8/18/2019 Contenido del libro Chemical, biochemical and Engineering thermodinamycs

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/contenido-del-libro-chemical-biochemical-and-engineering-thermodinamycs 1/6

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40352252

Chemical, Biochemical and EngineeringThermodynamics

 Article · January 2006

Source: OAI

CITATIONS

208

READS

2,707

1 author:

Stanley Sandler

University of Delaware

383 PUBLICATIONS  10,867 CITATIONS 

SEE PROFILE

Available from: Stanley Sandler

Retrieved on: 25 April 2016

8/18/2019 Contenido del libro Chemical, biochemical and Engineering thermodinamycs

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/contenido-del-libro-chemical-biochemical-and-engineering-thermodinamycs 2/6

Chemical Biochemical

and Engineering

Thermodynamics

Fourth E dition

Stanley I. Sandler

University of elaware

John Wiley

Sons Inc.

8/18/2019 Contenido del libro Chemical, biochemical and Engineering thermodinamycs

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/contenido-del-libro-chemical-biochemical-and-engineering-thermodinamycs 3/6

Contents

CHAPTER 1 

NTRODUCTION

 

1.1 The Central Problems of Thermodynamics 4

1.2 A System of Units 5

1.3 The Equilibrium State 7

1.4 Pressure, Temperature, and Equilibrium 10

1.5 Heat, Work, and the Conservation of Energy 15

1.6 Specification of the Equilibrium State; Intensive and E xtensive Variables;

Equations of State 18

1.7 A Summary of Important Experimental Observations 21

1.8 A Comment an the Development of Thermodynamics 23

Problems 23

CHAPTER 2 ONSERVATION OF MASS

 

2.1 A General Balance Equation and Conserved Quantities 26

2.2 Conservation of Mass 30

2.3 The Mass Balance Equations for a Multicomponent System with a Chemical

Reaction 35

2.4 The Microscopic Mass Balance Equations in Thermodynamics and Fluid

Mechanics Optional) CD only)

Problems 44

CHAPTER 3

 

ONSERVATION OF ENERGY

 

3.1 Conservation of Energy 47

3.2 Several Examples of Using the Energy Balance 54

3.3 The Thermodynamic Properties of Matter 59

3.4 Applications of the Mass and Energy Balances 69

3.5 Conservation of Momentum 92

3.6 The Microscopic Energy Balance Optional) CD only)

Problems 93

CHAPTER 4

 

NTROPY: AN ADDITIONAL BALANCE EQUATION

 

4.1 Entropy: A New Concept 99

4.2 The Entropy Balance and Reversibility 107

4.3 Heat, Work, Engines, and Entropy 113

4.4 Entropy Changes of Matter 124

4.5 Applications of the Entropy Balance 127

4.6 The Microscopic Entropy Balance Optional) CD only)

Problems 139

CHAPTER 5

 

IQUEFACTION POWER CYCLES AND EXPLOSIONS

 

5.1 Liquefaction 147

5.2 Power Generation and Refrigeration Cycles 152

5.3 The Thermodynamics of Mechanical Explosions 173

Problems 182

CHAPTER 6

 

HE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF REAL SUBSTANCES

6.1 Some Mathematical Preliminaries 188

6.2 The Evaluation of Thermodynamic Partial Derivatives 192

8/18/2019 Contenido del libro Chemical, biochemical and Engineering thermodinamycs

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/contenido-del-libro-chemical-biochemical-and-engineering-thermodinamycs 4/6

  i

Contents

6.3 The Ideal Gas and Absolute Temperature Scales 206

6.4 The Evaluation of Changes in the Thermodynam ic Properties of Real Substanc

Accompanying a Change of State 207

6.5 An Example Involving the Change of State of a Real Gas 232

6.6 The Principle of Corresponding States 237

6.7 Generalized Equations of State 250

6.8 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 254

6.9 Estimation Methods for Critical and Other Properties 255

6.10 More About Thermod ynamic Partial Derivatives Optional) CD only)

Problems 259

CHAPTER 7

 

QUILIBRIUM AND STABILITY IN ONE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS 2

7.1 The Criteria for Equilibrium 269

7.2 Stability of Thermodynamic Systems 276

7.3 Phase Eq uilibria: App lication of the Equilibrium and Stability Criteria to the

Equation of State 283

7.4 The Molar Gibbs Energy and Fugacity of a Pure Component 290

7.5 The Calculation of Pure Fluid-Phase Equilibrium: The Comp utation of Vapor

Pressure from an Equation of State 305

7.6 Specification of the Equilibrium Thermodynam ic State of a System of Several

Phases: The Gibbs Phase Rule for a One-Component System 313

7.7 Thermodynamic Properties of Phase Transitions 317

7.8 Thermodynam ic Properties of Small Systems, or Wh y Subcooling and

Superheating Occur 324

Problems 327

CHAPTER 8

 

HE THERMODYNAMICS OF MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURES

8.1 The Thermodynamic Description of Mixtures 337

8.2 The Partial Molar Gibbs Energy and the Ge neralized Gibbs-Duhem Eq uation

346

8.3 A Notation for Chemical Reactions 350

8.4 The Equations of Change for a Multicomponent System 353

8.5 The Heat of Reaction and a Conven tion for the Thermodynam ic Properties of

Reacting Mixtures 361

8.6 The Experimental Determination of the Partial Molar Volume and Enthalpy 3

8.7 Criteria for Phase Equilibrium in Multicomponent Systems 378

8.8 Criteria for Chemical Equilibrium, and Combined Ch emical and Phase

Equilibrium 382

8.9 Specification of the Equilibrium Therm odynam ic State of a Multicomponent,

Multiphase System; the Gibbs Phase Rule 387

8.10 A Concluding Remark 391

Problems 391

CHAPTER 9

 

STIMATION OF THE GIBBS ENERGY AND FUGACITY OF A

COMPONENT IN A MIXTURE

 

9.1 The Ideal Gas Mixture 400

9.2 The Partial Molar Gibbs Energy and Fugacity 404

9.3 Ideal Mixture and Excess Mixture Properties 408

9.4 Fugacity of Species in Gaseous, Liquid, and Solid Mixtures 419

9.5 Several Correlative Liquid Mixture Activity Coefficient Models 429

9.6 Two Predictive Activity Coefficient Models 443

8/18/2019 Contenido del libro Chemical, biochemical and Engineering thermodinamycs

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/contenido-del-libro-chemical-biochemical-and-engineering-thermodinamycs 5/6

Contents

9.7 Fugacity of Species in Nonsimple Mixtures 451

9.8 Some Comments on Reference and Standard States 461

9.9 Combined Equation-of-State and Excess Gibbs Energy Model 462

9.10 Electrolyte Solutions 465

9.11 Choosing the Appropriate Thermodynamic Model 473

Append ix 9.1 A Statistical Mechan ical Interpretation of the Entropy of M ixing in

Ideal Mixture (CD only) 476

Append ix 9.2 Multicompo nent Excess Gibbs Energy Activity Coefficient) Mode

47 6

Appendix 9.3 The Activity Coefficient of a Solvent in an Electrolyte Solution 47

Problems 482

CHAPTER 10

 

APOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM IN MIXTURES

 

10.0 Introduction to Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 490

10.1 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Ideal Mixtures 492

Problems for Section 10.1 518

10.2 Low-Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium in Nonideal Mixtures 519

Problems for Section 10.2 548

10.3 High-Pressure Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Using Equations of State 0-0 Metho

55 6

Problems for Section 10.3 572

CHAPTER 11

 

THER TYPES OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN FLUID MIXTURES

 

11.1 The Solubility of a Gas in a Liquid 576

Problems for Section 11.1 591

11.2 Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium 593

Problems for Section 11.2 621

11.3 Vapor-Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium 625

Problems for Section 11.3 633

11.4 The Partitioning of a Solute Among Tw o Coexisting Liquid Phases; The

Distribution Coefficient 636

Problems for Section 11.4 646

11.5 Osmotic Equilibrium and Osmotic Pressure 648

Problems for Section 11.5 655

CHAPTER 12

 

IXTURE PHASE EQUILIBRIA INVOLVING SOLIDS

 

12.1 The Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid, Gas, or Supercritical Fluid 659

Problems for Section 12.1 669

12.2 Partitioning of a Solid Solute Between Two Liquid Phases 670

Problem for Section 12.2 673

12.3 Freezing-Point Depression of a Solvent Due to the Presence of a Solute; the

Freezing Point of Liquid Mixtures 673

Problems for Section 12.3 678

12.4 Phase Behavior of Solid Mixtures 679

Problems for Section 12.4 687

12.5 The Phase Behavior Modeling of Chemicals in the Environment 689

Problems for Section 12.5 695

12.6 Process Design and Product Design 695

Problem for Section 12.6 701

12.7 Concluding Remarks on Phase Equilibria 701

8/18/2019 Contenido del libro Chemical, biochemical and Engineering thermodinamycs

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/contenido-del-libro-chemical-biochemical-and-engineering-thermodinamycs 6/6

x v

Contents

CHAPTER 13

 

HEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

 

13.1 Chemical Equilibrium in a Single-Phase System 704

13.2 Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions 737

13.3 Chemical Equilibrium When Several Reactions Occur in a Single Phase 750

13.4 Combined Chemical and Phase Equilibrium 760

Problems 767

CHAPTER 14

 

HE BALANCE EQUATIONS FOR CHEMICAL REACTORS AND

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

 

14.1 The Balance Equations for a Tank-Type Chemical Reactor 779

14.2 The Balance Equations for a Tubular Reactor 787

14.3 Overall Reactor Balance Equations and the Adiabatic Reaction Tem perature

791

14.4 Thermodynamics of Chemical Explosion 799

14.5 Availability and Available Work in Chemically Reacting Systems 805

14.6 Introduction to Electrochemical Processes 810

Problems 819

CHAPTER 15

 

OME BIOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS 8

15.1 Acidity of Solutions 823

15.2 lonization of Biochemicals 841

15.3 Solubilities of Weak Ac ids, Weak Base s, and Pharmace uticals as a Function

pH 851

15.4 Binding of a Ligand to a Substrate 858

15.5 Some Other Examples of Biochemical Reactions 863

15.6 Protein Concentration in an Ultracentrifuge 870

15.7 Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium and Membrane Potentials 873

15.8 Coupled Chem ical Reactions: the ATP ADP

Energy Storage and D elivery

Mechanism 880

15.9 Thermodynamic Analysis of Fermenters and Other Bioreactors 885

Problems 908

APPENDICES

Appendix A.I Conversion Factors to SI Units 913

Appendix A.I1 The Molar Heat Capacities of Gases in the Ideal Gas Zero-Pressur

State 914

Appendix AMI The Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam 917

Appendix A.IV Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation 927

Appendix A.V Heats of Combustion 930

Appendix

B

Brief Descriptions of Com puter Programs and Co mputer Aids for Us

with This Book 931

Appendix B

Descriptions of Computer Programs and C omputer Aids for Use with

This Book (CD only) CDB1

B.I

Windows Based Visual Basic Programs CDB1

B.II

DOS-Based Basic Programs

C DB9

B.III MATHCAD Worksheets CDB12

B.IV MATLAB Programs CDB14

Appendix C Answers to Selected Problems 933

INDEX