Container Handling, Storage and Transshipment€¦ · Container Handling, Storage and Transshipment...

Container Handling, Storage and Transshipment

Kees Benning

ContainersENG_STC_Publish 2018-10-22_02.indd 1 22-10-2018 16:26:40

Typesetting by Johan van den Wijngaard, STC Training & ConsultancyPrinted by GraphyCemFirst editionTranslated from Dutch by DCT. Originally published as ‘Containers, open overslag’ by STC Publishing.All rights reserved.© 2018, STC Publishing, Rotterdam

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint or any other means without prior written permission from the publisher.

ISBN 978-94-92083-22-7


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History and development of the container in maritime transport 9 1.1 History .............................................................................................................9 1.2 Malcom McLean ............................................................................................10 1.3 Sea land service ............................................................................................10 1.4 Developments in container shipping ..............................................................14

The container 23 2.1 Containers .....................................................................................................23 2.2 ISO ................................................................................................................24 2.3 Dimensions and weights in accordance with ISO 668 ....................................25 2.4 Non-standard dimensions ..............................................................................26 2.5 Weight ...........................................................................................................28 2.6 Corner castings / corner fittings .....................................................................29 2.7 Provisions for forklift trucks and other supplementary provisions ...................30 2.8 Codes and numbers.......................................................................................31 2.9 Check digit ....................................................................................................32 2.10 Country code .................................................................................................34 2.11 Dimensions and type .....................................................................................40 2.12 Type of container ...........................................................................................42 2.14 Identification..................................................................................................44

Container structure 47 3.1 Structure .......................................................................................................47 3.2 Sides .............................................................................................................49 3.3 Other information on containers.....................................................................50 3.4 Structure .......................................................................................................52 3.5 End and side walls .........................................................................................54 3.6 Materials .......................................................................................................54 3.7 Steel containers .............................................................................................55 3.8 Plywood/ RFP containers ...............................................................................55 3.9 Aluminium containers ....................................................................................56

Safe containers 59 4.1 Tests .............................................................................................................59 4.2 Stacking test .................................................................................................60 4.3 Lifting test .....................................................................................................62 4.4 Restraint (longitudinal) test ............................................................................63 4.5 Strength of end walls test ..............................................................................63 4.6 Strength of side walls test .............................................................................63

Table of Contents


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4.7 Strength of rooftest ........................................................................................64 4.8 Strength of floortest .......................................................................................64 4.9 Rigidity test ...................................................................................................65 4.10 Lifting from fork-lift pockets test....................................................................66 4.11 Lifting with grappler arm test .........................................................................66 4.12 Weatherproofness .........................................................................................67 4.13 Requirements ................................................................................................67

Types of containers 69 5.1 General..........................................................................................................69 5.2 Groups of containers .....................................................................................70 5.3 ISO classification ...........................................................................................70 5.4 General purpose container (00 through 09 or G).............................................71 5.5 Ventilated container (10 through 19 or V) .......................................................71 5.6 Thermal containers ........................................................................................72 5.7 Open container (50 through 59 or U) ..............................................................73 5.8 Open container (60 through 69 or P) ..............................................................74 5.9 Tank container (70 through 79 or T) ...............................................................75 5.10 Special container (80 through 89 or B) ...........................................................75 5.11 Air freight container (90 through 99) ..............................................................76

Temperature controlled containers 81 6.1 General..........................................................................................................81 6.2 What else can reefers do? .............................................................................82 6.3 Pre-trip inspection (PTI) of reefers ................................................................82 6.4 Power supply .................................................................................................83 6.5 Temperature ..................................................................................................84

Stowing, stacking and securing 87 7.1 Stowing .........................................................................................................87 7.2 Stacking ........................................................................................................88 7.3 Securing ........................................................................................................88 7.4 Developments in securing containers ............................................................90 7.5 Safety and damage prevention ......................................................................93 7.6 Carefulness ...................................................................................................95

Static and dynamic forces 97 8.1 Forces ..........................................................................................................97 8.2 Various forces ................................................................................................98 8.3 Vessel movements .......................................................................................100 8.4 Forces acting on a container ........................................................................105


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8.5 Transport bij inland waterway vessel ...........................................................106 8.6 Transport by rail ..........................................................................................106 8.7 Transport by road ........................................................................................108

Wind forces 111 9.1 Beaufort scale .............................................................................................111 9.2 Formula .......................................................................................................112 9.3 At an angle ..................................................................................................113 9.4 Container terminal .......................................................................................115 9.5 Formula .......................................................................................................116 9.6 Tension of lashings ......................................................................................118 9.7 Waves washing over containers ...................................................................119

Securing containers (I) 121 10.1 Forces .........................................................................................................121 10.2 Horizontal displacement ..............................................................................121 10.3 Vertical displacement ..................................................................................124 10.4 Fully automatic twistlock .............................................................................127

Securing containers (II) 129 11.1 Bridge fittings .............................................................................................129 11.2 Lashing materials ........................................................................................131 11.3 Links ...........................................................................................................133

Container handling 137 12.1 Container handling equipment .....................................................................137 12.2 Dockside container crane ............................................................................139 12.3 Container gantry crane ................................................................................141 12.4 Straddle carrier ..........................................................................................143 12.5 Mobile crane ...............................................................................................144 12.6 Forklift truck ................................................................................................144 12.7 Reach stacker .............................................................................................145 12.8 Storage and transshipment ..........................................................................146 12.9 Tractor with trailer .......................................................................................147 12.10 Transfer crane .............................................................................................149 12.11 AGV .............................................................................................................149 12.11 LAGV ...........................................................................................................150 12.13 ASC .............................................................................................................151


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Storage and transshipment handling equipment engineering 153 13.1 Parts............................................................................................................153 13.2 Multi-purpose container crane ....................................................................158 13.3 Container gantry crane ................................................................................158 13.4 Rubber tyred gantry crane ...........................................................................160 13.5 Straddle carrier ...........................................................................................162 13.6 Ancillary equipment .....................................................................................165

Attaching containers 167 14.1 Attaching loaded and empty containers .......................................................167 14.2 Attaching/lifting loaded containers ...............................................................168 14.3 Attaching/lifting empty containers ...............................................................171 14.5 Statutory provisions .....................................................................................179

Outgoing containers by seagoing vessel 181 15.1 Liner shipping .............................................................................................181 15.2 Shipowning company ..................................................................................182 15.3 Freight broker ..............................................................................................184 15.4 Bay plan ......................................................................................................187 15.5 Bill of lading ................................................................................................189 15.6 Manifest ......................................................................................................189

Incoming containers by seagoing vessel 191 16.1 Incoming cargo ............................................................................................191 16.2 Endorsement ...............................................................................................197 16.3 Release order ..............................................................................................199 16.4 Release and delivery of containers...............................................................200 16.5 Carrier .........................................................................................................202 16.6 Detention (container rent) ............................................................................202 16.7 Demurrage (container rent plus container yard rent) ....................................203

Identification of the position of containers at container terminals and on container ships 205

17.1 Identification of position on a map ...............................................................205 17.2 Chessboard .................................................................................................206 17.3 Container terminal .......................................................................................207 17.4 Container ships ...........................................................................................207 17.5 Other numbering .........................................................................................209 17.6 Tier..............................................................................................................210 17.7 Identification of bay, row and tier position and the loading/unloading plan ..211


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17.8 Loading/unloading plan ...............................................................................212 17.9 Communications..........................................................................................213

Container terminal security/safety 215 18.1 ISPS code ....................................................................................................215 18.2 Security levels ............................................................................................216 18.3 Safety at the terminal ..................................................................................217 18.4 Traffic regulations ........................................................................................218

References 223

Index 225


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History and development of the container in maritime transport

This chapter discusses the beginnings and history of the transport of containers on seagoing vessels, with a review of globalization, the hinterland, development of the container ship, transshipments, and feeder and shortsea transports.

1.1 HISTORY

The history of the container in Europe's ports is still young. Rotterdam first made the acquaintance of containers in the beginning of the nineteen-sixties, although they had already been in use in the USA for many years. The US Army used containers to transport war materials to Europe in the First World War (1914 -1918). This speeded the handling of the cargo on arrival in Europe.

The railways had also been using containers for some years, following the introduction of what were referred to as ‘railway containers’ on the European railways in 1928. However, container transport only really took off when the USA adopted broad-scale containerization, primarily for the transport of war materials for the Vietnam War.

Most exporters were not very enthusiastic about railway containers when they were introduced in 1928. Nevertheless, it gradually became clear that container transport offered several benefits, including:1. Prevention of loss and theft2. Rapid transport by virtue of speedier transshipment3. ‘House-to-house’ transport4. Lower packaging costs

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1.2 MALCOM MCLEAN

Malcom McLean (1913 – 2001), then a 24-year-old self-employed trucker, was extremely frustrated with the slow handling of goods on general cargo vessels when unloading his bales of cotton in New York Harbor. He continually found himself having to wait on the quay throughout the night. His frustration resulted in his idea to uncouple the complete cargo unit from the chassis and have it hoisted on board. Obviously, wooden and metal crates were already used to load valuable goods on board, but loading the entire unit directly from the truck's chassis was truly revolutionary. His idea marked the beginnings of intermodal transport.

FIGURE 1.1 Malcom McLean

However, his plan required large investments, investments that could not be made during last century's Great Depression: he had to pull out all the stops to keep his McLean Trucking company going. Ultimately, he managed to get his eureka moment off the ground in the nineteen-fifties. He sold his successful transport company, that had by now grown into one of the largest in North America, and with a loan of 20 million US dollars from Citibank he bought the Pan Atlantic Steamship Company, in Alabama. He converted an old World War II tanker into a cargo vessel and fitted a flat deck for the stowage of 35-foot aluminium containers. He chose this length because of the length restriction on truck-trailer combinations in North America, which was 50 feet.

1.3 SEA LAND SERVICE

On 26 April 1956, Malcom McLean's first vessel sailed from Port Newark, on the Hudson River, to Houston, in Texas. Aluminium had been chosen simply to make the container as light as possible, which increased the cargo capacity by two tons. He had rechristened the vessel the ‘Ideal X’ – a symbolic name for the most ideal form of express service. The first cellular container ship, the Gateway City, sailed on its maiden voyage from Port Newark to Miami, Houston and Tampa on 4 October 1957.

Malcom McLean


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