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DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the U. S. Government.

MCSP DRC WATER QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN (WQAP) FOR HEALTH CARE FACILITY WATER SUPPLY

Water Quality Assurance PlanPROJECT/ACTIVITY DATAProject/ Activity Name: Maternal and Child Survival Program (MCSP)Implementation Start/End: FY 16 – FY 19Solicitation/Contract/Award Number:

AID-OAA-A-14-00028

Implementing Partner(s): Jhpiego, John Snow, Inc.Geographic Location(s): Kinshasa, Bas-Uélé, TshopoPeriod of Performance: FY 16 - FY 19Tracking ID/link of this WQAP: DRC WQAP for MCSP FY 2016-2019

https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=51562

Tracking ID/link of Related RCE/IEE (if any):

USAID/DRC Health Portfolio IEE, appr. 9/22/2015 https://ecd.usaid.gov/repository/pdf/45611.pdf& GH Supply Chain Management Systems Agreement

Tracking ID/link of Other, Related Analyses:

Environmental Guidelines for Healthcare Waste http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/healthcareWaste.htm

ORGANIZATIONAL/ADMINISTRATIVE DATAImplementing Operating Unit(s): (e.g. Mission or Bureau or Office)

USAID DRC

Funding Amount: $11,128,921Lead BEO Bureau: Brian Hirsch, BEO Africa Bureau

AFR (Mission buy-in to GH Central mechanism)Cc: GH BEO Denis Durbin

Prepared by: Francois Kangela, MCSP WASH AdvisorDate Prepared: 9/18/2018Submitted by: Dr. Boniface Mutombo wa Mutumbo, MCSP,

JHPIEGODate Submitted: 9/19/2018WQAP Expiration Date 8/30/2019 or until MSCP end dateImplementing Partner Boniface Mutombo Wa Mutombo, Chief of

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DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the U. S. Government.

http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/healthcareWaste.htm

http://www.usaidgems.org/Sectors/healthcareWaste.htm

https://ecd.usaid.gov/repository/pdf/45611.pdf

https://ecd.usaid.gov/repository/pdf/45611.pdf



individual contract and title, address, phone and email:

Party, Jhipiego, DRC Maternal and Child Survival ProgramGombe Commune, Kinshasa, Dem. Rep. [email protected] tel: +243 82 630 4830

USAID AOR Contact: Malia Boggs, Sr. Tech. Adv., USAID/GH/HIDN/MCH, [email protected] & USAID/DRC AOR Team:Sabiti Kalindula, [email protected] , Lina Piripiri [email protected]

Proposed subproject/subgrant:

NA

Location of WASH Activities: Bas-Uélé, TshopoCertification:I, the undersigned, certify that:1. The information on this form and accompanying WQAP is correct and complete.2. Implementation of these activities will not go forward until specific approval is

received from the C/AOR. 3. All mitigation and monitoring measures specified in the WQAP will be

implemented in their entirety, and that staff charged with this implementation will have the authority, capacity and knowledge for successful implementation.

Signature: /cleared/ Date: 11/16/2018

Print name: BONIFACE MUTOMBO WA MUTOMBO COP: MCSP/DRC

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mailto:[email protected]




Signing Statement: AFR BEO Conditions for Progressive ImplementationNote: AFR BEO has the following signing comments to accompany his clearance of the DRC MSCP WQAP (Nov. 2018), to aid future After Action Review of the implementation of the new WQAP Guidance (April 2018):

The AFR BEO commends the DRC Mission and authors of the DRC Maternal and Child Survival Program (MCSP) WQAP. The below issues do not justify a revision of the MCSP WQAP prior to implementation, but are, rather, points for consideration in an update, perhaps in conjunction with regular required reporting to the AOR/COR.

There are four primary issues/gaps that could be improved in the WQAP, based on our review. These issues could be included in an update at a later time, as the implementer reviews the environmental compliance implementation. Please note that the four primary issues are listed in order of importance, and “Additional Issues” are identified in the last paragraph of the statement.

These issues should be addressed in an update of the WQAP within a year from start-up, at latest, as the implementer(s) address(es) the WQAP implementation.

There are the four primary gaps/issues to address:

1) Issue: The WQAP does not propose additional potentially relevant project- or site-specific parameters. The first issue arises in Section II, “Assessment of Applicable Water Quality Standards and Criteria,” in the subsection entitled, “USAID Recommended Water Quality Parameters,” and in Table II, in the row entitled, “Other Chemical Contaminants.” The narrative describes the minimum eight USAID-recommended water quality parameters but does not propose additional project-specific parameters based on conditions at the HCFs in the Tshopo and Bas-Uélé provinces.

This type of document is intended to be source-specific. For example, a bore hole development should have its own WQAP elements, since every source presents different risks that need to be mitigated in specific ways.

Action: The WQAP authors should complete the desk top or field research on current and historic land use in the area around each HCF for potential contamination from nearby domestic, commercial, industrial, or agricultural activities and facilities.1 This research may result in site- or project-specific requirements to analyze additional parameters, beyond the 8 minimum parameters recommended by USAID.

1 For example, in the immediate region around Kisangani, there may be residual contamination from the former pulp and paper industry. Similarly, in the immediate area of Yangambi, there may be potential historical contamination from the Ag Research Station. It is expected that there may be potential contamination in both provinces from existing artisanal or commercial mining and logging. Above all, potential contamination from existing management and disposal of health care wastes should be considered

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The WQAP as it is presents a plan to deal with all the WASH sector for the project. Please find ways to capture specific water sources’ parameters. For example: What about the water yield from testing borehole A, what are the results for the quality parameters tests (levels of nitrates, arsenic, etc. for that source? When is the next test due for those water sources, etc.? For rock catchment development: What are the risk factors, what are the design factors, what is the testing regime, etc.?

2) Issue: How will MCSP analyze for potential bacterial contamination? The second critical issue also lies in Section II, in the subsection entitled, “Inventory of Selected Water Quality Standards.” The narrative in this subsection does not clearly describe how MCSP will analyze for potential bacterial contamination.

Action: The authors should clarify which analyses, for total coliform, fecal coliform and E-coli, will be used and in what manner. Fecal coliform is the parameter which is an indicator of coliform bacteria from mammals and recommended by USAID. If total coliform, which measures total coliform from many sources, including mammals, plants and soil, is analyzed, the WQAP should describe how human contamination will be confirmed using a follow up laboratory analysis, typically for fecal coliform or E-coli.

3) Issue: How will the field team travel to the field, collect the samples, deploy field kits, and return samples for analysis as appropriate? The third issue arises in in Section III, “Resources for Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis,” in the subsection entitled, “Sample Collection and Field Measurement.”

Action: An assessment of the mobilization of field teams to the outlying Health Care Facilities for sampling and analysis is required. The narrative does not describe how the field team will travel to the field, collect the samples, and deploy field kits, and return to Kisangani and Buta. In addition, it is not clear from this section, which parameters will be tested using the field kit and which parameters will be tested in the lab, if necessary.

4) Issue: Stakeholder Engagement. The fourth primary issue arises in Section IV, “Sustainability and Operational Factors Affecting Water Quality.” Stakeholder participation and plans for long term sustainability are not sufficiently addressed in this section, although addressing both issues is critical to the success of WASH projects.

Action: It is recommended that the WQAP authors include a description of stakeholder engagement, in a stakeholder engagement plan, if possible, as well as a description of the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholder organizations, and how they will monitor water quality. In addition, the narrative should describe how and when routine operation and maintenance (O&M) will be performed, in an O&M plan, if possible, beyond the duration of USAID-funded activities.

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Additional Issues: Customize generic procedures to the specific aspects of the project areas. Throughout the MCSP WQAP, procedures and methodologies included in the USAID/AFR WQAP template have been included without consideration of the specific conditions of the MCSP activity and the provinces of Tshopo and Bas Uele.

Action: It is recommended that these generic procedures, as well as the EMMP, be customized to the specific features of this project. For example, the procedures for sampling and analysis in the subsection entitled, “Procedures and Protocols for Collection, Measurement, Sample Preservation and Transport to Laboratories,” are generic and are not applicable to this project, without customization. Similarly, Table 5 is not accurate for the test kits proposed in the WQAP.

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APPROVAL*:

PROJECT/ACTIVITY NAME: WQAP for DRC Maternal and Child Survival Program (MCSP)Notes: https://ecd.usaid.gov/document.php?doc_id=51562 1. For clearance to be granted, the activity MUST be within the scope of the activities for which use of the WQAP is authorized in the governing IEE. Review IEE before signature. If activities are outside this scope, deny clearance and provide explanation in comments section. The Partner, C/AOR, MEO and REA must then confer regarding next steps: activity re-design, an IEE or EA.2. Clearing a WQAP containing one or more findings that significant adverse impacts are possible indicates agreement with the analysis and findings. It does NOT authorize activities for which “significant adverse impacts are possible” to go forward. It DOES authorize other activities to go forward. The Partner, C/AOR, MEO and REA must then confer regarding next steps: activity re-design, an IEE or EA.

Clearance: ___________________________________________________Lina Piripiri, Activity Manager, USAID/DRC

10/11/2018Date

Clearance: ___________________________________________________Malia Boggs, A/COR (required), GH/HIDN/MCH

12/6/2018Date

Clearance: ___________________________________________________Diane Mbanzidi, Mission Environmental Officer, USAID/DRC

10/11/2018Date

Clearance: __________________________________________________David Kinyua , Regional Environmental Advisor (USAID/KEA, Nairobi)

10/30/2018Date

Concurrence:

__________________________________________________Brian D. Hirsch, Africa Bureau Environmental Officer (BEO)

12/13/2018Date

*C/AOR, MEO and REA clearance is required. BEO clearance is reserved for 'high risk' activities as determined by the Mission or REA, or where the environmental screening has determined that 'significant adverse impacts' are possible. Scale, number of beneficiaries & sites, urban settings, potential contaminants, etc., may be factors.

DISTRIBUTION:

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/cleared/

/cleared/

/cleared/

/cleared via email/

/cleared/

CC: GH BEO Dennis Durbin

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSCCA Clean Clinic ApproachCODESA Comité de Développement Sanitaire des Aires de santéDRC Democratic Republic of the CongoDPS Division provincial de la SantéMCSP Maternal and Child Survival ProgramIEE Initial Environmental ExaminationISO International Organization for StandardizationJSI John Snow IncHZ Health ZoneHCF Health Care FacilityJHPIEGO John Hopkins program for International Education In Gynecology and ObstetricsSC Save the Childrenm³ Cubic meter NGO Non-Governmental OrganizationspH Potential of HydrogenTDS Total Dissolved SolidsUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentWASH Water, Sanitation and HygieneWHO World Health OrganizationWQAP Water Quality Assurance Plan

WATER QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN

WQAP MCSP DRC FY 2016-2019 9

CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS........................................................................8CONTENTS.........................................................................................................9TABLES............................................................................................................10I. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................11II. ASSESSMENT OF APPLICABLE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS AND CRITERIA.. .14

II. I. Research of Regulatory Requirements........................................................................14II. II Inventory of Selected Water Quality Standards...........................................................17II. III Rationale for Selection of Site Specific Water Quality Parameters:............................18

III. RESOURCES FOR SAMPLE COLLECTION AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS.........19III. I Sample Collection and Field Measurement..................................................................19iIi. ii Laboratory Analysis....................................................................................................22III. III Documentation of Availability of ResourceS..............................................................23

IV. SUSTAINABILITY AND OPERATIONAL FACTORS AFFECTING WATER QUALITY26PLANNING......................................................................................................................26OPERATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY......................................................................................26

V. CORRECTIVE MEASURES.............................................................................26V. I. Human Health-Related Drinking Water Quality Parameters of Concern:.....................26V. II. Operational-Based Drinking Water Quality Parameters of Concern:..........................27

Summary EMMP Matrix..................................................................................................29ANNEXES.........................................................................................................31

A: WQAP RECORD AND COMPLIANCE TEMPLATE...............................................................31B: INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION.....................................34C: Water testing materials.................................................................................................35


TABLESTable 1: Health Care Facilities Location8Table 2: Justification for Inclusion of Key Drinking Water Quality Parameters in USAID Africa Bureau WQAP Guide........................................................................10Table 3. Applicable Human Health-Related Drinking Water Quality Parameters of Concern................................................................................................................13Table 4: Applicable Operational-Based Drinking Water Quality Parameters of Concern................................................................................................................13Table 5: Availability of Resources for Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis 19


I. INTRODUCTIONThe Maternal and Childhood Survival Program (MCSP) is working in partnership with the DRC Ministry of Health (MOH) to increase the coverage and use of quality, evidence-based reproductive health care, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health care interventions within households, communities, and health care facilities at all levels of operation health system (hospital and health center). MCSP-DRC provides technical, financial, and material support to the MOH (national level), two provinces (Tshopo and Bas-Uélé), 8 health districts, 106 health care facilities and 119 community care sites to strengthen health provider capacity, increase utilization of health services, improve the quality of health services and referral networks, develop managerial capacity, and support the formulation and implementation of national and Provincial health policies. The water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) component of MCSP-DRC focuses on ensuring that health facilities meet WASH standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and adopted by the MOH. Currently, these health care facilities are using existing water supply systems. The geographic locations of the health care facilities sites are indicated in Table 1 below. MCSP does not build the water supply infrastructure. It provides technical advice for the proper management of existing water supply systems, train healthcare providers on water treatment technologies and will provide rainwater harvesting equipment and tanks for safe storage of drinking water. The existing water supply systems include the following main components:

Dug/Well with hand pump: MCSP will technically advise the WASH Committee on carrying out regular sanitary inspections to monitor water quality, to identify potential sources of contamination, maintenance of the pump and its accessories

Deep borehole with solar pump: technical advising on regular sanitary inspections to monitor water quality, maintenance of the electro-mechanical device, twice a year cleaning tank, control of tap and water drawing area

Open unprotected well: technical advising on the systematic treatment and quality monitoring of drinking water, water used in delivery rooms and to wash newborns and the parturiante

Natural protected water spring: Advise on safe water transport and storage, regular monitoring of basic water quality and inspection and maintenance of the spring and its surroundings clean and in good state.

Surface water (rivers, streams, etc): systematic treatment of drinking water, water to be used in delivery rooms and to wash newborns and the parturiante

Rainwater harvesting: Provision of tanks, gutters, pipes and filters for the safe rainwater collection facility. The installation works will be carried out by the HCF themselves

Even though MCSP is not responsible for the construction of the water supply infrastructure, it will have to make sure that water delivered to health care facilities (HCFs) from groundwater wells, treated water from rivers, open wells, rainwater,


etc., undergo water quality testing and analysis based on acceptable international national, and USAID’s requirements. Since there is no a qualified analytical laboratory to conduct the required water quality testing in the region, MCSP will procure portable laboratory test kits for the two supported provinces. Therefore, the purpose of this Water Quality Assurance Plan (WQAP) is to outline the requirements for MCSP to assure proper water quality testing, analysis, and recommendations.

Table 1: Health Care Facilities Location

TshopoHealth Zone

Health Care Facility

Water point

BASOKO 1. LOKUTU 2. AMBAMBE 3. BUMANE

Borehole with hand pumpOpen unprotected wellOpen unprotected well

ISANGI 1. YABONGENGO2. YALIKINA3. YALOSASE4. LILANDA5. LOMBOTO

Borehole with hand pumpBorehole with hand pumpOpen unprotected wellProtected springRainwater, river

YABAONDO

1. MUMBA LOSUNA2. LIGASA ETAT3. YAENISA

River, Borehole with hand pumpRainwater, river

YAHISULI 1. WENGE HAUT2. CS LIITHO pisé

RiverRiver

YAKUSU 1. YALOLIA2. YASELIA3. YELENGE4. YALOKOMBE

Borehole with solar pumpRainwater, Open wellRiver, well with hand pumpBorehole with solar pump

ZS YALEKO 1. YAKOKO2. YATOLEMA3. ST NICOLAS

RiverRiverBorehole with hand pump

Bas-UéléHealth Zone

Health Care Facility

Water point


AKETI 1. AKETI hospital2. NGBONGADE 3. BOGANGA4. BUNDUKI5. DULIA

Borehole with mororized pumpOpen unprotected wellRiver Rainwater, SpringRainwater, Open unprotected well

BUTA 1. BUTA hospital 2. SUKISA 3. MASELEMBEN

DE 4. YEMA 5. MALIKUTA6. YEME7. MOBENGE8. TRIANGLE9. RIVE-GAUCHE10. KOTELI

Unprotected spring, well with hand pumpRiver River, rainwater Rainwater, riverBorehole with solar pumpBorehole with solar pumpBorehole with solar pumpBorehole with solar pumpBorehole with solar pumpUnprotected spring, river


Initial assessment indicates that water quality of the existing groundwater-well based water supply systems at the health care facilities could be potentially affected by the following:

Inherent geological/hydrogeological conditions inside the HCF compounds or surrounding area of influence

Potential sources of water pollution within the health center’s compound such as:

o Pit latrineso Septic pitso Soak-away pits or sand moundso Placenta pitso Other contaminant sources

As part of the Water Quality Assurance Plan (WQAP), MCSP shall conduct a comprehensive assessment of the above potential contaminant sources within 200 meters (m) surrounding the groundwater different supported HCFs’ water points. MCSP will review designs and other relevant information related to the HCFs to understand itself the various facilities that are available in the HCFs’ compounds. The location of the groundwater water points shall be in such a way that potential contamination from these sources is averted. The minimum distance between the wells and contaminant sources is 30m. Also, other mitigation measures such as increasing well grouting depth shall be advised. (Please see the example protocol for investigation of potential sources of contamination in Annex B which may be used as a checklist for this assessment.)

II.


II. ASSESSMENT OF APPLICABLE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS AND CRITERIAThis section presents the recommended USAID, DRC and WHO water-quality standards that need to be followed under the MCSP.

II. I. RESEARCH OF REGULATORY REQUIREMENTSII. I. I.. USAID RECOMMENDED WATER QUALITY PARAMETERSThe USAID Africa Bureau WQAP Guidance Note recommends to test for eight key drinking water quality parameters, which consist of four health-related and four operational-related parameters:

Health-Related Parameters: Arsenic Fecal Coliform Fluoride Nitrate (as NO3-)

Operational-Related Parameters: Electrical Conductivity Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) pH Turbidity

The four health-related parameters were selected based on prevalence globally, potential for contaminating drinking water sources, and severity of illness as a result of exposure. The four operational parameters were selected based on the ease of measurement and potential to indicate the presence of other health related contaminants in a given water sample. A justification for including each of the eight drinking water contaminants in the WQAP Guidance Note is outlined in the Table II below. Table II: Justification for Inclusion of Key Drinking Water Quality Parameters in USAID Africa Bureau WQAP Guide

WATER QUALITY PARAMETER

JUSTIFICATION FOR INCLUSION

Arsenic (As) Arsenic is a naturally-occurring metalloid found in many parts of the world. Consumption of arsenic at high concentrations can lead to death, while long-term exposure at lower concentrations through drinking water sources can lead to a severe chronic illness called arsenicosis. Long-term exposure can result in thickening of the skin, darker skin, abdominal pain, diarrhea, heart disease, numbness and cancer. Following the discovery of several cases of arsenicosis as a result of USAID-funded water supply programs in the 1990’s, the Agency now requires the testing of arsenic in all water supply programs.


Fecal coliform

Fecal coliform, specifically Escherichia coli (E. coli), is the most common waterborne pathogen linked to diarrheal disease and is associated with human or animal waste. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that diarrheal disease causes 1.5 million deaths annually, affecting mainly children in developing countries. Approximately, 58% of these deaths are attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene. Other diseases that can be transmitted by contaminated water include typhoid fever, cholera, salmonellosis, dysentery, and botulism, as well as viral diseases including SARS, Hepatitis A, and Polio.

Fluoride (F-) Fluoride is a naturally-occurring anion of fluorine which occurs in minerals and fluoride salts. In small quantities, fluoride can be helpful to human health and protect from tooth decay. However, in higher concentrations (above several parts per million), fluorides can cause pitting of teeth and skeletal problems including crippling fluorosis, anemia and stiff joints. Heavy concentrations of fluoride can be found naturally throughout northern Africa, the Middle East and central Asia.

Nitrate (NO3-)

Nitrate (NO3-) is an inorganic compound that occurs naturally or is produced synthetically, and is commonly used in fertilizer. The consumption of high concentrations of nitrate (greater than 45 mg/L of NO3-) and the subsequent reduction of nitrate to nitrite (NO2-) can lead to methemoglobinemia, particularly in infants. The presence of nitrite in the blood converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which cannot carry oxygen and can lead to brain damage or death at high enough concentrations.

Other chemical contaminants

Other potential water contaminants of concern include heavy metals including iron, cadmium, mercury, lead, and chromium as well as pesticides and industrial chemicals, all of which can be found in drinking water sources, and can lead to a variety of health risks. Heavy metals are often present in drinking water sources as a result of mining operations or other industrial activities, while agricultural chemicals can be found in runoff in rural areas or infiltrate into groundwater sources. USAID recommends an investigation of potential sources of contamination at each project site, in order to determine potential risks that should be monitored during the project implementation phase.

Electro-conductivity

Conductivity is a measure of the ability of water to pass an electrical current, and is determined by the inorganic dissolved solids such as chloride, nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate anions (ions that carry a negative charge) or sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and aluminum cations (ions that carry a positive charge). Healthy freshwater systems have a range of 150 and 500 µhos/cm (microsiemens per centimeter), but may vary greatly depending on the geology and mineral deposits. Sharp changes to electro-conductivity from baseline condition can indicate an influx of wastewater from industrial or agricultural activity.

Total Dissolved

TDS is closely related to conductivity and is a measure of all ion particles that are smaller than 2 microns (0.0002 cm), and is a


Solids (TDS) close approximation of salinity (although dissolved organic matter and other compounds may be included in the TDS measurement). High TDS can also indicate high alkalinity or hardness. Sharp changes to the TDS indicate changes to the overall water quality.

pH pH is a measure of the balance between hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH -), with a pH of 7.0 being neutral. Surface water sources normally range from a pH of 6.5 to 8.5, while groundwater sources can range from 6 to 8.5. In general, water with a low pH (< 6.5) could be acidic and corrosive, and could lead to elevated levels of metals as a result of the leaching of metals such as iron, manganese, copper, lead, and zinc from the aquifer, plumbing fixtures, and piping. Waters with higher alkalinity (a pH > 8.5) indicate hardness (high concentration of dissolved minerals, particularly calcium and magnesium) and could contribute to mineral deposits on the water piping. Although hardness is not a health concern, it can result in distasteful water.

Turbidity Turbidity is a measure of the clarity or cloudiness of water and could be caused by silt, sand, mud, chemical precipitates, algae, bacteria, and other microscopic organisms. Turbidity is a quick and easy indicator of particulate or contaminant loading.

MCSP will test the eight USAID recommended parameters. As there is no a laboratory with capacity for water quality testing in Kisangani, MCSP will procure portable laboratory test kits from international certified vendor in consultation with the USAID’ MEO. Fecal coliform and total coliform will be tested separately to be more accurate with E.coli parameter surveilance.II. I. II. HOST COUNTRY REGULATIONSThe DRC adopted the WHO drinking water standards. While no written regulation could be found regarding the use of WHO standards, the Ministry of Health has confirmed the use of the WHO standards and the absence of nation-wide water quality standards. Apart from that, some NGOs use the WASH norms and guidelines for emergency interventions prepared by the WASH cluster (UNICEF, 2014) which mentions only a few water quality standards. These can be found in the Table 3 and Table 4 below.II. I. III WHO GUIDANCEThe WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality are the primary WHO reference on drinking water. These guidelines help to ensure safe drinking water management with a focus on health-based targets and water safety plans. The document establishes guidelines values for more than 90 water quality parameters addressing microbial, chemical and radiological contamination. The WHO guidance standards for the water quality parameters selected for the MCSP are presented in Table 3 and Table 4 below.


II. II INVENTORY OF SELECTED WATER QUALITY STANDARDSThe drinking water quality parameters presented in Table 3 and Table 4 below are to be used for the initial and continued water quality monitoring by MCSP. The proposed parameters include the eight USAID recommended parameters. The USAID parameter on fecal coliform has been extended to total coliform, which includes fecal coliform ana E.coli . The health-related parameters in Table 2 present a risk to human health, therefore USEPA has established mandatory maximum contaminant levels for these parameters which represent the maximum allowable amount of the contaminant in the drinking water. WHO has established limits for these contaminants as well.The operational-based parameters in Table 4 do not present a risk to human health, therefore USEPA established non-mandatory secondary maximum contaminant levels for those parameters. WHO guidelines for these parameters are also not mandatory.Initial Testing: All water points used by MCSP supported HCFs will have to be tested on the parameters listed in Table 3 and 4. The initial testing will be done by DPS and MCSP’ trained staff using portable laboratory kits (Potatech+). (see Annex A for a list of the equipment included in the test kit.)Ongoing Water Quality Monitoring: Ongoing testing will be performed by the same team of DPS and MCSP trained staff using portable laboratory water kits, procured from Palintest ltd (company based in London). Details related to Wagtech test kit (Potatech+) will be provided below.

Table 3. Applicable Human Health-Related Drinking Water Quality Parameters of Concern

USEPA GUIDANCE WHO GUIDANCE DRC WASH CLUSTER GUIDANCE

Parameter Limit Frequency

Limit Frequency

Limit Frequency

Arsenic 0.01 mg/l

quarterly 0.01 mg/l

N.S. N.S. N.S.

Fecal Coliform)*

00/100 ml

quarterly 00/100ml

N.S. 0 e-coli ideal N.S.

Total Coliform (including fecal coliforms and E.coli)*

5%~ N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.

Fluoride 4.0 mg/l

N.S. 1.5 mg/l

N.S. N.S. N.S.

Nitrate (as NO3)

10 mg/l

N.S. 50 mg/l N.S. N.S. N.S.

Notes: * Analysis for thermos-tolerant coliforms (TtC) bacteria, or Escherichia coli.


N.S. Not specified in the guidance~ No more than 5.0% samples total coliform-positive (TC-positive) in a month. (For water systems that collect fewer than 40 routine samples per month, no more than one sample can be total coliform-positive per month.) Every sample that has total coliform must be analyzed for either fecal coliforms or E. coli if two consecutive TC-positive samples, and one is also positive for E.coli fecal coliforms, system has an acute MCL violation.


Table 4: Applicable Operational-Based Drinking Water Quality Parameters of Concern

USEPA GUIDANCE WHO GUIDANCE DRC WASH CLUSTER GUIDANCE

Parameter Limit Frequency

Limit Frequency

Limit Frequency

Electrical Conductivity (EC)(1)

1600 μS/cm

N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.

TDS 500 mg/l 1000 mg/l N.S. N.S. N.S.pH 6.5-8.5

S.U.N.S. No

guideline values have been established as no health concern at levels found in drinking water

N.S. N.S. N.S.

Turbidity (2) 5 NTU N.S. N.S. <5 NTU ideal

N.S.

Notes: (1) The value of electrical conductivity (EC) is based on the State of California secondary MCL for drinking water from the range of EC at 900 to 1600 μS/cm. (California State Water Resources Control Board, 2010) (2) USEPA has not promulgated guidance values for turbidity; however, per the USEPA Surface Treatment Rule, in drinking water systems, turbidity must not exceed 5 NTU; systems that filter must ensure that the turbidity go no higher than 1 NTU (0.5 NTU for conventional or direct filtration) in at least 95% of the daily samples for any two consecutive months: http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=500025GQ.txt

II. III RATIONALE FOR SELECTION OF SITE SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS: During inspection visits and monitoring of HCF performance progress, MCSP has identified all potential contaminants due to environmental mismanagement of water points and their surroundings. Based on these visits and USAID-based satandards’ recommendations it was decided to test for the following parameters:

Arsenic Fecal coliforms Fluoride Nitrate Electrical Conductivity Total Dissolved Solids pH Turbidity


http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi?Dockey=500025GQ.txt

The activities in the area do not require to test for heavy metals or radioactive elements. The Potatech+ test kit that will be used is robust and powerful and will allow us to test fecal coliforms. We will strengthen with insulated boxes and accumulators to ensure the transport and conservation of samples safely and compliance. The kit is also equipped with a very powerful new generation photometer-7100 for the analysis of operational parameters such as nitrates and fluorides. The test kit is equipped with pocket pH-meters, conductivity meters and a turbidimeter. All of these Palintest digital instruments are calibrated from the factory for a one-year warranty. These instruments will be re-calibrated once a year to ensure the reliability of the results. Heavy metals analysis can be integrated if future investigations prove that there is a serious risk of contamination.

III. RESOURCES FOR SAMPLE COLLECTION AND LABORATORY ANALYSISIII. I SAMPLE COLLECTION AND FIELD MEASUREMENTIII. I. I AVAILABILITY OF TRAINED PERSONNELThe Division Provincial de la Santé (DPS) Tshopo has two qualified staff responsible for collecting and analyzing water samples. One is an engineer in chemistry and experienced in the analysis of chemical parameters of water, the other is a laboratory technician with a long experience of bacteriological analysis of water.DPS Bas-Uélé has co-opted the head of laboratory for the Buta referral hospital who has a MSc degree in biology with a long experience in medical laboratory technique. She will be part of the DPS’ team in charge of the Water quality analysis in HCFs. The 2nd staff is a doctor trained in laboratory who is in charge of water quality analysis.The two teams will be supported by MCSP WASH technicians, one based in Buta and the other in Kisangani (WASH Advisor).MCSP recruited an expert consultant in water quality analysis and control from COALEX LAB (based in Kinshasa) to train all WASH technicians from the 2 DPS offices and the supported 8 Health Zones (HZ). A total of 23 people were trained on sanitary inspection techniques and analysis of physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters of drinking water using the portable test kit (Potatech +).III. I. II AVAILABILITY OF APPROPRIATE EQUIPMENTMCSP has procured 2 portable lab kits (Potatech +) able to analyze of 7, out of 8, parameters selected. The kit has all the materials for bacteriological analysis (fecal coliforms and total coliforms) by membrane filtration, a powerful photometer for the analysis of 4 operational parameters, in addition to small digital pocket instruments


like the pH-meter, conductivity meter and turbidimeter. Reading colonies of E. coli will be done using a semi automatic colony counter with very high accuracy. MCSP will procure 2 arsenators for the 2 DPS offices for arsenic analysis after consultation with USAID MEO.III. I. III PROCEDURES AND PROTOCOLS FOR COLLECTION, MEASUREMENT, SAMPLE PRESERVATION AND TRANSPORT TO LABORATORIES.The following procedures indicate typical sample collecting, field measurement, and transport methodologies. MCSP teams should modify these procedures to suit actual site conditions.


Procedure 1: Planning Immediately before Sample Collection Confirm that sample collection personnel have received all required training

and certification (e.g. sample collection, safety). Review sampling locations. Identify site-specific safety considerations (e.g. handling preservatives,

construction activity) and necessary safety equipment. Assemble equipment and supplies. Check functionality of field instruments (e.g., pH meter) and batteries. Check expiration dates on standard buffer solutions. Schedule field visit. At least one week before the sampling day, purchase small laboratory

supplies (e.g. sample jars, pipettes); check sample holding times and preservation requirements;. ; review lab requirements for field duplicate samples and trip blank (i.e., reagent blank) samples to be provided by the lab; and days when samples are accepted.

Check meter calibration. Clean cooler(s) with dilute bleach solution (1:6) and wipe dry. Add ice to cooler(s).

Procedure 2: Labelling Sample Bottles1. Affix an adhesive label to each sample bottle. 2. Before sample collection, add the following information to each label with an

indelible (waterproof) marker: a. Project name or number b. Sampling site name and number c. Sampling date (mm/dd/yyyy) d. Sampling time e. Sample number f. Sampler initials g. Preservative (yes/no) h. Preservative name (If yes to point g.i. Analysis required type (name) j. These information will also be recorded in a sample collection book

Procedure 3: General Sample Collection0. Wash the hands

1. Remove cap, cover, or enclosure. 2. Put on required safety gear (e.g., gloves and safety glasses). 3. Check the tap faucet to be sure it is clean. If the tap is not in a good state , select another sampling location.4.. Turn on water and let run with a steady stream for 3 to 5 minutes. 5. Avoid contact between the mouth of the container with the faucet.

6. If possible, turn the water down to a thin stream (about the width of a pencil), then let the water run 1 minute. 7. If no tap or valve is present, ensure sample collected from center of discharge 8. Rinse the sample bottle and discard if required (if no preservative is present). 9. Collect samples. 10. Put back the cap, cover, or enclosure.


Procedure 4: Field Measurement of pH1. Collect sample and pour into sample vial. 2. Measure pH using standard method or equivalent international standard. 3. Rinse the probe thoroughly with deionized water, and blot dry using a lab wipe or paper towel. 4. Place the meter in the sample vial and let it equilibrate. 5. Stir the sample if possible to promote sample equilibration. 6. Once the meter reaches equilibrium, record the pH and temperature in log book or computer and chain of custody form.

Procedure 5: Collection of Coliform Bacteria Sample1. Label bottle. 2. Remove cap, cover, or enclosure. 3. Put on sterile gloves. 4. Open water valve completely and flush line with water running for 3 to 5 minutes. 5. Turn off the water and thoroughly clean inside and around water discharge pipe or faucet, as much as possible, with germicidal wipe or a dilute bleach solution (1:6). 6. Open water valve completely again and reflush line for 1 minute. 7. Reduce water flow rate to a thin stream (about the width of a pencil) for actual sample collection. The rate should be low enough to accurately fill to the 100 mL mark, avoid dislodging material from the pipe wall, and avoid splashing during the fill. 8. Remove plastic seal and cap from sterile bottle. Place bottle under the steady stream of water from the discharge. Do not touch inside of bottle and do not place the cap on any surface; cap must be held while collecting sample. Do not pre-rinse sample bottle as preservative will be lost. 9. Fill the bottle with water to the 100 mL mark, do not fill completely (leave approximately 1 inch of airspace). 10. Cap bottle. 11. Place sample bottle in Ziploc bag, and store in iced cooler.

Procedure 6: Preparing Sample Bottles for Shipment to Laboratory1. Contact lab to confirm sample shipment schedule. 2. Package paperwork in a waterproof Ziploc bag and tape it to the inside lid of the cooler.3. Check that all sample bottle caps are securely fastened and not leaking.4. Check that each cooler does not weigh more than 25 kg.5. Check that each cooler has adequate ice to maintain required temperature.6. Close the cooler and secure with strapping tape if ready for final relinquish.7. Place shipping label on outside of each cooler.8. Deliver the sample bottles to the laboratory indicating relinquishing on chain of custody form.

Procedure 7: Filling out the Chain of Custody FormThe laboratory will provide the chain of custody form which should be filled out in the field by the sampler. If not, then a standard form should be developed. The form documents:


1. When samples were collected in the field and received by the lab; 2. The sampler’s name, company, contact information and certification status; 3. The sampler’s signature and date; 4. Field methods used; 5. Problems or changed conditions observed by the sampler (e.g., leaking tap, washing activity); and 6. Field measurements (e.g., pH, temperature, conductivity).

III. II LABORATORY ANALYSISIII. II. I. LOCATION OF NEAREST QUALIFIED LABORATORYThe capitals of 2 Provinces supported by MCSP, Buta and Kisangani, do not have a qualified laboratory in the analysis of water quality parameters. During our research we contacted the OCC (Congolese Office of Control) which has laboratory equipment only for its compliance verification services. At Kisangani University, the Faculty of Science in its Environmental Department conducts water quality testing using the Delagua test kit which is less-equipped than the MCSP Potatech+ kit.As a result, MCSP has procured Palintest brand kits (Wagtech) that are more robust and practical for low-income regions, like the DRC, to conduct proper water -quality analysis in the field. If there is a need for advanced analysis, the dispoisitions will be taken to convey the samples to Kinshasa. III. II. II. AVAILABILITY OF PROPER ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENTMCSP has the appropriate Palintest analytical equipment: Potatech Intermediate portable water quality laboratory. This is a favourite of WASH professionals, as the Potatech combines sophisticated instrumentation with high levels of portability to provide a detailed assessment of the microbiological, physical and chemical quality of a water supply and for field microbiological analysis – single incubator constructed from thermally efficient materials and using a high capacity battery. It is accompanied with Reliable physico-chemical analysis – includes the Photometer 7100, Turbimeter Plus and Pocket Sensors for pH and conductivityIII. II. III. AVAILABILITY OF TRAINED PERSONNELAs stated in section III.1.1, the 2 DPS have qualified technicians for water quality analysis. 2 are in Kisangani and 2 in Buta. They will be supported by the 2 staffs of MCSP. They have just been trained on water quality analysis by an expert consultant during Q4 of this fiscal year.III. II. IV. REPORTING AND QA/QC OF DATAMCSP procured the quality laboratory materials provided by Palintest ltd which holds the certicate No: FM 30821 and operate a quality management system which complie with the requirement of ISO 9001:2015 for the following scope: «design, manufacture, supply and repaire of environment test equipments. This


include electronic instruments, chemical reagents, electronic sensors and testing kits»

FIELD ANALYSIS USING PORTABLE TEST KITSSee above: Section # III.II.II


III. III DOCUMENTATION OF AVAILABILITY OF RESOURCESTable 5: Availability of Resources for Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis Portable test kit

COLLECTION AND FIELD MEASUREMENT LABORATORY ANALYSIS AND REPORTINGParameter

Field Team

Equipment

Protocol Lab Location

Equipment Methodology, Uncertainty

Personnel

Fecal Coliform

DPS and MCSP Team

Glass bottle 20 mL

In the case of a bacteriological (bacterial count) analysis, the sample container used must be completely sterile and must be at least 250 ml.

Before taking the sample, it is recommended to wash hands.

Smoking is not permitted while sampling or transporting samples.

Samples should never be taken immediately after refueling a car.

Allow the water to run for 5 minutes at high flow rate before taking a sample to ensure that the water drawn is representative of the distribution system flow.

Fill and rinse the bottle 3 times before proceeding to true sampling.

When sampling, do not stick the neck of the bottle to the faucet to avoid contamination by metals.

Fill the bottle to the brim to avoid the presence of air. Close the bottle tightly with the cap.

Keep the sample cool by placing it in the refrigerator until it is sent to the laboratory. The shipment must be made as soon as possible after sampling. Containers must arrive at the laboratory ideally within 48 hours

Buta, KisanganiField

Test tube, Micropipette,Erlenmeyer, Seeding rake, Gas cylinder +beak brinsen, Distilled water, Pastor's oven, Incubator, Culture medium (Mac Conkey),Refrigerator, Identification Key Petri dish, Autoclave,Platinum handle

1 mL sample + 9 mL distilled water, sow on the surface of the selective medium in petri dish with platinum handle, Incubate at 37oC for total coliforms and at 44oC for fecal coliforms

Ir Justin & Baudouin Elondo,Francois,JoséphineDr Pierrot


of collectionFluoride(F-)

DPS and MCSP Team

Plastic bottle of 1liter, Icebox

Use a 500ml plastic water bottle. Before taking the sample, it is

recommended to wash hands. Smoking is not permitted while

sampling or transporting samples. Samples should never be taken

immediately after refueling a car. Allow the water to run for 5 minutes at

high flow rate before taking a sample to ensure that the water drawn is representative of that flowing through the distribution system.

Allow the water to run for 5 minutes at high flow rate before taking a sample to ensure that the water drawn is representative of the distribution system flow.

Fill and rinse the bottle 3 times before proceeding to true sampling.

When sampling, do not stick the neck of the bottle to the faucet to avoid contamination by metals.

Fill the bottle to the brim to avoid the presence of air. Close the bottle tightly with the cap.

Keep the sample cool by placing it in the refrigerator until it is sent to the laboratory. The shipment must be made as soon as possible after sampling.

Idem Spectrophotometer (Jenway 7300)

Dosage by the method Spectrophotometric reagent Dichloroisocyanurate-salicylate

Ir Justin & Baudouin Elondo,Francois,JoséphineDr Pierrot

Nitrate (NH4+, NO3–)

Idem Plastic bottle of 1liter, Icebox

Same procedure as for Fluoride Idem Spectrophotometer (Jenway 7300)

Dosage by the methodSpectrophotometric (NH4+and NO3– plus NO2– are determined by stream

Idem


distillation, using heavy MgO for NH4 and Devarda’s Alloy for NO3. The distillate is collected in saturated H3BO3 and titrated to pH 5.0 with dilute H2SO4.

Electrical Conductivity

Idem Conductivity meter

Measured by portable electrochemical probe. The Conductivity Borer must be plunged in the water for 15 minutes, then the value is read.

Electrical conductivity must be measured in situ. This parameter is very sensitive to environmental conditions and may vary in significant proportions if it is not measured in situ.

- - - -

TDS Idem Photometer

Same Procedure as for Fluoride Idem Drying oven,Suction flask,Glass-fiber filters,Filtration apparatus,Precision balance

Gravimetric Titration (Measured portion of a sample is filtered through a standard glass-filter and the filtrate is evaporated to dryness in a weighed dish and dried to constant weight at 180oC. The increase in

Idem


dish weight represents the total dissolved solids

pH Idem pH meter (Mettler Toledo)

Measured by portable electrochemical probe. Plunge the pH meter borer in water and read value after 15 minutes. PH must be measured in situ.

This parameter is very sensitive to environmental conditions and may vary in significant proportions if not measured in situ.

Idem - - -

Turbidity Idem Turbidimeter

Measured by portable electrochemical probe. Plunge Turbidimeter borer in water and read value after 15 minutes.

Turbidity can be measured in situ or in the laboratory.

- - - -


IV. SUSTAINABILITY AND OPERATIONAL FACTORS AFFECTING WATER QUALITY

PLANNINGOPERATIONAL SUSTAINABILITYIV. I. STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATIONMCSP will assist the HZ and HCF teams in setting up WASH committee in HCFs where the Clean Clinic Approach (CCA) is integrated. The line budget dedicated to WASH will be defined in collaboration with the CODESA (local development committee).

IV. II. ROUTINE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCEThe WASH committee, in collaboration with the community, will be responsible for the routine operation and maintenance. The committee members will be trained on HCF management and management tools will be provided to facilitate the transparency and governance.

IV. III. ROUTINE MONITORING AND TESTINGWater points will be tested on regular basis as per the frequency established above. Sampling and analysis will be done by the team dedicated to this duty using the field test kits and record book will be held for monitoring.

IV. IV. TRAININGSEE ABOVE SECTION # III.II.III

V. CORRECTIVE MEASURES V. I. HUMAN HEALTH-RELATED DRINKING WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS OF CONCERN:Arsenic: If arsenic levels are exceeded, the water sources will not longer be used, MCSP and MOH shall notify USAID and investigate alternative safe water sources since treatment for Arsenic, which involves coagulation, precipitation, or adsorption, is impractical for small scale water systems. If alternative sources are available, then:

Access to the alternative source shall be provided and, The drilled well with the exceedance shall not be considered for completion,

connection, and groundwater withdrawal.Fecal Coliform: If fecal coliform is detected, MCSP shall work with all stakeholders to ensure that the following measures are implemented:


An investigation of potential sources of contamination, and removal of the contamination, if possible;

Examination of the well construction will be conducted to ensure that the concrete apron and casing are sealed and in good condition and the wellhead is elevated such that runoff flows away from the concrete pad;

The well shall be disinfected via the shock chlorination technique. Access to the water point may be restricted, if possible, to non-drinking

purpose. Fluoride: If fluoride levels are exceeded, MCSP and MOH shall consider the following measures:

An investigation of the presence of health effects (i.e. dental or skeletal fluorosis), additional sources of fluoride (e.g. brick tea consumption), shall be performed, if possible;

Alternative low-fluoride sources of water will be used; if possible, and, blending of the two sources shall be considered; or,

Fluoride treatment shall be considered that is available and economically viable, such as bone charcoal, contact precipitation, clay, activated alumina, calcium chloride, monosodium phosphate, and Nalgonda; or,

Access to the water point will be restricted to non-drinking purpose. Nitrate/Nitrite: If nitrate/nitrite levels are exceeded, the contractor shall consider the following measures:

An investigation of potential sources of contamination, such as nearby agricultural fertilizer application, or leaking septic tanks, will be performed, and removal of the contamination will be completed, if possible; or,

Access to the water point will be restricted to non-drinking purposes.

V. II. OPERATIONAL-BASED DRINKING WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS OF CONCERN:Electrical Conductivity: If electrical conductivity or TDS levels are exceeded, MCSP and MOH shall consider the following measures:

Perform additional testing for individual constituents of conductivity including, chloride, sodium, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, and sulfate, to ensure these constituents are not present at levels above the maximum permissible levels.

An investigation of potential sources of contamination shall be performed, and removal of the contamination shall be completed, if possible; or,

Access to the water point will be restricted to non-drinking purpose. pH: If pH levels are outside of the range, MCSP and MOH shall consider the following measures:


An investigation of potential anthropogenic sources of contamination shall be performed, and an investigation of alternative sources of water supply shall be completed, if possible;

An investigation of potential natural sources, such as subsurface geology, will be performed, to confirm that the low or high pH is a result of natural conditions;

If the pH exceedance is due to natural conditions, such as local geology, an investigation of the potential of corrosion of the water supply extraction and distribution infrastructure (e.g. corrosive metal piping and pumping equipment) shall be performed;

If pH exceedances, could result in corrosion, and leaching of metals from water supply equipment, then testing shall be conducted for metals appropriate water treatment (e.g. neutralizing filter) shall be considered; or,

Access to the water point will be restricted to non-drinking purpose.

Turbidity: If turbidity levels are exceeded, MCSP and MOH shall consider the following measures:

An investigation of potential sources of contamination, and removal of the contamination, if possible;

Water treatment that is available and economically viable, such as membrane filters, granular media filters, shall be considered; or,

Access to the water point will be restricted to non-drinking water purpose.


SUMMARY EMMP MATRIX

Summary WQAP EMMP MatrixMCSP

SITE: DRCEnvironmental Mitigation/ Enhancement Plans for Established WASH Projects

WATER QUALITY ASSURANCE PLANActivity: Water Supply in Health Care FacilitiesAdverse Impact: Inadequate Water Quality

Sites: DRC, Tshopo and Bas-Uélé Provinces

The general EMMP for the MCSP presents mitigation measures for the drinking water component. This EMMP presents the mitigation measures for common water points where the MCSP supported HCFs are taking drinking water from.

SOURCE TYPE

MITIGATION PLAN EVIDENCE OF MITIGATION MEASURE

FOLLOW UP/ FREQUENCY

RESPONSIBLE PERSONS/

ORGANIZATIONSOPERATION STAGE

Boreholes

a) Undertake water quality tests (physiochemical and bacteriological) on quarterly basis

b) Maintenance of the borehole equipment and treatment unit

c) Provide hygiene and sanitation facilities at least 50m away from the borehole at an approriate site

d) Community senstization on proper handling of water after drawing it

Water quality reports, photos

After every 3 months and yearly

MCSP, DPS, HZ Teams

Pipeline Extensio

a) Undertake water quality tests (physiochemical and bacteriological) on quarterly basis

Water quality reports

After every 3 months,

MCSP, HCF, community


n b) Ensure immediate repairs of leakages to prevent any contamination of pipe water

continuous

Rock catchments

a) Remove any silt matter deposited in the catchments after and before the rainy season

b) Replace the filter media placed in the catchments after some time to maintain proper filtration

c) Undertake water quality tests (physiochemical and bacteriological) on quarterly basis

water quality reports

After every 3 months and yearly

Community, HCFs, MCSP

RWH (rainwater harvesting) Tanks

a) Empty and clean the tank using chlorine twice a yearb) Ensure the roof catchments is free from any foreign

matter at all timesc) Provide a cover lid in the inspection chamber

Reports from the users

6 months, continuously, after construction

HCFs team, WASH committee

Shallow wells

a) Undertake immediate repairs of any cracks on the well cap

b) Undertake water quality tests (physiochemical and bacteriological) on quarterly basis

c) Provide a diversion trench for any storm water to protect the well cap

Visual inspection of works, review water quality reports

After construction and after every 3 months

Community, MCSP, HCFs


ANNEXESA: WQAP RECORD AND COMPLIANCE TEMPLATEWater Quality Assurance Plan (WQAP) Record of Compliance Template (illustrative)General Information on Water Access PointType: _____________________________________(describe system)Location: __________________________________(village/community; include GPS coordinates)In-Service Date: ____________________________(date construction/installation/rehabilitation completed)

Initial Water Quality Testing: Arsenic

SAMPLE DATE

READING TEST METHOD INITIALS NOTES / ACTION TAKEN

Fecal ColiformSAMPLE DATE


Other Water Quality ParametersSAMPLE DATE


FluorideNitrate (as NO3)Electrical Conductivity (EC)Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)pHTurbidity


Using the Compliance Template Complete and retain this document

as a record of water quality testing and monitoring

Ensure template remains current with ongoing results.

Additional Water Quality Parameters (industrial, agricultural etc..)SAMPLE

DATEREADING TEST METHOD INITIALS NOTES / ACTION TAKEN

Water Quality MonitoringArsenic

SCHEDULED TESTS

SAMPLE DATE

READING TEST METHOD

INITIALS NOTES / ACTION TAKEN

3-month/1st

Quarterly

6-month/2nd

Quarterly

9-month/3rd

Quarterly

12-month/4th

Quarterly

Fecal ColiformSCHEDULED

TESTSSAMPLE DATE

READING TEST METHOD

INITIALS NOTES / ACTION TAKEN

3-month/1st

Quarterly

6-month/2nd

Quarterly

9-month/3rd

Quarterly

12-month/4th

Quarterly


Other Water Quality ParametersSAMPLE DATE


FluorideNitrate (as NO3)Electrical Conductivity (EC)Total dissolved solids (TDS)pHTurbidity

Additional Water Quality Parameters (industrial, agricultural etc..)

SAMPLE DATE


(attach additional monitoring record sheets as needed)

Record of Response Actions Action date

Response Trigger

Responsible Party Notified

Initials

Pending Action

(attach additional records if needed)


B: INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL SOURCES OF CONTAMINATIONExample Protocol for Investigation of Potential Sources of Contamination

Sanitary Survey Checklist (UNICEF, 2013) (USAID, 2009)

Question Yes

No

Remarks

1 Is there a latrine, waste dump or obviously contaminated surface water within 30 meters of the well?

☐ ☐

2 Is the latrine at higher elevation than the well? ☐ ☐3 Is there any other source of pollution within 10

meters?☐ ☐

4 Is there ponding/stagnating water around the well? ☐ ☐5 Is the drainage channel broken/cracked or overflowing

within 2 meters of the apron?☐ ☐

6 Is there adequate fencing around the well (preventing animals from approaching the well)?

☐ ☐

7 Is the apron radius less than 1 meter around the well? ☐ ☐8 Is there ponding/stagnating water at the apron? ☐ ☐9 Are there any cracks in the well apron? ☐ ☐10

Is the hand pump loose at the point of attachment? ☐ ☐

11

Is the well likely to be properly sealed (lined) within the first 3 meters below ground level? Is the above ground well casing cracked or shows signs of fatigue?

☐ ☐

12

If there is a cover on the well? Is it properly sealed so that no water can flow into the well?

☐ ☐

13

Is the hand pump broken? ☐ ☐

Other Important Issues to Review:Do nearby surface waters show evidence of being abnormally low for the season?

☐ ☐

Are nearby surface waters overgrown with aquatic plants/algae?

☐ ☐

Are children getting water‐borne illnesses more frequently and/or more severely than in the past, and are these children drinking from a USAID‐provided water source?

☐ ☐

Taste the water. Does it taste bad or salty? Are users complaining of a bad taste?

☐ ☐

Look at and smell the water. Is it off‐color? Is there sediment? Does it smell bad? Are users complaining of any these issues?

☐ ☐

Are wells going dry (seasonally) at the inspection site or in the surrounding area that did not in the past?

☐ ☐

Is water leaking from tanks/pipes/supply points? ☐ ☐


C: WATER TESTING MATERIALS

Photometer Turbidimeter

Conter comparator Kit Wagtech (Potatech+)


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