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![Page 1: Contemporary Psychological Perspectives. Psychological Perspectives Method of classifying a collection of ideas Also called “schools of thought” Also.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e9f5503460f94ba0d7a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Contemporary Psychological Perspectives
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Psychological Perspectives
• Method of classifying a collection of ideas
• Also called “schools of thought”• Also called “psychological
approaches”• To view behavior from a particular
perspective
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Perspectives
• Perspective is a way of viewing phenomena
• Psychology has multiple perspectives– Biological
– Psychodynamic
– Behavioral
– Humanistic
– Cognitive
– Cross Cultural
– Evolutionary
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Cognitive Perspective
• Focus: On how people think and process information
• Behavior is explained by how a person interprets the situation
• How is knowledge acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior?
• Influences include– Piaget – studied intellectual development– Chomsky – studied language– Cybernetics – science of information processing
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Biological Perspective
• Focus: How our biological structures and substances underlie a given behavior, thought, or emotion
• Behavior is explained by brain chemistry, genetics, glands, etc.
• Focus may be at various levels– individual neurons– areas of the brain– specific functions like eating, emotion, or learning
• Interest in behavior distinguishes biological psychology from many other biological sciences
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Social-Cultural Perspective• Focus: How thinking and behavior
change depending on the setting or situation
• Behavior is explained by the influence of other people present
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Cross-Cultural Perspective
• The study of psychological differences among people living in different cultural groups
• How are people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior influenced by their culture?
• What are the common elements across culture? Are these innate?
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Behavioral Perspective
• Focus: How we learn through rewards, punishments, and observation
• View of behavior based on experience or learning– Classical conditioning - Pavlov– Operant conditioning – Skinner– Founded by James Watson
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Humanistic Perspective
• Focus: How healthy people strive to reach their full potential
• Behavior is explained as being motivated by satisfying needs (safety, hunger, thirst, etc.), with the goal of reaching one’s full potential once basic needs are met.
• Developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers– behavior reflects innate ‘actualization’ – focus on conscious forces and self perception– more positive view of basic forces than Freud’s
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Psychodynamic Perspective
• Focus: How behavior is affected by unconscious drives and conflicts
• Behavior is explained through unconscious motivation and unresolved inner conflicts from one’s childhood.
• Modern version of psychoanalytic perspective (Sigmund Freud)
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Psychodynamic Perspective
• View of behavior is based on experience treating patients
• Psychoanalytic approach (Sigmund Freud)– both a method of treatment and a theory of the mind
– behavior reflects combinations of conscious and unconscious influences
– drives and urges within the unconscious component of mind influence thought and behavior
– early childhood experiences shape unconscious motivations
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Perspectives Timeline
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Psychology’s Horizon
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Behavior Genetics
• Focus: How behavior is affected by genes and the environment
• Combines biology and behaviorism
• Emphasis on the importance of both genetic and environmental factors on behavior
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Evolutionary Psychology
• Influenced by Darwin and the emphasis on innate, adaptive behavior patterns
• Combines aspects of biological, psychological, and social perspectives
• Behavior is explained by how the behavior may have helped our ancestors survive long enough to reproduce successfully.
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Positive Psychology
• Focus: To study and promote optimal human functioning
• Martin E.P. Seligman is a major advocate
• Should promote building positive qualities of people rather than focus on what’s wrong with people
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Review
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Psychology should study how behavior and mental processes allow organisms to adapt to their environments
School/Approach Evolutionary perspective
Founder Charles Darwin
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Psychology should emphasize people’s unique potential for psychological growth
School/Approach Humanistic
Founder Maslow
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Psychology should only study observable behavior
School/Approach Behaviorism
Founder Watson/Skinner