Chapter 5Our CanadaSocial 7

Focus Questions

• How did competition between France & Britain to control North America shape Canada?

• What challenges of co-existence among British, Canadien & First Nations lead to?

• How did people meet those challenges?

Preview• Britain & France fought

to gain control of North America• The battle took place on

the Atlantic Coast and trade routes• Other battles took place

in the interior for the fur trade

Why Control Acadia?

• France and Britain saw Acadia as a base for attacking each other. • To the Mi’kmaq, Acadia was a part of their homeland. • Location was important for trade & military ships.• In 1604 French had settled Acadia & established farms & a friendly

relationship with the Mi’ kmaq • French built a fort & military base called Louisbourg & Britain

created Halifax• In 1713 Britain won the War of Spanish Succession & gained control

over the territory called Acadia• This was decided in the Treaty of Utrecht• Mi’ kmaq fought against British colonization

Acadia

Identify 2 Differences between French/Acadian & British/Acadian Relationships

Timeline• 1713 Britain takes control of Acadia through the Treaty

of Utrecht• 1720 France builds Louisbourg• 1745 Britain captures Louisbourg• 1748 France regains Louisbourg• 1749 Britain builds Halifax• 1758 Britain captures Louisbourg during the 7 Years War• 1763 France cedes all claims in North America. Under

The Treaty of Paris France is left with 2 small islands off Newfoundland: Saint-Pierre, & Miquelon

What does the term cede mean? Which war was concluded with the Treaty of Utrecht?

Great Deportation• 1713 Britain controlled Acadia & told Acadians to leave within 1 year

(Most Acadians stayed)

• 1730 those Acadians that stayed were forced to take an ‘Oath of Neutrality’

• 1755 Acadians required to take an‘Oath of Allegiance’, forcing Acadians to support Britain in a war against France

• Refusal resulted in deportation or they found protection with the Mi‘kmaq

• Great deportation- 11 000 Acadians were forced from their homes leaving everything behind

• Britain deported the Acadians because: Acadia was a very important strategic location in the event of a war

• Acadians were catholic & French so they were associated more with the French culture

• Acadians outnumbered the British, they refused to support Britain & they were not trusted

What was the reaction of the Acadians when they were forced from their homeland? Where did the deported go?

7 Years War

• 1754 British & French battled for control for the Ohio Valley, this escalated into war• 1756 British aimed to end French control in North America & Britain to dominate the

seas• The war would take place not only in North America but also on the oceans & in

Europe• 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham was one of the Most important of the 7 Years

war• General Wolfe led Britain’s attack on Quebec & defeated the French led by General

Montcalm• This was an important victory because Quebec was a French stronghold• French were forced to retreat to Montreal• Although the French were able to later surround Quebec the British continued their

dominance when reinforcements came in the spring• 1763 Treaty of Paris ends the 7 Year War between France & Britain• France is left with the colony Guadeloupe & two islands off the Newfoundland coast• French people left in North America were protected to practice their Catholic faith

Why was Quebec such an important position during the 7 Years War?

1763 Royal Proclamation

• Statement was important because it was an attempt at peace• It assimilated the Canadiens by having a British style

government, disallowing Catholics from holding government positions, abolishing French laws & encouraging British settlers to move to Quebec• The peace with the First Nations was done through a

proclamation line which separated the Thirteen Colonies & Indian territory• There was to be no settlement in the Indian territory

which was just West of the Thirteen Colonies

Canada After Proclamation of 1763

What would be the reaction of the French, British & First Nations following the Royal Proclamation?

Quebec 1763

Quebec 1774

Quebec Act 1774

• During the 1770’s the 13 Colonies were at war with Britain to gain independence from Britain

• This was called the War of Independence• Britain had attempted to assimilate the Canadiens to become British• The British were worried about resistance from the territory of

Quebec similar to that from the 13 Colonies• In order to gain support from Quebec the British relaxed the idea of

becoming British in the Quebec Act• It stated that: Catholics could practice their religion, Catholic church

could play a role in decisions of the colony, Canadiens could hold government positions, French laws were reinstituted, & Quebec’s boundaries were extended without First Nation assistance