CONTAINERIZATION

• The U.S. container shipping industry dates to April 26, 1956, when trucking entrepreneur Malcom McLean put 58 containers aboard a refitted tanker ship, the Ideal-X, and sailed them from Newark to Houston. What was new in the USA about McLean's innovation was the idea of using large containers that were never opened in transit between shipper and consignee and that were transferable on an intermodal basis, among trucks, ships and railroad wagons. McLean had initially favored the construction of "trailerships"—taking trailers from large trucks and stowing them in a ship’s cargo hold. This method of stowage, referred to as roll-on/roll-off (RORO Vessels), was not adopted because of the large waste in potential cargo space onboard the vessel, known as broken stowage. Instead, he modified his original concept into loading just the containers, not the chassis, onto the ships, hence the designation container ship or "box" ship.

Historical Phase:

Transiting Panama Canal:

• Types:– Dry– Tanker– Reefer– Open-top– Flat– High-cube– Others…

Containers Designs

Special Purposes: Bulk Container

Special Purposes:

Collapsable:

Again.....

قدم20الحاويات متر 2.38 × 2.34 × 5.92طن22اقصى حمولة مترمكعب 33

قدم40الحاويات 11.95 × 2.34 × 2.38طن27اقصى حمولة مترمكعب 67

Containers Inner Dimensions• 20 ‘ dry :

– 5.92 x 2.34 x 2.38 m – Tare weight : 1900 KG– Capacity : 33 CBM– Payload : 22100 KG

• 40’ dry : – 11.95 x 2.34 x 2.38 m – Tare weight : 3084 Kg– Capacity : 67 CBM– Payload : 27400 Kg

Containers Vessels

Generations Total TEU’s1st generation Up to approx. 1100

2nd generation Up to approx. 1800

3rd generation Up to approx. 3000

4th generation Up to approx. 4800

Panamax Up to approx. 6000

Suezmax Up to approx. 7500

Container Ships Generations:

Generations Total TEU’s1st Up to approx. 1100

2nd Up to approx. 1800

3rd Up to approx. 3000

4th Up to approx. 4800

Panamax Up to approx. 6000

Suezmax Up to approx. 7500

Containership Generations:

The Evolution of Container Vessels

Lay-out of a Container Ship

Container Handling

Container Handling in Terminals & Sea Ports

Routed Containers:

Container Cycles/Flow:

Understanding the freight businessFebruary, 2008

Layout of Gantry Crane

It depends upon the following factors:– Applying new technologies in operation and

management.– Developing Cargo handling equipment.– Training programs for employees.– Yards deployment.– Financial capability.

The improvement in productivity in container terminal

CONTAINER TERMINALS

Container Terminal Workflow

Terminal Layout:

• Water-side berth for docking the ships, • Large paved yard for storage of containers,• Specialized cranes, • Tractors and other equipment for handling the containers from

the ship to the storage yards, • Computerized gatehouse to control entry and exit of containers

from the yard on trucks, • Various maintenance and administration buildings.

Most container terminals also have a rail yard, also known as the Intermodal Container Transfer Facility (ICTF), for containers transported by rail, Road & River.

Typical container terminal consists of:

heading to the land side and water side of the terminal. The waterside interface area connects the quay where vessels are

berthed and the stacking area where containers are stored after being discharged.

The landside interface area accommodates the flow of containers from the stacking yard to the hinterland by road and rail.

Some containers are transshipped; therefore, they are transported back to the waterside and being loaded to another vessel.

Containers are stacked in the yard separately for each group, namely import, export, transshipped, reefer, and empty containers, in order to minimize the transport distances for the terminal equipment to carry containers from one stack location to and from waterside/landside interface area. Another reason will be to simplify the operation

A container terminal in general has two interface areas

• when one container has to be picked up, in the sense that reshuffling (moving containers on top of the required container) can be minimized.

• There are basically three common lay out that can be implemented in container terminals:– long single container wide lanes for straddle carriers– long multiple containers wide lanes with cranes over them (exchange on top)– long multiple containers wide lanes with cranes over them (exchange on side

ways)• Additionally, the width and length of each lane, number of lanes, as

well as the configuration/position of reefers, empty containers and dry vans should be

• determined as a basic consideration in deciding the best lay out of the terminal.

• Furthermore, location of the building, grid lanes for truck coming to and from the terminal, and rail infrastructure (if any), should be well defined.

• “The terminal yard must be of a size that enables the handling of the anticipated throughput.” The number of Terminal Ground Slots (TGS) which can be accommodated by such terminal yard is the basic consideration in this key point analysis.

• The TGS itself is defined as the area that is occupied by a standard 20-feet container.”

IMPORTANT COMMENT:

1. Ratio of loaded to empty containers: although loaded and empty containers take up the same surface space, loaded containers are heavier so that the underground carrying capacity is more important.

2. Average stacking period per container.3. Stacking height (Tiers).4. Ratio of non refrigerated containers to refrigerated containers.5. Ratio of import to export containers.6. Planned utilization factor.

for management reasons some spare capacity may be required The area for stacking empties, reefers and dry vans will eventually have trade off between each others.

The factors influencing terminal yard capacity are:

• the entire operations is managed and controlled by a computerized Terminal Operating System (TOS) located in the office building, which also houses the administrative and management staff. Additional space in the office building is leased out to port users and government agencies such as Customs and Immigration, or alternatively a separate building is constructed to house the port’s users and tenants. Additional buildings for labor locker rooms and cafeteria as well as Custom’s inspections, equipment repair and maintenance, and electric and other utilities are also located on the container terminal.

• A large warehouse used for “stuffing and stripping” containers, known as a Container Freight Station (CFS) is also usually located on the terminal.

Role of IT in Operating the terminal

Ranking of Ports WorldwideBy container traffic (1000 TEUs)

Rank Port Country(in 2005)

TEUs (1,000)(in 2005)

2004 2005

1 Hong Kong Singapore Singapore 23,200

2 Singapore Hong Kong China 22,430

3 Shanghai Shanghai China 18,090

4 Shenzhen Shenzhen China 16,200

5 Bussan Bussan Korea 11,840

6 Kaohsiung Kaohsiung 9,471

7 Rotterdam Rotterdam The Nederland 9,300

8 Los Angeles The United States

Small Maleh Lock entrance

Big Maleh Lock entrance

Small M

aleh LockBig Maleh Lock

Mediterranean Railway & road bridge

Noubaria Canal

Alex. Port

Connecting the River to the Sea Port

Container Stowage Plan

• According to this principle, bays are the container blocks in the transverse direction, rows are the lengthwise rows and tiers are the vertical layers.

Container Stowage Plan:

Thirty-eight 20' container bays on a ship

Theoretically, the thirty-eight bays could be numbered continuously from 1 to 38. However, that would only be sensible if only 20' containers could actually be loaded.

Bay numbering system

Bay numbering system

If the ship could only transport 40' containers, the nineteen bays could be numbered continuously from 1 to 19.

Nineteen 40' container bays on a ship

Bay numbering system

Guide rails of two adjacent slots

• The containers are guided by these rails of the cell guides during loading and unloading. The photo shows clearly that the upper ends of the guide rails each take the form of insertion guides.

Bay numbering system

Since, however, the ship can transport both 20' and 40' containers, the bay spaces for 20' containers are numbered throughout fore to aft with odd numbers, i.e. in this case 01, 03, 05 and so on up to 75. The bay spaces for 40' containers are numbered throughout with even numbers: 02, 04, 06 and so on up to 74. The purple 20' container in the first bay has the bay number 01. The light-brown 20' container in the second bay has the bay number 03 and the light-blue 40' container, which occupies a space in the first and second bays, has the bay number 02. The magenta-colored container has the bay number 25, the dark-green number 27 and the light-green number 26.

To illustrate a cross-section through a bay, one needs to imagine that one is standing in front of or behind the ship.

The rows of containers on a ship are numbered with even numbers from the center leftward and odd numbers from the center rightward.

Row numbering where there is an even number of rows

Where there is an odd number of rows, the middle row is numbered 00.

Row numbering where there is an odd number of rows

On close inspection, the photograph shows left-hand row 16, which is designed to be filled with containers only on deck, and rows 14, 12, 10, 08, 06, which may be filled both on deck and in the holds. Rows 04, 02, 00, 01 and 03 are likewise designed to be occupied in the hold and on deck. However, the hatch covers are already on in this case.

Numbering of the port rows on board ship

Rows 05, 07, 09, 11 and 13 are still empty in this bay. Row 15 is designed only for on deck occupation, and is still free in this bay.

Row numbers of the aft bay of a ship

Numbering of horizontal container layers, or tiers

The container tiers are numbered with even numbers, starting from the bottom. The conventional way is start with 02 in the hold and then count up with 04, 06 etc. In the case of deck cargoes, it is conventional to start numbering with 80 or 82. There are sometimes slight differences between ships.

On this ship, the containers standing directly on the main deck are numbered 80 and those standing on the hatchesare number 82. The number is incremented by two for each higher layer. These bay, row and tier numbers are noted in the bay plans.

Bay plan

The loaded containers, with their alpha prefix, their container numbers, the port of destination or discharge and other important details are noted in the bay plans.

Color-labeled containers in a bay plan

According to the bay-row-tier system, the colored containers were given the following stowage space numbers:

• a 20' container in the red-colored slot: 531212

• a 40' container in the blue-colored slot: 540788

• a 20' container in the green-colored slot: 551184 The system illustrated is the most widely used. However, other numbering systems do exist, in which the coordinates are stated in a different order, for example row-bay-tier systems and similar combinations. On ro/ro ships, the slots are usually organized along lanes running lengthwise. In individual cases and if required, such information may be obtained from shipping companies, cargo-handling companies or other competent persons.