Contaminated and Slippery Runway
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8/13/2019 Contaminated and Slippery Runway
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Contaminated and Slippery RunwaysContaminated and Slippery Runways
Performance Engineer OperationsFlight Operations Engineering
Paul Giesman
Performance Engineer OperationsFlight Operations Engineering
Paul Giesman
November 2001November 2001
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.2
Contaminated and
Slippery Runways
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.3
Agenda:
Basic Regulations and Definitions
Physics of Contaminated Runways
Operational Practice
Operational Data/Applications
Other Considerations
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.4
Contaminated runway
More than 25% of the runway is covered by
slush, standing water, snow covered, Ice
covered or compacted snow
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.5
Regulatory Requirements FAA Operators
Historically
No definitive regulatory requirements for
contaminated or slippery runway performance
adjustments in Part 25 or 121
Current (737-6/7/8/900) -
Wet runway is part of AFM certification basis
No definitive regulatory requirements for
contaminated or slippery (non-wet)
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.6
Regulatory Requirements
FAA Guidelines:
Current approved guidelines published inAdvisory Circular 91-6A, May 24, 1978
Provides guidelines for operation with standingwater, slush, snow or ice on runway
Does not provide for wet runways
Proposed Advisory Circular 91-6B (draft)
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.7
Regulatory Requirements
JAA Operators - New certifications
Specific requirements covered in the AFM
Includes performance based on various runway
conditions (wet, compact snow, wet ice, slush,dry snow)
JAROPS 1
Requires operational contaminated/slipperyrunway data based on possibility of an enginefailure
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.8
Proposed Advisory Circular 91-6B: Guidelines for takeoff and landing with water,
slush, snow or ice on runway
Defines contaminated runway
Defines braking coefficient used foraccelerate-stop distance calculation
Includes wet runway
Reverse thrust credit for accelerate-stop
Did not specifically address, but were adoptedin the advisory data of the time
15-foot screen height for accelerate-go
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.9
JAR-OPS 1 / AMJ15X1591: Guidelines for takeoff and landing with water,
slush, snow or ice on runway
Defines contaminated runway
Defines braking coefficient and contaminant
drag to be used in calculations
Includes wet runway
15-foot screen height for accelerate-go
Reverse thrust credit for accelerate-stop
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.10
Dry, Damp, and Wet Runways areNOT Contaminated
Dry: Neither wet or contaminated (JAR-OPS 1.480)
FAA - No definitive definition
Damp: Surface is not dry, but moisture on thesurface does not give a shiny appearance
(JAR-OPS 1.480)
Wet: - FAA - neither dry nor contaminated (DraftAC 91-6B)
- Shiny in appearance, depth less than 3 mm
of water (JAR-OPS 1.480)
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.11
Runways are CONTAMINATED When:*
More than 25% of the surface to be used iscovered by standing water or slush morethan 1/8 inch (3 mm) deep
OROR
*As defined by FAA Advisory Circular 91-6B
Has an accumulation of snow or ice
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.12
Additional considerations:
If the contaminants are lying on that portion of
the runway where the high speed part of thetakeoff roll will occur, it may be appropriate toconsider the runway contaminated.(Draft AC 91-6B)
Do NOT takeoff when the depth of standingwater or slush is more than:
1/2 inch (13 mm) deep
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.13
Boeing Contaminated RunwayTakeoff Performance
Slush / Standing Water Data
Acceleration/deceleration capability
Slippery runway
Deceleration capability
Ice covered, compacted snow, or wet
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.14
Agenda:
Basic Regulations and Definitions
Physics of Contaminated Runways
Operational Practice
Operational Data/Applications
Other Considerations
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.15
Takeoff Distance Is Proportional to
Large Acceleration (a) Short Takeoff Distance
Small Acceleration (a) Long Takeoff Distance
1a
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.16
Dry Runway Acceleration
Friction Drag Thrust
gW
a = Thrust - Drag - Friction[ ]
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.17
Acceleration withSlush/Standing Water
g
W
a = Thrust - Drag - Friction - Slush DragSlush Drag
Slush DragSlush Drag
[ ]
Friction Drag Thrust
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.18
FSlush = 1/2 Vg CD Slush ATire
= Slush Density, 1.65 slugs/ft3Equal to Specific Gravity of 0.85Vg = Ground Speed - Feet per Second
CD Slush = Slush Drag Coefficient for airplane'sspecific gear arrangement
ATire = Reference Area for Slush Force Calculation
Data Sources: FAA/NACA Convair 880 Tests 1962NASA Langley Load Track Tests - 1960,1962
2
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.19
CD Slush Accounts for Displacementand Impingement
Displacement
Drag
FWD
ImpingementDragFWD
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.20
Tire Reference Area for SlushCalculation
ATire = ( bmain + bnose) x Slush Depth
b
Average tire width
Slush depth
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.21
Ground speed
Slush
force
Slush Force
VHP
HydroplaningHydroplaning
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.22
Hydroplaning
Tire Pressure in psievaluated for Main Gear
VHP = 8.63Tire Pressure
Specific Gravity
= 8.63 Tire Pressure
80s, 90s method
Current method
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.23
Slush Force Including Hydroplaning
fHP
=1.6V
HP-V
g
.6VHP
[ ]
2.5Vg
VHP
- 1.5(This factor is applied at speeds
above the hydroplaning speed.
)
VHPGround speed
Slush force
Fs = (1/2 CDSlushVg2
ATire) x fHP
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.24
ASlush Force From Rotation to Liftoff
Fs = (1/2 CDSlushVg
2
Tire) x fHP x fR x fLOF
VHP
Ground speed
Slush force
VR
VLOF
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.25
Force Variation With Speed
VHP
Ground speed
Airplane
acceleration
forces
VR VLOF
All engine thrust
Engine out thrust
Total Acceleration Force = Thrust - (Slush force + Aero drag + Friction)
Rolling Friction
Aero Drag
Slush Drag
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.26
All Engine Acceleration Capability130 Knots
4.03.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
All engine
acceleration
Kt/sec
Dry6 mm
13 mm
747 767 757 737
Dry
6 mm13 mm
Dry
6 mm
13 mm
Dry
6 mm
13 mm
6 mm of slush - 10-20 % reduction in all engine acceleration
13 mm of slush - 20-40 % reduction in all engine acceleration
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.27
Engine Out Acceleration Capability130 Knots
747
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
6 mm of slush - 15-50 % reduction in engine out acceleration13 mm of slush - 30-110 % reduction in engine out acceleration
6 mm
1/4"1/4"
1/2"
13 mm
1/2"
Dry all
engine
-0.5
Engine out
Dry
767 757 737
6 mm
13 mm
Engine out
Dry
6 mm
13 mm
Engine out
Dry
6 mm
13 mm
Engine out
Dry
Dry all
engine
Dry all
engine Dry all
engine
Acceleration
Kt/sec
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.28
Effect of Slush On Airplane Stopping Tire to ground friction reduced due to slush
Retarding slush drag acts to slow the airplane
Dry runway
Average brake force
0.9Vhp
Ground speed, knots
Retarding
force
Vhp
Slush drag
Total Slush stopping force = Slush Drag + Wheel braking
Slush wheel braking
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.29
One Engine InoperativeDeceleration Capability
130 Knots
Deceleration
Kt/sec
Dry
6 mm
1/2"
13 mm
Dry
6 mm
13 mm
Dry
6 mm
13 mm
Dry
6 mm13 mm
8.0
6.0
4.02.0
0.0
747 767 757 737
Dry - AFM performance - includes maximum braking, spoilers, idle thrust
Slush - includes wheel braking, spoilers, reverse thrust, and slush dragreverse thrust, and slush drag
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.30
Effect of Slush - All Engine767-300 - 182,800 kg, V1 = 163 IAS
Accelerate
Go35 Feet
V=0
Runway available
V1=163 IAS
Stop
Effect of using dry runway performance on slush covered runwayEffect of using dry runway performance on slush covered runway
Baseline - AFM balance field length - 9520 Feet
All engine performance- 6 mm slush
Margin 15%
All engine performance- 13 mm slush
Margin 5%
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.31
Effect of Slush - Engine Out767-300 - 182,800 kg, V1 = 163 IAS
V= 138 knotsV= 138 knots
Go
Stop
Accelerate
V=0
Runway available - 9520 feet
V1= 163 IAS14 Feet14 Feet
Effect of using dry runway performance on slush covered runwayEffect of using dry runway performance on slush covered runway
Engine out performance - 6 mm slush
Engine out performance - 13 mm slush
Accelerate
V=0
V= 142 knotsV= 142 knots
LiftoffLiftoff Go
Stop
V1= 163 IAS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.32
Agenda:
Basic Regulations and Definitions
Physics of Contaminated Runways
Operational Practice
Operational Data/Applications
Other Considerations
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.33
Boeing Contaminated RunwayData Adjustments - Choices
All engines operating
Weight reduction
NoNo V1 adjustment provided
Preserves 15% margin
Data presented in airplane Operations Manual, FPPM, and PEM
Engine failure is considered - JAROPS 1
Weight reduction and V1 adjustment providedCredit for reverse thrust
15 foot screen height
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.34
FAR Dry Field LengthTypical Twin Engine Airplane
Accelerate - Stop
Accelerate - Go
1.15 All Eng Distance
Minimum Runway Required - FAR Dry
1
Distance
Weight
Altitude
Temperature
Flap
V V1 balanced
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.35
Contaminated Runway Case
All Engine Data
Accelerate - Stop
Accelerate - Go
1.15 All Eng Distance
Minimum Runway Required - FAR Dry
1
Weight
Altitude
Temperature
Flap
V 1 balancedV
Distance
1.15 All Eng Distance(Slush)
All Engine Slush Runway RequiredAll Engine Slush Runway Required
{IncreaseDistance
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.36
Constant Field Length Weight Reduction
All Engine Data
Note: Stop has not been considered nor has continued takeoff following
engine failure
Altitude
Temperature
Flap
Fieldlength
FAR Dry Field
Length
Brake release gross weight
Slush All Engine
Field Length
Increase
Distance
{
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.37
Constant Field Length Weight Reduction
All Engine Data
Note: Stop has not been considered nor has continued takeoff following
engine failure
Altitude
Temperature
Flap
Fieldlength
FAR Dry Field
Length
Brake release gross weight
Slush All Engine
Field Length
Constant Field Length
Slush All EngineWeight Reduction
Wt (slush)
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.38
Sample Ops Manual Slush/Standing Water Page
All Engine Data - 737-500 / 20K Rating
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
WEIGHT REDUCTIONS - 1000 kg
Dry Field/Obstacle
Limit
Weight
1000 kg
0.25 in (6 mm) Slush/StandingWater Depth
Airport Pressure Altitude
S. L. 4000 ft 8000 ft
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.2 0.6
0.3 0.5 1.1
0.5 0.8 1.7
0.6 1.1 2.1
0.7 1.3 2.3
0.8 1.4 2.2
0.50 in (13 mm) Slush/StandingWater Depth
Airport Pressure Altitude
S. L. 4000 ft 8000 ft
0.3 0.5 1.0
0.8 1.2 2.1
1.4 1.9 3.1
2.0 2.7 4.2
2.5 3.4 5.1
3.2 4.3 6.2
4.1 5.2 7.2
4.9 6.1 8.3
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.39
All Engine Slush Takeoff Distance767-300 - 182,800 kg, V1 = 163 IAS
All engine performanceAll engine performance -- 1/2 inch slush1/2 inch slush
Slush limit weight = AFM weight - weight slushweight slush= 182,800- 38003800 = 179,000 kg
Accelerate
Go35 Feet
V=0
Runway available
V1=163 IAS
Stop
Baseline - AFM balance field length - 9520 Feet
35 Feet Margin 15%
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.40
Contaminated Runway Case
Engine Failure Considered
Accelerate - Stop
Accelerate - Go
1.15 All Eng Distance
Minimum Runway Required - FAR Dry
1V 1 balancedV
1.15 All Eng Distance
(Slush)
Distance
Weight
Altitude
Temperature
Flap
Accelerate - Stop(Slush)
Accelerate - Go
(Slush)
Slush Runway Required
Increase
Distance
V1 adjustment
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.41
Constant Field Length Weight Reduction and V1 Adj.
Engine Failure Considered
Brake release gross weight
Altitude
Temperature
FlapField
length
FAR Dry Field Length
Brake release gross weight
V1
FAR V1
{
Slush Field Length
{Slush V
1
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.42
Constant Field Length Weight Reduction and V1 Adj.
Engine Failure Considered
Brake release gross weight
Altitude
Temperature
FlapField
length
FAR Dry Field Length
Brake release gross weight
V1
FAR V1
Slush Field Length
Slush V1
Constant Field Length Wt (slush)
V1 (slush)
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Sample Ops Manual Slush/Standing Water Data
Engine Failure Considered - 737-500 / 20K Rating
WEIGHT
(1000 KG)
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
4000 FT 8000 FTS.L.
-3
-5
-7
-10
-13
-16
-18
-19
-19
-4
-5
-6
-8
-11
-13
-16
-17
-18
-4
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-11
-13
-15
6 MM (0.25 INCHES)
V1 Adjustment (1000 kg)
FIELD/OBSTACLE
LIMIT WEIGHT
(1000 KG)
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
4000 FT 8000 FTS.L.
-9.4
-8.8
-7.9
-7.1
-6.2
-5.5
-4.8
-4.5
-4.3
-10.1
-9.6
-8.8
-8.0
-7.0
-6.1
-5.3
-4.9
-4.8
-10.8
-10.4
-9.8
-9.0
-8.1
-7.2
-6.1
-5.3
-4.6
6 MM (0.25 INCHES)
Weight Adjustment (1000 kg)
CONTAMINATED AND S IPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.44
Engine Out Slush Takeoff Distance767-300 - 182,800 kg, V1 = 163 IAS
Engine out performanceEngine out performance -- 1/2 inch slush1/2 inch slushSlush limit weight = AFM weight - weight slushweight slush
= 182,800- 28,90028,900 = 153,900 kg
Accelerate
Go35 Feet
V=0
Runway available
V1=163 IAS
Stop
Baseline - AFM balance field length - 9520 Feet
Accelerate
15 Feet
V=0
V1
= 147 - 1010 = 137 IAS
Stop
V1
= QRH V1
at Actual Weight -V1 SlushV1 Slush
Go
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.45
Slippery Runway(Wet or Icy)
No effect on acceleration
Engine out accelerate - go
Go to 15-ft screen height
Accelerate - stop
Reduce tire to ground friction
Credit for reverse thrust
All engine - No effect on calculation of
all engine takeoff distance
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.46
Airplane Braking Coefficient -
= Average airplane braking coefficientduring the stop(Note: this is not tire to ground friction)
B
B
L
W
Stopping
Force due to
wheel brakes
B
( W - L )=
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.47
Boeing slippery runway data (PEM/JAROPS 1)
RTO - = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2
Landing - = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2
Airplane Braking Coefficient - B
B
Typical dry values from Boeing certification testing
= 0.35 to 0.41
Maximum manual braking, anti-skid limited region
B
B
AC 91-6B and AMJ25X1591
Wet can be approximated by 1/2 dry max - fair
JAR certifications, Compact snow - = 0.20
Wet ice - = 0.05 - nil
B
B
B
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.48
Slippery Runway Case
Engine Failure Considered
Accelerate - Stop
(Slippery)
Accelerate - Stop
1.15 All Eng Distance
Minimum Runway Required - FAR Dry
1 balancedV
Distance
Weight
AltitudeTemperature
Flap
Accelerate - Go
Slippery - 15 foot screen height
Slippery Runway Required
{IncreaseDistance
V1 adjustment
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.49
Constant Field Length Weight Reduction and V1 Adj.
Engine Failure Considered
Brake release gross weight
Altitude
Temperature
FlapField
length
FAR Dry Field Length
Brake release gross weight
V1
FAR V1
{
Slippery Field Length
{Slippery V1
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.50
Constant Field Length Weight Reduction and V1 Adj.
Engine Failure Considered
Brake release gross weight
Altitude
Temperature
FlapField
length
FAR Dry Field Length
Brake release gross weight
V1
FAR V1
Slippery Field Length
Slippery V1
Constant Field Length Wt (slippery)
V1 (slippery)
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.51
Slippery Runway Boeing does not correlate friction vehicle
reported runway friction to airplane braking
coefficient. Pilot reported runway braking condition advisory
information only
Assumed
Airplane
Brakingcoefficient
0.20 0.10 0.05
Good Medium Poor
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Sample Ops Manual Slippery Runway Data
Engine Failure Considered - 737-500 / 20K Rating
FIELD/OBSTACLE
LIMIT WEIGHT
(1000 KG)
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
4000 FT 8000 FTS.L.
-4.1
-4.2
-4.2
-4.1
-3.8
-3.6
-3.6
-3.7
-4.1
MEDIUM
Weight Adjustment (1000 kg)
WEIGHT
(1000 KG)
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
4000 FT 8000 FTS.L.
-10
-13
-15
-17
-19
-21
-22
-23
-25
-8
-11
-13
-15
-17
-19
-20
-21
-23
-6
-9
-11
-13
-15
-17
-18
-19
-21
MEDIUM
V1 Adjustment (1000 kg)
-4.1
-4.2
-4.2
-4.1
-3.8
-3.6
-3.6
-3.7
-4.1
-4.1
-4.2
-4.2
-4.1
-3.8
-3.6
-3.6
-3.7
-4.1
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.53
V1MCG Considerations
V1 reductions associated with slippery andcontaminated runways increases the possibilityof being limited by V1MCG considerations.
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.54
V1mcg Case
Accelerate - Go
Slippery - 15 foot screen height
Slippery Runway Required
V1 slippery V1mcg
Accelerate - Stop
1.15 All Eng Distance
Minimum Runway Required - FAR Dry
1 balancedV
Distance
Weight
AltitudeTemperature
Flap
Accelerate - Stop
(Slippery)
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Sample OM Slush/Standing Minimum Field Length Page
737-500 / 20K Rating
AVAILABLE
FIELDLENGTH
FT
4200
46005000
5400
5800
6200
6600
7000
7400
S.L.
30.737.6
44.5
51.8
59.1
66.5
73.8
4000 FT 8000 FT
V1 = V1(MCG) LIMIT WEIGHT 1000 KG
PRESSURE ALTITUDE
6 MM (0.25 INCHES)
28.1
33.7
39.3
44.9
51.0
57.1
63.2
28.1
33.1
38.1
43.1
48.3
53.5
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.56
V1MCG Limitation based on Accelerate - Stop Distance
Distance Required to accelerate to a given velocity and stop
is less for deeper slush.
737-500/20k rating, V1mcg = 109 kias, GW = 52,000 kg
Slush Depth Accel-stop distance to V1mcg
3 mm 6050 feet
6 mm 5800 feet 13 mm 5600 feet
This is because the slush drag penalty on the all engine
acceleration segment is less than the benefit that theslush drag provides on the stop.
Result - Deeper slush more takeoff weight
when limited by V1mcg
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.57
V1MCG Speed and Slush
3 mm
6 mm13 mm
Field
length
required
Brake release gross weight
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.58
V1MCG Speed, Slush and Derate
Thrust
V1mcg
TO
126
TO-1
123
TO-2
117
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.59
V1MCG Speed, Slush and Derate
TO
TO-1TO-2
Field
lengthrequired
Brake release gross weight
Given Slush Depth
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.60
Agenda: Basic Regulations and Definitions
Physics of Contaminated Runways
Operational Practice
Operational Data/Applications
Other Considerations
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.61
Operational DataCondition: 737- 500
CFM56-3 series @ 20K engines
Runway length available = 6,000 ftField/obstacle limit weight = 60,000 kgs
Sea level, 0 C, flaps 5
6 mm (0.25) of slush6 mm (0.25) of slush
Step 1 - Determine gross weight reduction
Step 2 - Determine V1mcg limit weight
Step 3 - Lowest of step 1 and 2 is limiting weight
Step 4 - Determine V1 at actual takeoff weight
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
Cont Rwy.62
Ops Manual Slush/Standing Water Page0.25 in (6mm) Slush/Standing Water Depth
FIELD/OBSTACLELIMIT WEIGHT
(1000 KG)
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
4000 FT 8000 FTS.L.
-9.4
-8.8
-7.9
-7.1
-6.2
-5.5
-4.8
-4.5
-4.3
-10.1
-9.6
-8.8
-8.0
-7.0
-6.1
-5.3
-4.9
-4.8
-10.8
-10.4
-9.8
-9.0
-8.1
-7.2
-6.1
-5.3
-4.6
6 MM (0.25 INCHES)
Weight Adjustment (1000 kg)
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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CO S U S
Cont Rwy.63
Operational DataCondition: 737- 500
CFM56-3 series @ 20K engines
Runway length available = 6,000 ftField/obstacle limit weight = 60,000 kgs
Sea level, 0 C, flaps 5
6 mm (0.25) of slush6 mm (0.25) of slush
Step 1 - Determine gross weight reduction
Step 2 - Determine V1mcg limit weightStep 3 - Lowest of step 1 and 2 is limiting weight
Step 4 - Determine V1 at actual takeoff weight
60,000 - 7900 = 52,100 kgs
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Cont Rwy.64
Ops Manual Slush/Standing Water Page0.25 in (6mm) Slush/Standing Water Depth
AVAILABLE
FIELD
LENGTH
FT
4200
4600
5000
5400
5800
6200
6600
7000
7400
S.L.
30.7
37.6
44.5
51.8
59.1
66.5
73.8
4000 FT 8000 FT
V1 = V1(MCG) LIMIT WEIGHT 1000 KG
PRESSURE ALTITUDE6 MM (0.25 INCHES)
28.1
33.7
39.3
44.951.0
57.1
63.2
28.1
33.1
38.1
43.1
48.3
53.5
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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Cont Rwy.65
Operational DataCondition: 737- 500
CFM56-3 series @ 20K engines
Runway length available = 6,000 ftField/obstacle limit weight = 60,000 kgs
Sea level, 0 C, flaps 5
6 mm (0.25) of slush6 mm (0.25) of slush
Step 1 - Determine gross weight reduction
Step 2 - Determine V1mcg limit weight
Step 3 - Lowest of step 1 and 2 is limiting weight
Step 4 - Determine V1 at actual takeoff weight
55,450 kgs
60,000 - 7900 = 52,100 kgs
52,100 kgs, lowest of step 1 and 2
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Cont Rwy.66
Ops Manual Slush/Standing Water Page0.25 in (6mm) Slush/Standing Water Depth
QRH/FMC Dry
Runway TakeoffSpeeds at 52,100 kgs
132 / 134 / 142
WEIGHT(1000 KG)
68
64
60
56
52
48
44
40
36
4000 FT 8000 FTS.L.
-3
-5
-7
-10
-13
-16
-18
-19
-19
-4
-5
-6
-8
-11
-13
-16
-17
-18
-4
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-11
-13
-15
6 MM (0.25 INCHES)
V1 Adjustment (1000 kg)
-13
119 / 134 / 142
V1mcg for thiscondition is 109 kias.
Not limiting.
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Cont Rwy.67
6 mm (0.25) of slush6 mm (0.25) of slush
1 Go
B + S/B + T/R
52,100 kg
Stop
V = 119
6000 feet
1 Go
B + S/B
60,000 kg
Stop
V = 144Dry runwayDry runway
--
normalnormal
15 feet
35 feet
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Cont Rwy.68
Agenda: Basic Regulations and Definitions
Physics of Contaminated Runways
Operational Practice
Operational Data/Applications
Other Considerations
CONTAMINATED AND SLIPPERY RUNWAYS
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Cont Rwy.69
Landing on Slippery Runways Touchdown 1,000 ft(1200 for 747) from approach end of runway Maximum manual braking
Reverse thrust
Data provided for normal or non-normal landing configurations
LANDING WEIGHT 1000 LB
LANDINGDISTANCE
1000FT
200 240 280 320 360 400 440
10
8
6
4
2
BB
0.05FAR WET
(REFERENCE)
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.05FAR WET
(REFERENCE)
0.10
0.15
0.20
12
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Cont Rwy.70
Snow EquivalenciesAs Taken From Draft AC 91-6B
STANDING WATER (INCHES)
SNOW
DEPTH
(INCHES)
0
4
3
2
1
01/4 1/2
TAKEOFFSHOULDNOTBEAT
TEMPED
LOOS
EDRYSN
OW
HEAVYWETSNOW
ORSLUSH
Note: On JAR certified airplanes dry snow takeoff performance is
provided as advisory data in the JAR AFM and the operational
takeoff program BTM (777, 737 NG)
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Cont Rwy.71
Crosswind GuidelinesBoeing publishes takeoff and landingcrosswind guidelines in the Flight CrewTraining Manuals
Derived from analysis and piloted simulations
Based on steady winds Function of runway condition - dry, wet, standing
water/slush, snow - no melting, ice - no melting
Accounts for asymmetric reverse thrust Provides guidance on technique (side slip, crab)
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The End