: 1. Income method — A person is considered poor if his or her income falls below a given

‘minimum level’ necessary to fulfil basic needs. All those families whose total income in a month is less than poverty line fixed by government are considered below poverty line.

2. Expenditure method — A minimum nutritional food requirement for survival is estimated and energy obtained is measured in calories. This calorie amount is converted into rupees. The minimum value of clothes, education, etc. is also added to the money value of food requirement. The total amount is considered as poverty line and families spending less than this, are considered below poverty line.



WORKSHEET–112

A. Do it yourself. B. Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–113

Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–114

Do it yourself.

qq


ECO.

4 FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA


WORKSHEET–115

1. Availability, accessibility and affordability of food to all at all times. 2. Amartya Sen 3. Purchases foodgrains from farmers and creates a buffer stock. 4. In 1943 5. 1. Availability of food — There should be enough food production in the country, i.e.,

enough for local consumption and can be stored for future. 2. Accessibility — Each one should have access to food. 3. Affordability — Food can only be consumed by everyone if one has the money to buy

it. i.e., food should be provided at reasonable prices. 6. During a calamity production may decrease. This creates shortage of food, prices will rise.

All will not be able to afford food. This will lead to starvation or famine. 7. A famine is characterised by widespread death due to starvation and epidemics caused

by forced use of contaminated water or food and loss of body resistance due to weakening from starvation.

8. The agricultural labourers, fishermen, transport workers and other casual labourers were affected the most by dramatically increasing price of rice.

9. There is a need for food security for: (a) The poorest section of the society. (b) During a calamity production may decrease leading to shortage of food, prices will rise.

This may lead to hunger, starvation or famine like conditions therefore, a country must have enough stock of foodgrains for its people in present situation and for future or whenever there is a calamity.

WORKSHEET–116

1. Landless workers, beggars and casual workers 2. 0–5 years 3. Remote areas, backward areas and areas prone to natural disasters. 4. Wheat 5. 1. In rural areas — The landless workers, traditional artisans, beggars. 2. In urban areas — People employed in ill-paid occupation, casual labourers, seasonal

labourers. 3. SCs, STs, OBCs. 4. People affected by calamity.


6. The social composition along with the inability to buy food also plays a role in food insecurity. The SCs, STs and some sections of the OBCs (lower castes among them) who have either poor land base or very low land productivity are prone to food insecurity. The people affected by natural disasters, who have to migrate to other areas in search of work, are also among the most food insecure people. A high incidence of malnutrition prevails among women. A large proportion of pregnant and nursing mothers and children under the age of 5 years constitute an important segment of the food insecure population.

7. Hunger is another aspect indicating food insecurity. A hungry person cannot contribute to work. Hunger has chronic and seasonal dimensions.

8. The worst affected groups are landless people with little or no land to depend on, traditional artisans, providers of traditional services, better self-employed people.

9. The food insecure people are disproportionately large in some regions of the country, such as economically backward states with high incidence of poverty, tribal and remote areas, regions more prone to natural disasters, etc. The states of Uttar Pradesh (eastern and south-eastern parts), Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra account for larger number of food insecure people in the country.

WORKSHEET–117

1. Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu 2. Stock of foodgrains 3. Ration shops 4. NFWP 5. India is aiming at self-sufficiency in foodgrains since Independence. After Independence,

Indian policy makers adopted all measures to achieve self-sufficiency in foodgrains. India adopted a new strategy in agriculture, which resulted in the ‘Green Revolution’ especially in the production of wheat and rice. The Green Revolution in the late 1960s introduced the Indian farmer to cultivation of wheat and rice using high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds. Compared to the traditional seeds, the HYV seeds promised to produce much greater amounts of grain on a single plant. As a result, the same piece of land would now produce far larger quantity of grain on a single plant. As a result, the same piece of land would now produce far larger quantities of foodgrains than was possible earlier. HYV seeds, however, needed plenty of water and also chemical fertilisers and pesticides to produce best results. Higher yields were possible only from a combination of HYV seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilisers, pesticides, etc.

6. The increase in foodgrains was, however, disproportionate. The highest rate of growth was achieved in Punjab and Haryana. Production in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Odisha and the north-eastern states continued to stagger. Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, on the other hand, recorded significant increase in rice yields.

7. A high incidence of malnutrition prevails among women. This is a matter of serious concern as it puts even the unborn baby at risk of malnutrition. A large proportion of pregnant and nursing-mothers and children under the age of 5 years constitute an important segment of food increase population. According to NHFS the number of such women and children is 11 crores.

8. 1. Eastern and South-eastern U.P. 2. Bihar 3. Jharkhand 4. Odisha 5. West Bengal 6. Chhattisgarh and parts of Madhya Pradesh


9. Chronic Hunger Seasonal Hunger

1. It is a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity and quality.

1. It is related to cycles of food growing and harvesting.

2. Poor people suffer from this type of hunger because of very low income and in turn inability to buy food for survival.

2. This type of hunger exists when a person is unable to get work for entire year.

WORKSHEET–118

1. TPDS 2. Co-operative societies set up shops to sell goods at low price to the poor people. 3. Mother Dairy 4. Maharashtra 5. The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops

among the poorer section of the society. This is called public distribution system. It is the most important step in ensuring food security. Earlier PDS was universal with no discrimination between poor and non-poor. Later in 1992, Revamped Public Distribution System provided the benefits to remote and backward areas. In 1997, TPDS adopted the principle of targeting poor in all areas. In 2000, AAY and APS targeted poorest of poor and indigent senior citizens. Therefore PDS has been influential in averting widespread hunger, led to stabilising prices. It has also contributed to an increase in foodgrain production.

6. 1. Instances of hunger are prevalent despite of overflowing granaries. FCI godowns are overflowing with grains with some rotting away and some being eaten by rats.

2. In certain states the poor have to depend on markets rather than ration shops for their food requirements.

3. PDS dealers divert grains to open market to get better margin and sell poor quality grains at ration shops.

7. Antyodaya Anna Yojana was launched in Dec. 2000. Under the scheme, 2 crore poorest among BPL families were provided 35 kg of foodgrains at highly subsidised rate of ` 2 per kg for wheat and ` 3 per kg of rice. Earlier only 1 crore families were provided 25 kg of foodgrains By 2004 it expanded to 2 crore families and 35 kg of foodgrains.

8. There are three kinds of ration cards: (a) Antyodaya cards for the poorest of the poor. (b) BPL cards for those below poverty line. (c) APL cards for all others. 9. Food Security System has two components: 1. Buffer stock — It is the stock of foodgrains (wheat, rice) procured by the government

through Food Corporation of India. The FCI purchases foodgrain from farmers in states where there is surplus production. Farmers are paid a pre-announced price for their crops called Minimum Support Price. MSP is declared by the government every year before the sowing season to provide incentives to farmers for raising production of wheat and rice.


The purchased foodgrains are stored in granaries. The government distributes these foodgrains in deficit areas and among the poor strata of society at a price lower than the marked price. This is called Issue Price.

2. Public Distribution System — The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops among the poorer section of the society. This is called Public Distribution System (PDS). Ration shops are also called Fair Price Shops. They keep stock of foodgrains, sugar, kerosene oil (essential commodities) and are sold to people at a price lower than the market price.

WORKSHEET–119

1. Gujarat 2. 1940s 3. During sowing and harvesting time 4. Decreased 5. In Maharashtra Academy of Development Science has facilitated a network of NGOs for

setting up grain banks in different regions. ADS organises training and capacity building programmes on food security for non-government organisation. ADS grain banks have influenced the government policy on food security. Therefore, it is acknowledged as a successful and innovative food security intervention.

6. The cooperative societies set-up shops to sell low priced goods to poor people. 94% of fair price shops in Tamil Nadu are run by cooperatives. In Delhi, Mother Diary provides milk and vegetables to consumers at controlled rates decided by the government of Delhi. Amul Cooperative in Gujarat has brought about White Revolution in the country. Cooperatives are functioning in different parts of the country thus ensuring food security to people.

7. Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–120

1. The Public Distribution System is now criticised for being inefficient: (a) The PDS does not reach many poor households. It supplies only a small proportion,

underscoring the importance of the open retail market as the primary supplier of grain. Instances of hunger are prevalent despite overflowing granaries.

(b) FCI godowns are also well-stocked but the stocks are rotting or eaten by rats. (c) PDS dealers are sometimes found resorting to malpractices like diverting the grains to

open market to get better margins, selling poor quality grains at ration shops, irregular opening of the shops.

(d) It is plagued by high costs and leakage. The direct price support to farmers increases the cost of procuring foodgrains by the government.

2. The availability of foodgrains (even in adverse weather conditions or otherwise) at the country level has been ensured with creation of buffer stock. It is created to distribute foodgrains in the deficit areas of the country.

Foodgrains from buffer stock are also distributed among the poor at a lower price than the market price through fair price shops. It also helps to resolve the problem of shortage of food during the calamity or adverse weather condition.


3. The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops among the poorer section of the society. This is called Public Distribution System (PDS). It is the most important step in ensuring food security. Earlier, PDS was universal with no discrimination between poor and non-poor. Later in 1992, Revamped Public Distribution System provided the benefits to remote and backward areas. In 1997, TPDS adopted the principle of targeting poor in all areas. In 2000, AAY and APS targeted poorest of poor and indigent senior citizens. Therefore, PDS has been influential in averting widespread hunger, led to stabilising prices. It has also contributed to an increase in foodgrain production.

WORKSHEET–121

1. Minimum Support Price (MSP) is the price which is announced by the government before the sowing season. The FCI purchases wheat and rice from the farmers in states where there is surplus production at the MSP.

The government is able to create a buffer stock of foodgrains procured through the FCI which can be

(a) distributed and sold to the people, below the poverty line, through ration shops or fair price shops, at subsidised rates.

(b) sent to the calamity affected area and famine like situation can be averted.

(c) diverted to the affected areas affected by famine and droughts.

2. Although a large section of people suffer from food and nutrition insecurity in India the worst affected groups are landless poor households in rural areas and people employed in ill-paid occupations and casual labourers engaged in seasonal activities in the urban areas. Others are SCs, STs and some sections of the OBCs (lower castes among them) who have either poor land-base or very low land productivity. The people affected by natural disasters, who have to migrate to other areas in search of work, are also among the most food insecure people. A large proportion of pregnant and nursing mothers and children under the age of 5 years constitute an important segment of the food insecure population.

3. The PDS is an effective instrument because

(a) It helped in stabilising prices.

(b) Food is available at affordable prices.

(c) Instrumental in averting widespread hunger and famine by supplying food from surplus region of the country to the deficit ones.

(d) Increase in foodgrain production.

(e) Income security to farmers in certain regions.

4. With increasing population there are problems related to population and climate change has an impact on agriculture production leads to price rise.

Steps to be taken by government are:

(a) Developing new methods of farming.

(b) Use of biotechnology.


Chapter Test 1. In 1968

2. APS

3. AAY

4. Collector

5. Self-sufficiency in foodgrains.

6. Extremely inadequate purchasing power.

7. Grain Bank

8. The cooperative societies set-up shops to sell low priced goods to poor people. 94% of fair price shops in Tamil Nadu are run by cooperatives. In Delhi, Mother Diary provides milk and vegetables to consumers at controlled rates decided by the government of Delhi. Amul Cooperative in Gujarat has brought about White Revolution in the country. Cooperatives are functioning in different parts of the country thus ensuring food security to people.

9. Food security is ensured in a country only if (1) enough food is available for all the persons; (2) all persons have the capacity to buy food of acceptable quality; and (3) there is no barrier on access to food.

During a calamity production may decrease. This creates shortage of food, prices will rise. All will not be able to afford food. This will lead to starvation or famine.

10. Role of FCI in providing food security:

1. Buffer stock — It is the stock of foodgrains (wheat, rice) procured by the government through Food Corporation of India. The FCI purchases foodgrain from farmers in states where there is surplus production. Farmers are paid a pre-announced price for their crops called Minimum Support Price. MSP is declared by the government every year before the sowing season to provide incentives to farmers for raising production of wheat and rice.

The purchased foodgrains are stored in granaries. The government distributes these foodgrains in deficit areas and among the poor stata of society at a price lower than the marked price. This is called Issue Price.

2. Public Distribution System — The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops among the poorer section of the society. This is called Public Distribution System (PDS). Ration shops are also called Fair Price Shops. They keep stock of foodgrains, sugar, kerosene oil (essential commodities) and are sold to people at a price lower than the market price.


WORKSHEET–122

A. Do it yourself.


B. Column I Column II Column III

Programme Year Objective

1. FFW 2004 (4) Poor in all areas (3)

2. AAY 1977-78 (1) Food security (5)

3. TPDS 1960 (5) Wage employment (4)

4. NFWP 1997 (3) Poorest of the poor (2)

5. PDS 2000 (2) Food for work (1)

WORKSHEET–123

Do it yourself.qq

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

(Second Term)



WORKSHEET–124

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. 1. Don’t panic. 2.Don’tlookatfireblastasitcancauseblindness. 3.Closealldoorsandwindowsandstayindoors 4.Coverallfoodandwater. 5.Don’tconsumewater,milk,foodobtainedfollowinganuclearblast. 6.Awaitgovernmentinstructionsorcommunicationifyouhavetomoveoutofyourhouse. 6.Therearetwotypesofnuclearbombsorweapons: 1.Weapons that produce their explosive energy through nuclear fission reaction,

e.g.,Atomicbombs. 2.Nuclearweaponorbombsthatproducealargeamountofitsenergythroughnuclear

fusionreactionsandarethousandtimesmorepowerfulthannuclearfissionbombs,e.g.,Hydrogenbombs.

WORKSHEET–125

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5.Theelementsofriskfromchemicalandindustrialaccidentsare: 1.Areasclosetoanindustrialset-upsuchasagriculturallandorsettlement. 2.Peopleworkingintheindustry. 3.Peopleresidinginneighbouringareas. 6.Thecausesofchemicalaccidentsare: 1.Releaseofchemicalsduetohumanerror. 2.Technologicalfailure. 3.Naturalactivitieslikeearthquakeornaturalfire,flood. Impactofchemicalaccidents: 1.Hazardousmaterialcancausedeath. 2.Leadtoseriousinjury,long-lastinghealtheffects. 3.Damagesbuildings,homesandotherproperties.

WORKSHEET–126

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5.HazardMapping—(a) Inventoriesandmapsofstorage locationsof toxinsalongwith

possiblefeaturesshouldbedisplayedandknowntoall.

D.MGT.

1PREVENTING COMMON HUMAN INDUCED DISASTER


(b)Thecommunitystayingintheimmediatevicinityshouldbeawareofhazardsanditspossibleeffects.

(c)Themapshouldalsodeterminetheareathatmaygetaffectedincaseaccidentoccurs.Asaferouteforevacuationshouldbemarkedonthemap.

Landuseplanning: (a)Denselypopulatedresidentialareasshouldbelocatedatadistancefromindustrial

areas. (b)Abufferzoneshouldseparatetheindustrialandresidentialzone. (c)Better planning is required to handle the waste that is generated so that the

environmentisnotaffected. 6. (a)Thecommunityshouldbeawareofthehazardousinstallationsandknowhowtohandle

thesituation. (b)Thelocalcommunityhastobeinformedofabouttheresponsestepstobetakenincase

ofaccident. (c)Communitymembersshouldmonitorthepollutionlevelsoftheindustryandparticipate

inmockdrillsforevacuation.

Chapter Test

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5.1.Poisonousgases 2.Viruses Impactofbiologicaldisasters—Abiologicaldisasterisareleaseofgermsorotherbiological

substancesthatareinhaledandmakethevictimfallsick.Somebiologicalagentscausecontagiousdiseases.Illnessforbiologicalweaponsarenotlikelytoberecognisedintheinitialstage.Thetimedelayinrecognitioncanresultinwidespreadsecondaryexposuretoothersalso.

6. 1. Ifyoubecomeawareofunusualorsuspiciousreleaseofunknownsubstancenearbygetawayfromthesubstanceasquicklyaspossible.

2.Coveryourmouthandnosewith layersof fabric that canfilter theairbutallowsbreathing.

3.Makeothersawareofdanger.


WORKSHEET–127

A. 1.Inventories 2. GreenBelt 3. safety 4. windflow

B. ColumnI ColumnII ColumnII

1. Cobalt60 Technicalfailure (3) Environment (3) 2 Pesticides Chemical (2) Agriculture (2) 3. Gasleak Radioactive (1) Life (1)



WORKSHEET–128

A. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F 6.T 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. T

COMMUNITY PLANNING FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT


WORKSHEET–129

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5.Thecommunityshouldbeattheheartofanydisastermanagementinitiativebecauseit

isthefirstresponder.Theyaretheonestoactfirst.Onlythepeoplelivinginareahavemaximumknowledgeaboutthearea.Itisthenaturalinstinctofthecommunitytorespondquicklyonsuchoccasionssinceoverdependenceonexternalresourcesistime-consuming.

6. 1.Hazardidentification 2.Earlywarningandcommunication 3.Searchandrescueteams(Firstaidteams) 4.Evacuations: (a)Mapforsafeevacuations (b)Locatesafeareas (c) Conductmockdrills 5. Prepareadisastersupplykitwithessentialcommodities. 6. Reliefcoordination.


WORKSHEET–130

A. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F B. Doityourself.

WORKSHEET–131

Doityourself.


1. Polo. 2. Poverty refers to a situation in which people are unable to meet their basic necessities of

life like food, clothing, shelter, health, education and housing. 3.AwarmoceancurrentthatflowspastthePeruviancoastinplaceofcoldPeruviancurrent

every 2 to 5 years. 4. Begar means working without remuneration. 5. In Parliamentary form of government people elect Members of Parliament through election

and the party which gets the majority seats elect its Prime-minister. 6. Women, children and old age people, landless labourers. 7. Electronic Voting Machine. 8. A severe general shortage of food caused by failure of food crops (period during which this

shortage occurs). 9. Regulation of trade in forest produce by the British govt. had the following impacts: (i) Itbecameverydifficultforthevillagerstomeettheirdailyrequirementssuchasgetting

woodfortheirhouses,collectingfruitsandrootsforfoodandacquiringfodderfortheiranimals.

(ii)Peoplecouldnotevenpracticehuntingandfishingasitbecameillegal. (iii) People had to undergo harsh punishment. (iv)Womenfounditdifficulttocollectfuelwoodandwanderedhereandthereinsearch

of wood. (v) The police constables and forest guards started harassing people. 10. (a) Latitude. India extends between 8° 4' N and 37° 6' N latitude. The Tropic of Cancer

divides the country into almost two equal parts. Part of India lyingNorth of theTropic of Cancer enjoys a subtropical climate. This is characterised by wide range of temperature and rainfall–Summers are hot and winters are cool. The Himalayan region experiences a very cold climate in winters.

(b) Altitude. The Himalayas act as an effective climate divide. The Great Himalaya range obstructs the passage of cold continental air from the north into India in winter and also forces the south westerly monsoon (rain-bearing) winds to give up most of their moisture before crossing the range northward. The result is heavy precipitation (both rain and snow) on the Indian side but arid conditions in Tibet.

11. Two main similarities in the exploitation of the Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders were as under:

1. Both the Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders had to suffer the loss of grazing lands. In India, the colonial rulers gave pasture lands to selected individuals in order to expand agriculture. Most of the lands thus taken over, were in fact, grazing tracts used by the pastoralists regularly. Thus, the number of pastures suffered a steep decline causing a host of problems for the pastoralists.

Similarly, the Maasai in Africa had to loose over 60 per cent of their pasture land during the colonial period. The Maasai land was not only taken over by the white settlers but it was also handed over to local peasant communities in order to expand cultivation. It is worth mentioning that 70 per cent of National Parks and game reserves in East Africa, are on grazing lands, in particular the Maasai land. Thus, in both the cases, the colonial rulers encouraged the expansion of agriculture causing a great loss of pasture lands.

2. Both in India and Africa, the forest lands were reserved and the pastoral activities were completely banned in these tracts. The pastoralists were not allowed to enter

PRACTICE PAPER-1


and graze their herds on reserved lands. As has already been discussed, mostly these forest reserves were, originally the pasture lands both in India and Africa.

12. Railways were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel and to lay railway lines, sleepers were essential toholdthetrackstogether.Eachmileofrailwaytrackrequiredbetween1,760and2,000sleepers. As the railway tracks spread through India, larger and larger number of trees were cut down. Forests around the railway tracks started disappearing.

13. The three main processes of population growth are: 1. Birth rate 2. Death rate 3. Migration 14. According to our election commission laws, no party or candidate can (i) Bribe or threaten voters. (ii) Appeal to voters in the name of caste or religion. (iii) Use government resources for election campaign. (iv) Spend not more than 25 lakh in a constituency for Lok Sabha election or 10 lakh in a

constituency in an assembly election. (Any other relevant point) 15. 1. Poverty has declined substantially in China (from 14% in 2008 to 6% in 2011) as result

of rapid economic growth and massive investments in human resource development. 2. In India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, the decline has not

been rapid. 3. Number of poor has declined marginally from 61% in 1981 to 36% in 2008. 16. All the major appointments are made in the name of the President. (a) The President appoints the Chief Justice of India, and the Judges of the Supreme Court

and the High Court of the states. (b) He appoints the Governors of the states. (c) He appoints the Election Commissioners. (d) He appoints ambassadors to other countries. 17. 1. Availability of food. There should be enough food production in the country, i.e..

enough for local consumption and can be stored for future. 2. Accessibility. Each one should have access. 3. Affordability. Food can only be consumed by everyone if one has the money to buy

it, i.e., food should be provided at reasonable prices. 18. (a)Betterefficiencylevels (b) Higher productivity and higher income (c) Leads to development. 19. In India, people follow different religions. Therefore, India remained neutral in matters

of religion and chose to be a secular country. A secular state or a country is one that does notestablishanyonereligionasofficialreligion.

Following constitutional provisions declare India to be a secular state: (a) The Constitution provides to all its citizens the freedom to profess, practise and

propagate any religion of their choice. (b)ThereisnoofficialreligionforIndia.UnlikeSriLankawhereBuddhismisthestate

religion, Islam in Pakistan and Christianity in England, our Constitution does not provide any special status to any religion.

(c) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion. 20. A case of farmer in small village near Meerut—He does not own land, does jobs for other

big farmers, earning in less, has a big family, cannot afford medication for old parents, not


abletomanagetwosquaremealsaday.Thevillagehasaschoolbutthefarmercannotsendhis children to school. Therefore, unemployment, illiteracy and helplessness are related to poverty.

21. The changes which were brought in the game of cricket in the late 18th century are as follows:

(a) It became common to pitch the ball through the air, rather than roll it along the ground. (b) The weight of the ball was now 5½ to 5¾ ounces. (c) It also opened new possibilities for spin and swing. (d) The straight bat was introduced. So, batsmen had to master timing and short selection. (e) The stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them six inches. Also a third

stump become common. (f) About 40 runs were viewed as a very big score, probably due to the bowlers bowling

quicklyatshinsunprotectedbypads. (g)Thefirstleg-before-lawwaspublishedin1774. (h) In 1780, three-day matches were started. 22. In mountainous areas, the decrease in temperature with increasing altitude leads to the


(a) Wet temperate type of forests are located between a height of 1000-2000 metres. Evergreen broad-leaf trees such as chir, ash, oak, chestnuts are found in this region.

(b) Between 1500-3000 metres above sea-level, temperate forests such as pine, deodar, silverfir,spruceandcedararefound.

(c) At high altitudes, generally more than 3,600 metres above sea level, Alpine vegetation suchassilverfir, junipers,pinesandbirches is found.Abovethesnowlineof5000metres, mosses and lichens form part of tundra vegetation.

23.Existenceofanindependentjudiciaryisthemostimportantprerequisiteofthesuccessfulworking of Democracy. Independence of judiciary means neither the legislature nor the executiveareabletoexerciseanyinfluenceonthejudiciary.Thejudgesdonotactaccordingto the wishes of the government or the party in power.

The judges of the Supreme Court and the High courts of India are appointed by the president of India on the advice of the Prime Minister and in consultation with the chief justice of India. The senior most judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as the chief justice of India. Once the person is appointed as the Chief Justice or the justice of the Supreme Court or the high courts, it is nearly impossible to remove him/her from the position. It isasdifficultastheremovalofthePresidentofIndia.TheJudgescanberemovedonlythroughtheimpeachmentproceedingsoftheParliamentwhichrequiressupportoftwo-third members of both the Houses of Parliament separately. It has never happened in Indian democracy till date.

Indian judiciary is also one of the most powerful judiciaries in the world because of the powers vested in the supreme court and the High courts of India to interpret the Constitution of the countries. They have the power to declare a law passed by the Union or some legislature or the orders passed by the Union or state government as invalid if that law violates the constitution.

24.FoodsecuritywasdefinedbytheWorldFoodSummitheldin1995as,“Foodsecurityatthe individual, household, regional, national and global levels exists when all people, at all times,havephysicalandeconomicaccesstosufficient,safeandnutritiousfoodtomeettheirdietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.” They further declared that“Povertyeradicationisessentialtoimproveaccesstofood.”


Food security does not mean availability of basic foodstuffs only. It means availability, accessibilityandaffordabilityofsufficient,safeandnutritiousfoodtoallpeopleatalltimes.

Availability of food means enough foodgrains are available in the country. Accessibility to food means it is within the reach of each and every person and poor are not in the dark about their entitlements. Affordability means the poor are not economically unable to buy theirregularquotafromthefairpriceshopsandtheyhavethecapacitytobuyfoodofacceptablequality.

Food security is attained when all people, at all times, have the physical and economic accesstosufficient,safeandnutritiousfoodtobehealthyandactive.

25. The Prime Minister is the most important political institution in the country. The President appoints the Prime Minister (the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties thatcommandsamajorityintheLokSabha).ThePrimeMinisterdoesnothaveafixedtenure. He continues in power so long as he remains the leader of the majority party or coalition.

(a) He chairs cabinet meetings (b) He coordinates the work of different Departments (c)HisdecisionsarefinalincasedisagreementsarisebetweenDepartments. (d) He exercises general supervision of different ministries. (e) All ministers work under his leadership. (f) The Prime Minister distributes and redistributes work to the ministers. (g) He also has the power to dismiss ministers. (h)WhenthePrimeMinisterquits,theentireministryquits.Thus,iftheCabinetisthe

most powerful institution in India, within the Cabinet it is the Prime Minister who is the most powerful.

26. Causes of poverty (i) British government did not encourage industry in India. Handicraft and small cottage

industries were crushed, for example the textile industry. (ii) Backwardness in agriculture. (iii) Due to lack of capital and technology, there is a slow rate of economic growth. (iv) The industries, both in the public and the private sector, did provide some jobs, but

these were not enough to absorb all the job seekers. (v)Unequaldistributionofwealth. (vi) Social factors such as illiteracy, social structure and overpopulation. 27. Commercial forestry came to India in 1860s when Indian forest service was set up in 1864

andthefirstIndianForestActwaspassedin1865.Forestsweredividedintoreserved,protected, and village forest. Under this one type of tree was planted in straight rows. This is known as plantation. This caused many hardships all over the country.

1. Itbecameverydifficultforthevillagerstomeettheirdailyrequirementssuchasgettingwoodfortheirhouses,collectingfruitsandrootsforfoodandacquiringfodderfortheiranimals.

2.Peoplecouldnotevenpractisehuntingandfishingasitbecameillegal. 3. Wood-stealing became a common practice as people had no substitute but to steal. 4. People had to undergo harsh punishment if caught red handed while stealing or they

had to offer bribes to the forest staff. 5. Women who usually used to collect fuel wood had to wander here and there in search

of wood. 6. The police constables and forest guards started harassing people by demanding free

food from them.


28. The ecosystem has been disturbed because of excessive exploitation of the plants and animal resources by human beings. About 1,300 plant species are endangered and 20 species are extinct. Quite a few animal species are also endangered and some have become extinct.

The main causes for this major threat to nature are habitat destruction, which have led to the decline in India’s biodiversity and habitat degradation. The body parts of many wildlife species like rhino horn, tiger parts, ivory have great value in the international market, command high prices and rampant illegal trade continues. Therefore, to maintain the ecological balance bio-diversity needs to be conserved.

29.


OR


30.


1. Rice cultivation

2. $ 1 per person/day

3. A literate is a person who can read and write and who is above 7 years of age.

4. An election is a process by which a democratically elected government is formed.

5. Muscle power and money power.

6. Minimum support price is declared by the govt. every year before the sowing season to provide incentive to farmers for raising crops–especially wheat, rice, sugarcane, etc.

7. President of India is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both the Houses of Parliament and State Assemblies.

8. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)

It was launched in 1999.

The programme aims at bringing the assisted poor families above the poverty line by organising them into self-help groups through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy.

9. Forest provide timber, gum, fodder, medicines, fuel wood, etc., to us.

10. The cold weather season begins from mid-November and stays till February. The weather is normally marked by clear sky, low temperatures and, feeble variable winds. The coldest months are December and January. The days are generally warm and the nights are cold. During the winter season, north-east trade winds prevail over India. They blow from land to sea and hence, it is a dry season. Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall due to these winds. This is because in this region these winds blow from sea to land, thereby carrying moisture along with them. A characteristic feature of the cold weather season over the northernplainsistheinflowofcyclonicdisturbancesfromthewestandthenorth-west.These low pressure systems originate over the mediterranean sea and western Asia and moveintoIndia,alongwiththewesterlyflowandcausethemuchneededwinterrainsoverthe plains and snowfall in the mountains. Winter rainfall is of great importance for rabi crops.

11. The lessons that we can draw from the conversion of the countryside in the USA from a bread basket to a dust bowl are as follow:

(a) Man should respect the ecological conditions of each region.

(b)Man’shighambitionsanddesirestoconquernaturecanleadtoecologicalimbalanceresulting in death and destruction everywhere. Hence, he must control his greed and desires. He can’t get success by ignoring nature.

(c) Whatever technologies are developed, they should be nature-friendly otherwise our life would be perished.

(d) Nature will protect us only when we will protect it. Hence, we must think about it sensibly for our own sake.

PRACTICE PAPER-2


12. Forests play a vital role in social, cultural, historical, economic and industrial development of any country and in maintaining its ecological balance.

Forests are renewable resources and play a major role in enhancing the quality ofenvironment.Theymodifylocalclimate,controlsoilerosion,regulatestreamflow,supporta variety of industries, they are the resource base for sustenance of its population and a storehouse of biodiversity and offer panoramic or scenic view for recreation. It controls wind force, temperature and causes rainfall. It provides humus to the soil and shelter to the wildlife.

13. Health is an important component of population composition, which affects the process of development.

1.Sustainedeffortsofgovernmentprogrammeshaveregisteredsignificantimprovementsin the health condition of the Indian population.

2. Death rates have declined considerably.

3. The substantial improvement is the result of many factors including improvement in public health, prevention of infectious diseases and application of modern medical practices in diagnosis and treatment of ailments.

14. In a democratic election the list of people eligible to vote is prepared much before the election.ThislistisofficiallycalledtheElectoralRollandiscommonlyknownastheVoters’List.Thisisanimportantstep,foritislinkedtothefirstconditionofdemocraticelection.Everyoneshouldgetequalopportunitytochooserepresentatives.Everyonedeservetohaveanequalsayindecisionsthataffectthem.

The electoral roll is normally revised every year to add the names of those who are to turn 18 on the 1st January of that year or have moved into a constituency and to remove the names of those who have died or moved out of a constituency.

15. Vulnerability to poverty is a measure which describes the greater probability of certain communities of becoming or remaining poor in the coming years. It is determined by theoptionsavailabletodifferentcommunitiesforfindingalternativelivingintermsofeducation and jobs.

16.Somefeaturesnecessaryforademocraticcountryare:Equality,LibertyandFraternity.Equalitymeansequalitybefore law.Nopersonisaboveanother.The lawtreatseveryindividualasequal.Similarlythereislibertyofthought,expression,toassemblepeacefullyand to form association. It also ensures its people against exploitation. Also people elect their representatives in a democratic country.

17. Anti-Poverty Measures Removal of poverty has been the main concern of economic planning in India. To tackle

this problem government adopted the following four measures:

1. Government gave priority to the development of basic and heavy industries and agriculture with a view to create employment opportunities and bring about rapid economic development so that the benefits from the economic development couldultimately trickle down to poorer sections of the society.


2. Several land reform measures were undertaken by the government such as abolition of Zamindari system, tenancy reforms, consolidation of land holdings, security of tenantfarmersagainsteviction,fixationofrents,fixationofceilingsonlandholdings,distribution of surplus land among small and landless farmers.

3. Government provided protection to cottage and small scale industries and reserved some production activities for them to promote them so that more labourers could be provided with employment.

4. Government took income redistribution measures to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor. This was achieved by taxing the rich and middle classes and subsidising essential goods for lower income group people.

Poverty Alleviation Programmes

Government of India has taken the following steps to remove poverty:

Consistent efforts have been made since the First Five Year Plan to bring about rural development and for the upliftment of the poverty-stricken rural masses. What started as Community Development Movement led into a series of special schemes and programmes. They further evolved over the years into schemes for direct attack on poverty in a targeted manner.

18. Medicinal plants are considered valuable for their causative characteristics. Some of the medicinal plants are described below:

1.Amlaisthewonderplant,auniquegiftofthemothernaturetothemankind.Itsfruitis the richest source of Vitamin C.

2. Neem tree is popularly known as the miracle tree.

3. Aloe vera is the popular herb with the botanical name of Aloe barbadenis.

4. Tulsi is known as Holy Basil in English and Tulsi in Sanskrit.

5. Ashwagandha is the powerful herb that is believed to increase health and longevity.

19. From time to time, the courts gave judgements to expand the scope of rights Certain rights like right to freedom of press, right to information and right to education are derived from the Fundamental Rights.

(a) Now school education has become a right for Indian citizens. The governments are responsible for providing free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14 years.

(b) The Parliament has enacted a law giving the right to information to the citizens. This Act was made under the Fundamental Right to freedom of thought and expression. Wehaverighttoseekinformationfromgovernmentoffices.

(c) Recently, the Supreme Court has expanded the meaning of the right to life to include the right to food.

20. Farmers are paid a pre-announced price for their crops called Minimum Support Price. MSP is declared by the government every year before the sowing season to provide incen-tives to farmers for raising production of wheat and rice.


The purchased foodgrains are stored in granaries. The government distributes these foodgrainsindeficitareasandamongthepoorstrataofsocietyatapricelowerthanthemarked price. This is called Issue Price.

21. From the 1780s, the poor famers of Bihar and Bengal found their village headmen giving them money advances to produce opium. When offered a loan, the cultivators were tempted to accept, hoping to meet their immediate needs and pay back the loan at a later stage. But the loan tied the peasant to the headman and through him to the government. By taking theloan,thecultivatorwasforcedtogrowopiumonaspecifiedareaoflandandhandoverthe produce to the agents once the crop had been harvested.

22. Monsoon plays a crucial role in the Indian economy. Since India is primarily an agricultural nation it banks heavily on good monsoon. A good monsoon is favourable for farmers while poororinsufficientrainfallcancausecropfailure.Thisdirectlyaffectstheeconomyofthecountry.

23. The rights mentioned in the Constitution are fundamental to our life and are given a special status. They are called Fundamental Rights. There are six Fundamental Rights which are as follow:

(i) Right to Equality.Itensuresequalitybeforethelaworequalprotectionofthelawswhich means that the laws apply in the same manner to all, regardless of a person’s status. This is called the rule of law. It means that no person is above the law. There cannot be any distinction between a political leader, government official and anordinary citizen. The government shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds of religion, caste, ethnicity, sex or place of birth. Every citizen shall have access to public places like cinema halls, hotels etc. The same principle applies to public jobs. All citizenshaveequalityofopportunityinmattersrelatingtoemploymentorappointmentto any position in the government.

(ii) Right to Freedom. Freedom means absence of constraints. But one cannot exercise freedom in such a manner that violates others’ right to freedom. Accordingly, the government can impose certain reasonable restrictions on our freedoms in the larger interests of the society. The Indian Constitution guarantees following rights to its citizens:

(a) Right to assemble in a peaceful manner.

(b) Right to form associations and unions.

(c) Right to move freely throughout the country or reside in any part of the country.

(d) Right to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

(e) Right to personal liberty.

(iii) Right against Exploitation. (a)TheConstitutionprohibits‘trafficinhumanbeings’.Traffic here means selling

and buying of human beings, usually women, for immoral purposes.

(b) It prohibits forced labour or begar in any form.

(c) It also prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child below the age of fourteen years to work in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous work.


(iv) Right to Freedom of Religion. In India, people follow different religions. Therefore, India remained neutral in matters of religion and chose to be a secular country. Asecularstateoracountryisonethatdoesnotestablishanyonereligionasofficialreligion. Every person has a right to profess, practise and propagate the religion he or she believes in. Every religious group or sect is free to manage its religious affairs.

(v) Cultural and Educational Rights. The Cultural and Educational Rights is one of the six fundamental rights that have been granted to us in the Indian Constitution. This right allows every citizen of India to conserve his/her language and culture.

(vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies. The Fundamental Rights in the Constitution are important because they are enforceable. This is called the Right to Constitutional Remedies. It authorises the citizens to approach the Supreme Court or the High Court of a state (court of law) in case of any denial of Fundamental Rights. The courts can issue various types of writs to safeguard the Fundamental Rights of a citizen. When any of our rights are violated we can seek remedy through courts.

24. Buffer stock is the stock of foodgrains and rice procured by the government through Food Corporation of India (FCI).

Buffer stock is created by the government:

(i) todistributefoodgrainsinthedeficitareas.

(ii) to use among the poorer strata of society at a lower price.

(iii) to resolve the problem of shortage of food during adverse weather conditions or during the period of calamity.

25. (a)Unfairpractices,financialaidtoreopensugarmillshouldbestoppedbytheelectioncommission.

(b) Misuse of government machinery by the ruling party. (c) Unfair practices during the election. Inclusion of bogus names in the voter’s list must

be cancelled in order to have fair election. 26. Anti-Poverty Measures taken by the Government of India: 1. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005 The Act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household

in 200 districts. 2. National Food for Work Programme (NFWP) 2004 was launched in 150 most backward

districts of the country. It is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment. 3. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) 1995 The aim is to create self-employment opportunities for educated youth in rural areas

and small towns. 4. Rural Empoyment Generation Programme (REGP) 1995 The aim is to create self-employment opportunities in rural areas. 5. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) 1999. It aims at bringing the poor

families above poverty line by organising them into self-help groups through bank credit and government subsidy.


27. Governor-General Lord Dalhousie made ‘shoe respect’ very strict. Indians were made to take off their shoes when entering any government institution. This made the Indians very unhappy.

In 1862, Manockjee Cowasjee Entee, an assessor in the Surat Fouzdaree Adawlut, refused to take off his shoes in the court of sessions judge. As a result, he was barred entry into the courtroom.

The British insisted that since Indians took off their shoes when they entered a sacred place or home, they should do so when they entered the courtroom. In the controversy that followed, Indians urged that taking off shoes in sacred places and at home was linked to twodifferentquestions—first,therewastheproblemofdirtandfilth.Shoescollecteddirton the road. This dirt could not be allowed into spaces that were clean, particularly when peopleinIndianhomessatontheground.Second,leathershoes,andthefilththatstuckunder it were seen as polluting. But public buildings like the courtroom were different from home.

28.Thestepsadoptedbythegovernmenttoconservefloraandfaunaare:

1.14biospherereserveshavebeensetupinthecountrytoprotectfloraandfauna.

2. Financial and technical assistance is being provided to many Botanical gardens by the government since 1992.

3. Project Tiger, Project Rhino and many other eco-developmental projects have been introduced.

4. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and zoological gardens are being set up to take care of natural heritage.

Examples of bio-reserves in India:

Sunderbans in West Bengal and Niligiri have been included in the world network of biosphere reserve.

Growing demand for cultivated land and development of industries and urbanisation has ledtotheclearingofforest.Thiswholescenarioisresponsibleforthedepletionoffloraand fauna in our country.


29


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30.


1. Forest Act of 1878 divided forest into three categories viz, reserved, protected and village forests.

2. National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).

3. Climate in the average weather conditions of a place over a long period of time. It is generally of about 30-40 years.

4. A party candidate is nominated by a party to contest election from a constituency, whereas, anindependentcandidatehasnosuchaffiliationtoanyparty.

5. Supreme Court being the highest court in the country controls the entire judicial system. It takes disputes between:

(a) Citizens of the country

(b) Citizens and the government

(c) Two or more state government

(d) Central government and the State government

It is also the highest court of appeal in civil and criminal cases.

6. Food insecure people are the landless labourers, women, elderly people, disabled persons in a family, etc.

7. Rights are claims of a person over the other fellow beings, over the society and over the government. If there are no rights it would lead to anarchy.

8. Social exclusion or marginalisation is social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of the society.

9. (a) The threshing machines were opposed because they reduced the number of people needed for agricultural operations.

(b) It created unemployment.

(c) This problem became more acute when the soldiers returned to their villages after the Napoleonic wars and needed jobs to survive.

10. All the plants and animals in an area are interdependent and interrelated to each other in their physical environment, thus, forming an ecosystem. Ecosystem is a system of interdependence comprising the physical environment and the organisms living within. Plants, animals, human beings and the environment are the components of ecosystem. Plants are the main natural component on the earth which can use the sun’s energy to prepare food. Plants are the backbone of the natural resources of the country. The nature of plants in an area, to a large extent, determines the animal life of that area. When the vegetation is altered, the animal life also changes. Human beings are also an integral part of the ecosystem. They utilise the vegetation and wildlife. All the living beings on the earth are dependent on plants directly or indirectly.

11. Before the age of democratic revolution and development of capitalist market in 18th century Europe most people dressed according to their regional codes. It was also strictly regulated by class, gender or status in the social hierarchy. After the eighteenth century

PRACTICE PAPER-3


growth of an industrial society and spread of democratic ideas, completely changed the ways in which people thought about dress and its meaning. People could use style and materials that were drawn from other cultures and locations, and western dress styles were adopted world wide. Laws no longer barred people right to dress in the way they wished. Women too campaigned for dress reform in the form of simple dresses and shorten skirts.

12. Indians used to wear turbans to protect them from the heat and it was also a sign of respect. Turban could not be removed at will. In contrast Europeans used to wear hats which had to be removed before social superiors as a sign of respect. This cultural difference created misunderstanding. The British were often offended if Indians did not takeofftheirturbanwhentheymetcolonialofficials.ManyIndiansontheotherhandwore the turban to consciously assert their regional or national identity.

Anothersuchconflictrelatedtothewearingofshoes.Atthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury,itwascustomaryforBritishofficialstofollowIndianetiquetteandremovetheirfootwear in the courts of ruling kings or chiefs. In 1824-1828, Governor-General Amherst insisted that Indians take their shoes off as a sign of respect when they appeared before him, but this was not followed strictly. When Lord Dalhousie became Governor General, ‘shoe respect’ was made stricter and Indians were made to take off their shoes when entering any government institution. Those who wore European clothes were exempted from this rule. Many Indian government servants were increasingly uncomfortable with these rules.

13. The endemic vegetation is referred to those species of flora and fauna which are indigenous to a place. They are also teamed as virgin vegetation. The examples of endemic species are Andaman teak, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, Mithun in Arunachal Pradesh. On the other hand those species which came from outside a place are known as exotic vegetation.

14. Moneybillreferstothebillforlegislationwhichdealswiththemoneymatterandfinancialstatement the Lok Sabha exercises supreme power in the matter of money. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget of the government or any other money related law the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days or suggest changes in it. The Lok Sabha may or not accept these changes.

15. A high incidence of malnutrition among women is a matter of serious concern because if thewomenaremalnourished itwould affect the quality of life of the children.Themalnourished lactating and pregnant women would lead to weak siblings and severely affect the life of the infants. The children of such malnourished women lack the strength to cope with the challenges of life. We see that the family as a whole suffers. On the other hand a highly nourished women give birth to healthy children. Women suffer a lot among a family as she is supposed to feed her sons and daugthers before taking her own meal. This sometimes leads to frugal diets to the mother.

16. The rights mentioned in the Constitution are fundamental to our life and are given a special status. They are called Fundamental Rights. There are six Fundamental Rights which are as follow:

(i) Right to Equality. It ensures equality before the law or equal protection of the


laws which means that the laws apply in the same manner to all, regardless of a person’s status. This is called the rule of law. It means that no person is above the law.Therecannotbeanydistinctionbetweenapoliticalleader,governmentofficialand an ordinary citizen. The government shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds of religion, caste, ethnicity, sex or place of birth. Every citizen shall have access to public places like cinema halls, hotels etc. The same principle applies to publicjobs.Allcitizenshaveequalityofopportunityinmattersrelatingtoemploymentor appointment to any position in the government.

(ii) Right to Freedom. Freedom means absence of constraints. But one cannot exercise freedom in such a manner that violates others’ right to freedom. Accordingly, the government can impose certain reasonable restrictions on our freedoms in the larger interests of the society. The Indian Constitution guarantees following rights to its citizens:

(a) Right to assemble in a peaceful manner.

(b) Right to form associations and unions.

(c) Right to move freely throughout the country or reside in any part of the country.

(d) Right to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

(e) Right to personal liberty.

(iii) Right against Exploitation. (a)TheConstitutionprohibits‘trafficinhumanbeings’.Traffic here means selling

and buying of human beings, usually women, for immoral purposes.


(c) It also prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child below the age of fourteen years to work in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous work.

(iv) Right to Freedom of Religion. In India, people follow different religions. Therefore, India remained neutral in matters of religion and chose to be a secular country. Asecularstateoracountryisonethatdoesnotestablishanyonereligionasofficialreligion. Every person has a right to profess, practise and propagate the religion he or she believes in. Every religious group or sect is free to manage its religious affairs.

(v) Cultural and Educational Rights. The Cultural and Educational Rights is one of the six fundamental rights that have been granted to us in the Indian Constitution. This right allows every citizen of India to conserve his/her language and culture.

(vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies. The Fundamental Rights in the Constitution are important because they are enforceable. This is called the Right to Constitutional Remedies. It authorises the citizens to approach the Supreme Court or the High Court of a state (court of law) in case of any denial of Fundamental Rights. The courts can issue various types of writs to safeguard the Fundamental Rights of a citizen. When any of our rights are violated we can seek remedy through courts.

17. With increasing population there are problems related to population and climate change has an impact on agriculture production leading to price rise.


Steps to be taken by government are:

(a) Developing new methods of farming (b) Use of biotechnology.

18.Qualityofpeoplereferstoeducation,knowledgeandskillofthepeoplewhilequantityof people refers to total population of the country. For example, in a developing country like India the population is very high. Most people do not get basis necessity of life such as education, health etc. If the government invests in sectors like education, health, skill development,thentheproductivepowerofthecountrywilldefinatelyincrease.

19. It is sometimes necessary to regulate election campaigns to ensure that every political partyandcandidategetsafairandequalchancetocompete.Toexecuteitsomeelectionlaws have been made according to which no party or candidate can:

(a) Bribe or threaten voters.

(b) Appeal to them in the name of caste or religion.

(c) Use government resources for election campaign.

(d) Spend more than `25 lakh in a constituency for a Lok Sabha election or `10 lakh in a constituency for an Assembly election.

If they do so, their election can be rejected by the court even after they have been declared elected.

20. No. There is a strong link.

1. Urban India

Opportunities available such as:

Literacy – Each and every child can go to school.

Because of good Industrial growth job opportunities exists in Urban India.

2. While Rural India is dependent on agricultural and the progenies such as MNERGA are not being implemented properly.

21. The 19th century Indian society was a traditional society. Though it had no formal sumptuary laws as that of Europe, it was divided on religious and caste bases and had its own strict social codes regarding food and dress. It was the caste organisation that definedthedressandfoodnormstobefollowedbytheuppercasteHindusandthelowercaste Hindus. These norms were to be followed strictly as they had the force of law. Thus, any change in clothing styles threatening these norms caused violent social reactions. An incidentofonesuchcaste conflictoccurredbetweenShanarsandNairs inTravancoreduring the early years of the 19th century.

22. Thehugediversity infloraand faunakingdoms isdueto therelief factorscomprisingland and soil and climatic factors that include temperature, photoperiod (sunlight) and precipitation.

(a) Land. Landaffectsthenaturalvegetationdirectlyandindirectly.Itinfluencesthetype of vegetation. For example, the fertile land is used for agriculture and the rough terrains having grassland and woodlands provides shelter to a variety of wildlife.

(b) Soil. Different types of soils support different types of vegetation. For example, the sandy soils of the desert support cactus and thorny bushes while wet, marshy, deltaic


soils support mangroves and deltaic vegetation. The hill slopes with some depth of soil have conical trees.

(c) Temperature. Temperature along with humidity in the air, precipitation and soil determines the type of vegetation, such as the slopes of the Himalayas and the hills of the Peninsula have subtropical temperate and alpine vegetation.

(d) Photoperiod (Sunlight). The variation in duration of sunlight at different places is due to differences in latitude, altitude, season and duration of the day. Regions receiving sunlight for longer duration have dense vegetation and trees grow faster in summer.

(e) Precipitation. India receives rainfall by southwest monsoon and retreating northeast monsoons. Areas of heavy rainfall have dense vegetation and dry and arid regions have sparse vegetation.

23. Collective responsibility means that council of ministers are held responsible collectively. The cabinet works as a team on the principle of collective responsibility. The different cabinet Ministers may have different views and opinions on any matter but once the decisions are taken, everyone has to own up the responsibility. No minister can openly criticise any decision of the government even if it is concerning another ministry or department. That is why it is said that Cabinet Ministers sink and swim together.

24. FCI which functions under the administrative control of Department of public distribution is the central government’s nodal agency for food grain procurement. It provides effective price assurance for wheat, paddy and coarse grains. Purchases are organised in more than 8000 centres for wheat and 4000 centres for paddy every year in the immediate Post-harvest season. This process of procurement helps to meet the commitment of the public distribution system and for building the buffer stock. The buffer stock is to provide food security to the country. It is a reserve stock which can be drawn upon at the time of crop failure. Thus food security is ensured in India.

25. These freedoms are also not without restrictions. Unrestricted freedom can lead to lawlessness and anarchy. Right to freedom of speech and expression does not give us the right to speak anything against anybody. Though it gives us freedom to criticise the government while discussing with others or writing an article in the newspaper and magazine but we cannot use it to instigate people to rebel against the government.

Similarly, the right to form association or union does not mean that one should form such a union or an association which may pose danger to the safety of the country or indulging in immoral or illegal activities. In the interest of the sovereignty of India certain restrictions can be imposed on the exercise of Right to Freedom.

26. The launching of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) on February 2, 2006 to provide enhanced livelihood security for the poor in rural areas by providingat least100daysofguaranteedwageemployment ineveryfinancialyeartoevery household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work constituted a major milestone in the social sector in 2005-06.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 was passed in September 2005. It provided that the one-third of the jobs would be reserved for women. For the implementation of this scheme central and state governments will establish Employment


Guarantee Funds. Under this programme, if an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days, he/she will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.

National food for work Programme was launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country. This programme is open to all poor in rural areas who want to do manual unskilled work.

National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) has been launched on April 12, 2005 with the objective of providing greater access of the rural population especially the rural poor to the public Health care facilities.

Antyodaya Anna Yojana for Coverage has been increased to 2.5 crore families in 2005-06 from 2 crore in 2004-05. An ambitious programme for creation of rural infrastructure viz., Bharat Nirman has been launched to bring an additional one crore hectares under assured irrigation; to connect all villages with a population of 1000 (500 in hilly/ tribal areas) with a road; to construct 60 lakh additional houses for the poor; to provide drinking water to the remaining 74,000 habitations; to reach electricity to the remaining 1,25,000 villages and offer electricity connection to 2.3 crore households; and to provide telephone connectivity to the remaining 66,822 villages.

While addressing the need for strengthening the rural infrastructure social development in general should not be lost sight of. Bharat Nirman should not just be restricted to the buildingofcriticalinfrastructureintheruralareasinsixidentifiedfields,butshouldalsoencompass within its scope the overall development of India’s rural society.

Bharat Nirman will be possible only after the upliftment of rural India in general.

27. The impact of westward expansion of the settlers:

(a) Westward expansion of the settlers led to displacement of local tribes. They were driven beyond river Mississippi and further west.

(b) The settlers began agriculture on an extensive scale. They slashed and burnt forests, pulled out the stumps, cleared the land for cultivation and built log cabins in the forest clearings.Thentheyclearedlargerareasanderectedfencesaroundthefields.Theyploughed the land and sowed corn and wheat. Thus, agriculture was undertaken at the expense of grasslands and forests.

(c) The settlers continued moving further west to explore new land and raise a new crop. After the 1860s, the settlers reached the Great Plains across the river Mississippi. They started growing wheat there and soon turned this region a major wheat producing area of America.

28. Effects of monsoon rainfall in India:

(a) Indian agriculture is largely dependent upon the water from the monsoon rains. Late, low or excessive rains have a negative impact upon crops.

(b) Due to the uneven distribution of rainfall across the country, there are some regions thataredroughtproneandsomethatarefloodafflicted.

(c) The monsoon provides India with a distinct climatic pattern. Hence, in spite of the presenceofgreatregionalvariations,ithasaunifyinginfluenceuponthecountryandits people.


29.


OR


30.


1. The tree grows in straight lines having uniform height. 2. It is a situation in which one is unable to get even the minimum basic necessities of life

for his or her sustenance. 3. 382. 4. Only Lok Sabha can be dissolved. Rajya Sabha is a permanent body. 5. Rigging and booth capturing. 6. Giving 100 days employment to every household every year. 7. Prime Minister 8. 2400 calories per person per day in rural and 2100 calories per person per day in urban

area. 9. The colonial government restricted the lives of the Maasai pastoralists. Their freedom was

snatched when their best grazing lands were gradually taken over in the late 19th century for the white settlement and they (the maasai) were pushed into a smaller area to South Kenya and north Tanzania. The Maasai lost about 60% of their pre-colonial lands. They wereconfinedtoanaridzonewithuncertainrainfallandpoorpastures.Undercolonialgovernment, the cultivation expanded. Due to the expansion of cultivation, pasturelands wereturnedintocultivatedfields,whichcreatedanumberofproblemsfortheMaasaipastoralists. Large areas of Maasai grazing land were also turned into game reserves. For example, the National Park in Tanzania was created over 14,760 km of Massai grazing land. The pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves. They could neither hunt animals nor graze their herds in these areas. From the late 19th century, the colonial government began imposing restrictions on the mobility of the Nomadic pastoralists and the new territorial boundaries suddenly changed the life of the pastoralists. This adversely affected both their pastoral and trading activities. They were cut-off from their grazing landsandwereforcedtolivewithinasemi-aridtractpronetofrequentdroughts.Sincethey could not shift their cattle to places where pastures were available, large numbers of Maasai cattle died of starvation and disease.

10. The climate of India is described as the monsoon type. Despite an overall unity in the general pattern there are perceptible regional variations in climatic conditions within the country. Factors that affect the climate of a place depends on latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from sea, ocean currents and relief features. Two important elements that affect the regional variations are temperature and precipitation. Temperatures vary from 50° to 20° in summers in different parts of India. Similarly it varies from minus 45° to 22°C. Similarly there are variations in precipitations which varies from 400 cm in Meghalaya to less than 10 cm in Ladakh and Western Rajasthan.

11. (i) First dress code relates to turban and the hat. They not only looked different but signifieddifferentthings.TurbaninIndiawasasignofrespectabilityandcouldnotbe removed at will. In western tradition hat had to be removed before social superiors as a sign of respect.

(ii) Second relates to wearing of shoes. Shoes has to be removed in places of worship and at homeinIndiantradition.Britishofficialsfollowedthiscustominthecourtsofrulingkings and chiefs. Later on Britishers stopped following this practice and even forced Indians to take of shoes at the courts. This created a lot of resentment among Indians.

PRACTICE PAPER-4


12. Unlike hockey and football which became international games, played all over the world, cricket remained a colonial game. Cricket was limited to the countries which became a part of the British empire. The pre-industrial oddness made it hard game to export. It took rootonlyinthecountrieswhichwereconqueredbytheBritish.Inthesecolonies,cricketwas established as a popular sport either by white settlers or by local elites who wanted to copy the habits of their colonial masters.

13. Tropical deciduous forests (Monsoon forests): 1. These forests are the most widespread forests of India. They are also called the monsoon

forests and spread over the region receiving rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm. 2. Trees of this forest-type shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks in dry summer. 3. On the basis of the availability of water, these forests are further divided into moist

and dry deciduous. Moist deciduous forests: 1. These forests are found in areas receiving rainfall between 200 and 100 cm. 2. These forests exist, mostly in the eastern part of the country – northeastern states,

along the foothills of the Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Odisha and Chhattisgarh, and on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.

3. Teak is the most dominant species of this forest, bamboos, sal, shisham, sandalwood, khair are other commercially important trees.

Dry deciduous forests: 1. These forests are found in areas having rainfall between 100 cm and 70 cm. 2. These forests are found in the rainier parts of the peninsular plateau and the plains

of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. 3. There are open stretches in which teak, sal, peepal, neem grow. A large part of this

region has been cleared for cultivation and some parts are used for grazing. 4. In these forests, the common animals found are lion, tiger, pig, deer and elephant. 14. Every candidate contesting election has to make a legal declaration giving full details of: (a) Serious criminal cases pending against the candidate. b) Details of assets and liabilities of the candidate and his/her family (c)Educationalqualificationofthecandidate. This provides an opportunity to the voters to make their decision on the basis of the

information provided by the candidates. 15. Food Security System has two components: 1. Buffer stock. It is the stock of foodgrains (wheat, rice) procured by the government

through Food Corporation of India. The FCI purchases foodgrain from farmers in states where there is surplus production. Farmers are paid a pre-announced price for their crops called Minimum Support Price. MSP is declared by the government every year before the sowing season to provide incentives to farmers for raising production of wheat and rice.

The purchased foodgrains are stored in granaries. The government distributes these foodgrainsindeficitareasandamongthepoorstrataofsocietyatapricelowerthanthe marked price. This is called Issue Price.

2. Public Distribution System. The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops among the poorer section of the society. This is


called Public Distribution System (PDS). Ration shops are also called Fair Price Shops. They keep stock of foodgrains, sugar, kerosene oil (essential commodities) and are sold to people at a price lower than the market price.

16. All the courts at different levels in the country are collectively called the judiciary. It is independent and powerful institution and is considered essential for democracies.

The Indian judiciary consists of a Supreme Court for the entire nation, High Courts in the states, District Courts and the courts at local level. The judiciary in India is also one of the most powerful in the world.

India has an integrated judiciary. It means the Supreme Court controls the judicial administration in the country. It can take up any dispute

between citizens of the country. between citizens and government. between two or more state governments. between governments at the union and state level. Independence of the judiciary means that it is not under the control of the legislature or

the executive. The judges do not act on the direction of the government or according to the wishes of the party in power. That is why all modern democracies have courts that are independent of the legislature and the executive.

The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution of the country.

They can declare invalid any law of the legislature or the actions of the executive, whether attheUnionleveloratthestatelevel, iftheyfindsuchalaworactionisagainsttheConstitution. Thus, they can determine the Constitutional validity of any legislation or action of the executive in the country, when it is challenged before them. This is known as thejudicialreview.IftheCourtfindsthatalaworanorderoftheexecutivedisobeystheprovisions of the Constitution, it declares such law or order null and void.

The powers and the independence of the Indian judiciary allow it to act as the guardian oftheFundamentalRights.Thatiswhy,thejudiciaryenjoysahighlevelofconfidenceamong the people.

17. Various dimensions of poverty are: 1. It means hunger and lack of shelter. 2. It means lack of clean water and sanitation facilities. 3. It means people living with a sense of helplessness. 18. 1. The NPP 2000 provides a policy framework for imparting free and compulsory school

education up to 14 years of age. 2. Reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births. 3. Achieving universal immunisation of children against all vaccine preventable diseases. 4. Promoting delayed marriage for girls. 5. Making family welfare a people-centered programme. 19. (a) Under right to freedom, all the citizens enjoy the freedom to move freely throughout

the country. However, due to the security reasons, the freedom of movement of ordinary citizens can be restricted and their entry in border areas or army cantonment areas is generallyrestricted.Thisisverymuchjustifiedfromsecuritypointofview.

(b) Incertaincases(speciallyinremoteandtribalareas)suchrestrictionscanbejustifiedso that people of the area can maintain the cultural or ethnic identity. According to the


article 370 of the Indian Constitution, outsiders are not allowed to buy property and settle permanently in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

(c)Sucha restriction cannotbe justifiedbecause it isa clearviolationof the right tofreedom of expression.

20. Refer Page 82 Worksheet 107 Ans. 6. 21. It is worth mentioning that cricket retained its village game character. It remained a

pre-industrial sport that gained its maturity during the early phase of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century. Thus, the game of cricket retains in itself the characteristics of both the past and the present-day. Cricket’s connection with a rural past, can be discussed as under:

(i) Originally, there was no limit of time in the cricket matches. It continued as long as it took to bowl out a side twice. It was so as the pace of village life was slower and the cricket rules were formulated before the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought with it the modern factory work. It meant that workers were paid bythehourorbytheday.Thus,thevillagelifetoo,becamesomewhatquicker.However,eventhenthetimesoftheTestmatchwerefixedtothreedaysandthentofivedays.

(ii) The vagueness regarding the size of a cricket ground is an indicator of its village origins. In the beginning cricket was played outside the village on common lands. The common lands had no fences and were the public property. The size of the commons was notequal.Itvariedfromvillagetovillage.Thus,therewerenomarkedboundariesorboundary hits. Even when the boundaries came to be written into the laws of cricket, theirdistancefromthewicketremainedunspecified.

(iii)Asfarasthegame’sequipmentisconcerned,itcontinuedtoretainitsorigininruralEngland. Even today it can be easily found that almost all the important tools of cricket are made of natural, pre-industrial materials. The bat, stumps and the balls all are made of wood. In the beginning the bat was made of single piece of wood. But now it consists of two pieces, i.e., the blade and the handle. Blade is made out of the wood of the willow tree and handle is made out of cane. Ball is made of cork, twine and leather. Modern industrialmaterials suchasplastic,fibreglassandmetalarenotused incricketequipment.

However,itshouldbekeptinmindthattechnologicalchangehasclearlyinfluencedtheprotectiveequipmentofthegame.Padsandprotectiveglovesusedbytheplayersare made of vulcanised rubber. Pads were introduced in 1848. Similarly, the helmets used by the players are made of metal and synthetic light weight materials.

22. Thehugediversity infloraand faunakingdoms isdueto therelief factorscomprisingland and soil and climatic factors that include temperature, photoperiod (sunlight) and precipitation.

(a) Land. Landaffectsthenaturalvegetationdirectlyandindirectly.Itinfluencesthetype of vegetation. For example, the fertile land is used for agriculture and the rough terrains having grassland and woodlands provides shelter to a variety of wildlife.

(b) Soil. Different types of soils support different types of vegetation. For example, the sandy soils of the desert support cactus and thorny bushes while wet, marshy, deltaic soils support mangroves and deltaic vegetation. The hill slopes with some depth of soil have conical trees.

(c) Temperature. Temperature along with humidity in the air, precipitation and soil determines the type of vegetation, such as the slopes of the Himalayas and the hills of the Peninsula have subtropical temperate and alpine vegetation.


(d) Photoperiod (Sunlight). The variation in duration of sunlight at different places is due to differences in latitude, altitude, season and duration of the day. Regions receiving sunlight for longer duration have dense vegetation and trees grow faster in summer.

(e) Precipitation. India receives rainfall by southwest monsoon and retreating northeast monsoons. Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense vegetation as compared to other areas of less rainfall.

23. Challenges to Free and Fair Election are: •Candidatesandpartieswhichusemoneyandmusclepowerenjoyunfairadvantage

over small party and independent candidates. •Candidateswith criminalbackground sometimes force the other candidates out of

electoral race. They at times manage to get a popular party ticket. •Dominationofpoliticalpartiesbysomefamiliesanddistributionofticketstorelatives. •Notmuchdifferencebetweencandidatesofmajorpoliticalparties.Thismeanslittle

choice for the voters. • Itisdifficultforsmallpartyandindependentcandidatestocompetewithcandidates

of big political powers in terms of resources. Because of the above-mentioned challenges, there continues to be a demand for electoral

reforms by different sections of society. Though, the Election Commission has taken a number of measures but still the lot more needs to be done in this direction.

24. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 was passed in September 2005. It provided that the one-third of the jobs would be reserved for women. For the implementation of this scheme central and state governments will establish Employment Guarantee Funds. Under this programme, if an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days, he/she will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.

National food for work Programme was launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country. This programme is open to all poor in rural areas who want to do manual unskilled work.

Allocation for National Food for work programme has been increased from ` 4,020 crore in 2004-05 to ` 11,000 crore in 2005-06.

National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) has been launched on April 12, 2005 with the objective of providing greater access of the rural population especially the rural poor to the public Health care facilities.

Antyodaya Anna Yojana for Coverage has been increased to 2.5 crore families in 2005-06 from 2 crore in 2004-05. An ambitious programme for creation of rural infrastructure viz., Bharat Nirman has been launched to bring an additional one crore hectares under assured irrigation; to connect all villages with a population of 1000 (500 in hilly/ tribal areas) with a road; to construct 60 lakh additional houses for the poor; to provide drinking water to the remaining 74,000 habitations; to reach electricity to the remaining 1,25,000 villages and offer electricity connection to 2.3 crore households; and to provide telephone connectivity to the remaining 66,822 villages.

While addressing the need for strengthening the rural infrastructure social development in general should not be lost sight of. Bharat Nirman should not just be restricted to the buildingofcriticalinfrastructureintheruralareasinsixidentifiedfields,butshouldalsoencompass within its scope the overall development of India’s rural society.


Bharat Nirman will be possible only after the upliftment of rural India in general. 25. Collective responsibility means that council of ministers are held responsible collectively.

The cabinet works as a team on the principle of collective responsibility. The different cabinet Ministers may have different views and opinions on any matter but once the decisions are taken, everyone has to own up the responsibility. No minister can openly criticise any decision of the government even if it is concerning another ministry or department. That is why it is said that Cabinet Ministers sink and swim together.

26.AfterIndependencemanymeasureswereadoptedtoachieveself-sufficiencyinfoodgrains.India adopted a new strategy in agriculture like Green Revolution to increase the production of wheat. The success of wheat was later replicated in rice. The highest rate of growth was achieved in Punjab and Haryana, where foodgrain production jumped from 7.23 million tonnes in 1964-65 to reach an all-time high of 30.33 million tonnes in 1995-96. TamilNaduandAndhraPradesh,ontheotherhand,recordedsignificantincreasesinriceyield.Indiahasbecomeself-sufficientinfoodgrainsduringthelastthirtyyearsbecauseof a variety of crops grown all over the country. The availability of foodgrains (even in adverse weather conditions or otherwise) at the country level has further been ensured with a carefully designed food security system by the government.

27. The Raikas were a prominent pastoral nomad group in the deserts of Rajasthan. They were found in considerable numbers in Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner. They practised both cultivation and pastoralism. As you know rainfall in deserts is scanty and uncertain as well. As no crop could be grown on vast stretches, the Raikas had to combine cultivation with pastoralism. They stayed in their home villages during the monsoons as sufficientfodderwasavailablefortheiranimalsatthistime.ButbyOctoberthepastureswere exhausted and the grazing grounds became dry. Hence, they had to move out in order to search new pasture and water. The process was repeated and they came back to their home villages again during the next monsoon. One group of the Raikas herded camels and another reared goats and sheep. The Raikas who herded camels were known as Maru (desert) Raikas. Their settlements predominated the Thar desert near Jaisalmer in Rajasthan. The settlement of the Maru Raikas was known as dhandi.

Dhangars of Maharashtra were an important pastoral community of the plateau. Their major concentration was in the semi-arid tracts of central plateau of Maharashtra. The Dhangars were divided into various castes such as the Hatkars, Ahirs, Thellari, Khutekasrs, Kannade, Dange, Khatiks etc. They followed various occupations. Some of them were shepherds, some buffaloe herders and some others were blanket weavers.

The Dhangar Shepherds, generally, stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon. It was a semi-arid region having low rainfall and infertile land. The area was covered with thorny scrub. Bajra was the leading crop of this region as nothing but dry cropcouldbesownhere.However,thetractprovidedvastpasturefortheDhangarflocksduring the monsoon.

28. Change in pressure conditions over the southern oceans affect the monsoon. A feature connectedwith it is ElNino, awarm ocean current that flows past a peruvian coastin place of cold peruvian current every 2 to 5 years. The presence of El Niño leads to an increase in sea-surface temperature and weakening of trade winds in the region. The changes in pressure condition are connected to El Niño and hence, the phenomena is referred to as ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation).


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1. They wanted better control over the population.

2. Public Distribution System.

3. Monsoon type.

4. Fundamental Rights are necessary because they are fundamental to our lives and give us a special status.

5. No. This decision do not go against the principles of election as criminal cases are debarred from contesting elections.

6. World Bank uses a uniform standard of poverty line to make uniformity throughout the world.

7. President.

8. Fortheyear2011-12povertylineforapersonwasfixedat`816 per month for rural areas and `1000 for urban areas. Basis of calculation is monetary expenditure per capita needed forbuyingthecalorierequirements.

9. The pastoralists cope with the changes in a variety of ways:

(a) Some pastoralists reduced the number of cattle in their herds since there was not enough pasture to feed large number of cattle. Others discovered new pastures when their mobility to other grazing grounds was restricted.

(b) The new political boundaries between India and Pakistan stopped their movement. So,theyhadtofindnewplacestogo.Inrecentyears,theyhavebeenmigratingtoHaryana where sheep can graze on agricultural lands after the harvests are cut.

(c) Over the years, some rich pastoralists started buying lands and settling down by giving up their nomadic lives. Some became settled peasants cultivating land, while others took extensive trading as their occupation.

(d) Many poor pastoralists borrowed money from moneylenders to survive. At times, theylosttheircattleandsheepandbecamelabourers,workingonfieldsorinsmalltowns. Thus, the pastoralists were not only able to survive but also expanded in large numbers. When the pasturelands in one place was closed to them, they changed the direction of the movement, reduced the size of the herds, combined pastoral activity with other forms of income and adapted to the changes in the modern world.

10.Thevastdiversityinfloraandfaunakingdomisduetothefollowingfactors:

1. Relief and 2. Climate.

Relief 1. Land. We see different kinds of vegetation in the mountainous regions, plains and

plateaus and desert areas. The kind of plants which grow in dry and wet areas also differ.Thelandinfluencesthenaturalvegetation.Thefertilelandisusedforcultivationand growing crops. The woodland and grassland grow in rough terrains and slopes.

2. Soil. The soil differs from place to place, and each soil has different characteristics and support different types of plants, e.g., the dry sandy soil of the desert supports

PRACTICE PAPER-5


cactus and thorny bushes. The water and soil of the delta region support mangroves and wetland forest.

Climate 1. Temperature. It determines the extent of vegetation along with soil, precipitation

and humidity. In places above the snow line, in the Tundra region, only mosses and lichens are found. In areas of high temperature and heavy rainfall, many species of plants, trees, bushes, scrubs and creepers are found at the same place.

2. Photoperiod (sunlight). The amount of sunlight received by a place depends upon the latitude of a place, altitude, season and duration of the day. The trees grow faster due to longer sunlight.

3. Precipitation. In India most of the rainfall is brought by the advancing south-west monsoon and retreating north-east monsoon. Areas of heavy rainfall have dense vegetation and dry and arid region have sparse vegetation.

11. The enclosure movement gave rise to strong resentment among the poor and affected them in various ways:

1. It caused unemployment among the poor. The poor were displaced of the land, in particular, in the midlands and the countries around. With the coming of the enclosure system, they had to return land they had been cultivating on their own, to landowners. Only few were lucky enough to get it again when it was redistributed. Thus, a large number of them were deprived of their rights and driven off the land. As a result, they became landless tramping in search of work. It gave rise to the grave problem of unemployment.

2. The poor had to lose their customary rights with the coming of the fences. As the enclosed land turned to be the private property of one landowner, the poor were no longerabletocollect theirfirewoodfromthe forestsortograzetheircattleonthecommons. They could no longer hunt small animals, collect berries for food or gather thestalkslyingonthefieldsafterharvesting.Now,everythinghadapriceandthepoor were not able to pay for it.

3. Before the coming of the enclosure system, the labourers enjoyed job security. Usually they lived with their landowners and helped them throughout the year. But this practice started disappearing by 1800 A.D. The landowners in order to earn more profits,startedemployinglabourersonlyduringharvesttime.Consequently,thepoorhad no work for a very large part of the year. Thus, they had to face insecurity of work, uncertainty of employment and instablity of income.

12. As we know, different societies observe their different cultural norms. The European dresscodeswerequitedifferent fromtheIndiandresscodes. Itsometimesresulted inmisunderstandingsandconflicts.Thewearingofshoesandtheheadgearweretwosuchpoints.

When the British became the masters of India, they were distinguished as ‘hat wearers’ whereastheIndianswere‘turbanwearers’.Therewasasignificantdifferencebetweenthetwo headgears. According to the western tradition, the hat was to be removed before social


superiors as a mark of respect. However, it was not so with turban. In Indian tradition, the turban was a sign of respectability. It could not be removed at will. This cultural difference occasionally gave birth to misunderstanding. The British often took it as offended as the Indiansdidnottakeofftheirturbaninpresenceoftheircolonialofficials.ManyIndianson the other hand wore turban ceremonially or on formal occasions as a matter of honour and regional or national assertion.

Another point of difference was regarding the wearing of shoes. It is worth mentioning that in Indian society it had become customary to remove shoes while entering home or a sacred place. In the early years of the 19th century it became customary even for the Britishofficialstoremovetheirshoeswhilevisitingthecourtsoftherulingkingsorchiefs.SomeBritishofficialsalsoweretowearIndiancostumesatofficialfunctions. The British remained adamant on their arguement that as the Indians took off their shoes while entering home or a sacred place, they should also remove them while entering in the courtroom. But the Indians argued that the Indian tradition of removing shoes in sacred places and at home, was followed because of two reasons:

(i) People in Indian homes, normally sat on the ground. The shoes accumulated dirt and filthfromoutside.Hence,theseweretoberemovedasanecessityofkeepingtheplaceneat and clean.

(ii)Theleathershoesandthefilthstickingunderitwaspolluting.Hence,itwasnecessaryto take them off while entering a sacred place or home.

TheIndianspleadedthatasthepublicbuildingssuchasthecourtroom,werequitedifferentfrom home, there was no necessity of such a rule. However, it was only years later that the rule came to be changed.

13. Jet streams are a narrow belt of high altitude (above 12,000 m) westerly winds in the troposphere. Their speed varies from about 110 km/hr in summer to about 184 km/hr in winter. Jet steams are located approximately over 27°–30° north latitude, therefore, they are known as subtropical westerly jet streams. Over India, these jet streams blow south of the Himalayas, throughout the year except in summer. The western cyclonic disturbances experienced in the north and north-western parts of the country are brought in by this westerlyflow.Insummer,thesubtropicalwesterlyjetstreammovesnorthoftheHimalayaswith the apparent movement of the sun. An easterly jet stream, called the tropical easterly jet streams blows over peninsular India.

14. First of all, we will try to imagine a democracy without election. A rule of people is possible without any elections if all the people can sit together everyday and take all the decisions. But this is not possible in large community.

It is also not possible for everyone to have the time and knowledge to take decisions on all matters. Therefore in most democracies, people rule through their representatives. But thequestionarises,howtoensurewhethertheserepresentativesruleasperthewishesof the people?

Thisrequiresamechanismbywhichpeoplecanchoosetheirrepresentativesatregularintervals and change them if they wish to do so. This mechanism is called election.


Hence, elections are considered essential in our times for any representative democracy. 15. There are two methods by which the number of people who are living below the poverty

line is estimated: 1. Expenditure method and 2. Income method. 1.ExpenditureMethod. In thismethod, the totalminimum food requirement isfirst

estimated in calories which is 2,400 calories per day for an average man in rural areas and 2,100 calories per day in urban areas. Then this calories is converted into moneyvaluealongwiththeminimummoneyvalueofotherbasicrequirementssuchas clothing, shelter, etc.

The total amount, thus estimated is considered as Poverty Line. All those families which spend less than the Poverty Line for their consumption are considered as families living below the Poverty Line.

2. IncomeMethod.In2011-12,thepovertylineforruralareaswasfixedat` 816 per capitapermonthandforurbanareasitwasfixedat` 1000.

16. All the courts at different levels in the country are collectively called the judiciary. It is independent and powerful institution and is considered essential for democracies.

The Indian judiciary consists of a Supreme Court for the entire nation, High Courts in the states, District Courts and the courts at local level. The judiciary in India is also one of the most powerful in the world.

India has an integrated judiciary. It means the Supreme Court controls the judicial administration in the country. It can take up any dispute

between citizens of the country. between citizens and government. between two or more state governments. between governments at the union and state level. Independence of the judiciary means that it is not under the control of the legislature or

the executive. The judges do not act on the direction of the government or according to the wishes of the party in power. That is why all modern democracies have courts that are independent of the legislature and the executive.

The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution of the country.

They can declare invalid any law of the legislature or the actions of the executive, whether attheUnionleveloratthestatelevel, iftheyfindsuchalaworactionisagainsttheConstitution. Thus, they can determine the Constitutional validity of any legislation or action of the executive in the country, when it is challenged before them. This is known as thejudicialreview.IftheCourtfindsthatalaworanorderoftheexecutivedisobeystheprovisions of the Constitution, it declares such law or order null and void.

The powers and the independence of the Indian judiciary allow it to act as the guardian oftheFundamentalRights.Thatiswhy,thejudiciaryenjoysahighlevelofconfidenceamong the people.


17. Food insecurity is indicated by hunger also. Hunger is a cause and effect of poverty. The most abundant asset available to the poor is labour, which could be used to earn a living. However, hunger means that this labour is ineffective, entrapping the poor in hunger and poverty. For many, hunger is gnawing pain in the stomach when a meal is missed. On the other extreme, hunger is physical depletion of those suffering from chronic under-nutrition. Attainment of food security means eliminating current hunger and reducing the risk of future hunger. Hunger is multi-dimensional. It has chronic and seasonal dimensions. Chronichungeristheresultofthepoordietswhichareinsufficientbothinquantityandqualityanddonotprovidebasicenergy.Poorpeoplehavenopurchasingpower,sotheycannotbuytheminimumfoodrequirementsforthemselvesandmembersoftheirfamilyand suffer from chronic hunger. Some farmers commit suicide in different parts of the country on account of crop failure, inability to repay loans or sheer indebtedness. Enough foodgrainsareavailable,butnot“economicallyaccessible”tomany.Suchpeoplesufferfrom chronic hunger. Seasonal hunger is related to growing and harvesting of food crops. This type of hunger is found in rural areas because of the seasonal nature of agricultural activities.Inurbanareasitisfoundamongcasuallabourersbecausetheydonotfindworkthroughout the year.

18. Forests are renewable resources. The plants, animals and micro-organisms recreate the qualityofairwebreathe,thewaterwedrinkandthesoilthatproducesourfoodwithoutwhich we cannot survive. Forests play a key role in the ecological system as they are also the primary producers on which all living things depend.

Forests modify the local climate, control soil erosion, regulate stream flow, providelivelihood for many communities. They control wind force and temperature and cause rainfall. They provide humus to the soil and shelter to wild animals.

Forest cover in India has reduced rapidly due to industrialisation and urbanisation and over-grazingofpastures.Thevegetationinmanypartshavebeenmodifiedexceptintheinaccessible regions of the Himalayas.

19. India is a secular state. The constitution confers on the people of India the freedom

1. to follow any religion of their choice,

2. topractiseitaccordingtotheirspecificwaysand

3. to preach it.

Right to freedom of religion was very essential in case of India because most of people in India follow different religions. Secularism is based on the idea that state is concerned only with relations among human beings and not with the relations between human beings and God.Asecularstateisthatwhichdoesnotestablishanyreligionastheofficialreligion.The state has to be neutral and impartial in dealing with all religions. The state has no religion of its own.

20. Refert to Page 82 Worksheet 107 Ans. 6.

21.Plantingdifferentcropsinthesamefieldnexttooneanother.Ithelpsaswindbreaksand give the soil a chance to rest from the prevision crop that may have depleted certain


elementsnotrequiredbythenewcrop.Itworksthesameascroprotation,however,theentirefieldisnotfallow.

22. Thestepsadoptedbythegovernmenttoconservefloraandfaunaare:

1.14biospherereserveshavebeensetupinthecountrytoprotectfloraandfauna.

2. Financial and technical assistance is being provided to many Botanical gardens by the government since 1992.

3. Project Tiger, Project Rhino and many other eco-developmental projects have been introduced.

4. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and zoological gardens are being set up to take care of natural heritage.

Examples of bio-reserves in India:

Sunderbans in West Bengal and Niligiri have been included in the world network of biosphere reserve.

23. Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in the following ways:

(a) Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both the Houses. But if there is a dispute betweenthetwoHouses,thefinaldecisionistakeninajointsessioninwhichmembersof both the Houses sit together. As the Lok Sabha consists of a large number of members, its view prevails in such a meeting.

(b) Lok Sabha exercises more powers in matters of money bills. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget of the government or any other money related law, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can delay it for 14 days or suggest changes in it. The Lok Sabha may or may not accept these changes.

(c) The Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. Only a person who enjoys the majority support of the members of the Lok Sabha is appointed as the Prime Minister. If the majorityoftheLokSabhamemberssaythattheyhavenoconfidenceintheCouncilof Ministers, then all the ministers including the Prime Minister have to resign. This power is not enjoyed by the Rajya Sabha.

24. The government formulated several anti-poverty schemes to eradicate poverty such as National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005, Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY), Rural Employment Generation Programme, Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY), Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY), National Food for Work Programme.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 •NationalRuralEmploymentGuaranteeAct(NREGA)2005waspassedinSeptember

2005.

•TheActassures100daysemploymenteveryyeartoeveryhousehold.

• Initiallycovering200districts,theActwouldbeextendedlaterontocover600districts.

•One-thirdofthejobsarereservedforwomen.

•ThecentralgovernmentwillalsoestablishNationalEmploymentGuaranteeFunds.Similarly state governments will establish State Employment Guarantee Funds for


implementation of the scheme. Under the programme if an applicant is not provided employment within fifteen days she/he will be entitled to a daily unemploymentallowance.

25. Right against Exploitation:

(a)TheConstitutionprohibits‘trafficinhumanbeings’.Traffic here means selling and buying of human beings, usually women, for immoral purposes.


(c) It also prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child below the age of fourteen to work in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous work.

26. Buffer stock is the stock of foodgrains and rice procured by the government through Food Corporation of India (FCI).

Buffer stock is created by the government:

(i) todistributefoodgrainsinthedeficitareas.

(ii) to use among the poorer strata of society at a lower price.

(iii) to resolve the problem of shortage of food during adverse weather conditions or during the period of calamity. (Any other point to maintain food security

27. The triangular trade refers to the trade between England, India and China in the 18th century.

The English East India Company was buying tea and silk from China for sale in England. As tea became a popular English drink, the tea trade became more and more important.

England at this time produced nothing that could be easily sold in China. The western merchantsdidnothaveawaytofinancetheteatrade.

Theycouldbuyteaonlybypaying insilvercoinsorbullion.Thismeantanoutflowoftreasure from England.

At last it was decided that opium would be grown in India and transported to China in exchange of tea.

28. Advancing monsoon (The rainy season). By early June, the low pressure condition over the northernplainsintensifies.ThewindwardsideoftheWesternGhatsreceivesveryheavyrainfall. The maximum rainfall of this season is received in the north-eastern part of the country. Mawsynram in the southern ranges of the Khasi hills receives the highest average rainfall in the world. Another phenomenon associated with the monsoon is its tendency to have ‘breaks’ in rainfall. Thus, it has wet and dry spells. They are interspersed with rainless intervals.


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CONTENTS · 3. Preventing Common Human Induced Disasters Formative Assessment Worksheets 124 to...

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Transcript of CONTENTS · 3. Preventing Common Human Induced Disasters Formative Assessment Worksheets 124 to...