Consumer Behavior– you are

what you buy…

• Did you know?

• Paper

• Marketing news

• Consumer behavior (web)

• Consumer behavior (ppt)

• Innovation diffusion (ppt)

• NLP

• Next week: Market research

• Think of a recent important purchase– briefly draw a

flowchart of the steps you recall moving through from

the awareness of need to post purchase

• What influenced you at each step?

Consumer Decision-Making

Process

PostpurchaseBehavior

Purchase

Evaluation of Alternatives

Information Search

Need Recognition

Cultural, Social, Individual and Psychological

Factors affect

all steps

Complete model of consumer behavior

Stimuli

(marketer

dominated,

other)

External

search

Memory

Internal

search

Exposure

Attention

Comprehension

Acceptance

Retention

Search

Need

recognition

Alternative

evaluation

Purchase

Outcomes

Dissatisfaction Satisfaction

Individual

differences

• resources

• motivation &

involvement

• knowledge

• attitudes

• personality,

values, lifestyle

Influences

• culture

• social class

• family

• situation

Start

• How do you know when to shop? What are the

triggers that initiate an awareness & search?

• What are the internal & external sources of these

triggers?

Need Recognition

Preferred State

Marketing helps

consumers recognize

(or create) an imbalance

between present status

and preferred state

• When a current product isn’t

performing properly

• When the consumer is running

out of an product

• When another product seems

superior to the one currently used

The information search stage

An internal search involves the

scanning of one's memory to recall previous

experiences or knowledge concerning

solutions to the problem-- often sufficient for

frequently purchased products.

An external search may be necessary

when past experience or knowledge is

insufficient, the risk of making a wrong

purchase decision is high, and/or the cost of

gathering information is low.

Personal sources

(friends and family)

Public sources (rating

services like Consumer

Reports)

Marketer-dominated

sources (advertising

or sales people)

The evoked set: a group of

brands from which the buyer can

choose

• go back to your past purchase– what were the

specific internal and external sources of

information that influenced your decision?

• how do you determine (and rate) the credibility of

these sources?

• what specific information influenced you?

Determinants of External Search

Buyer Behavior

• Initiator: the person who first suggests or thinks of the idea of buying a

particular product or service.

• Influencer: a person whose views or advice carry weight in making the

final buying decision

• Decider: the person who ultimately makes the final buying decision or

any part of it

• Buyer: the person who makes the actual purchase

• User: the person who consumes the product or service

Other people often influence a consumers purchase decision.

The marketer needs to know which people are involved in the

buying decision and what role each person plays, so that

marketing strategies can also be aimed at these people.

(Kotler et al, 1994).

Note: teens are increasingly assuming more of these roles

Think about your past purchase– who was in which role?

Wife

Dominant

Husband

Dominant

Joint

100 50 075 25

Women’s

clothing

Pots & pans

Child clothing

groceries

vacations

TV sets

Family car Sport equipment

Lawn mower

Paint wallpaper

lamps

Men’s leisure clothing

Men’s business clothing

camera

Financial planning

furniture

refrigerator

luggage

carpet

NonRx

Toys/games

stereo

hardware

Extent of role specialization

Relative influence of husbands & wives

Information

searchFinal

decision

Consumer decision makingvaries with the level of involvement in

the purchasing decision

• Extensive: problem solving occurs when

buyers purchase more expensive, less

frequently purchased products in an

unfamiliar product category requiring

information search & evaluation; may

experience cognitive dissonance.

• Limited: problem solving occurs when buyers are

confronted with an unfamiliar brand in a familiar product

category

• Routine: response behavior occurs

when buyers purchase low cost, low risk, brand loyal,

frequently purchased, low personal identification or

relevance, items with which they are familiar.

Increase in

Consumer

evaluation

processes

• quickly list 10 items you have purchased in the past

month

• reexamine how long it took you to make a decision

on each

• why did such a difference in decision occur?

Factors affecting

Consumer involvement

• Previous experience: low level involvement

• Interest: high involvement

• Perceived risk of negative consequences: high involvement

• Situation: low to high due to risk

• Social visibility: involvement increases with product visibility

• Offer extensive information on high involvement products

• In-store promotion & placement is important for low involvement products

• Linking low-involvement product to high-involvement issue can increase sales

So…

Types of consumer involvement

and decision making

Routine Limited Extensive

Involvement Short Low to

moderate

High

Time Low Short to

moderate

Long

Cost Short Low to

moderate

High

Information

Search

Internal only Mostly

internal

Internal &

external

Number of

alternatives

one few many

Compensatory Decision: Using product characteristics to guide decision

• Select the best overall brand-- evaluates brand options in terms of each relevant attribute and computes a weighted or summated score for each brand. The consumer chooses the brand with the highest score.

• Compensatory model because a positive score on one attribute can outweigh a negative score on another attribute.

• Conjunctive Decision Rule (cutoff criteria)-- Consumer sets a minimum

standard for each attribute and if a brand fails to pass any standard, it is dropped from

consideration.

• Reduces a large consideration set to a manageable size.

• Often used in conjunction with another decision rule.

• Disjunctive Decision Rule (rank by importance)-- sets a minimum

acceptable standard as the cutoff point for each attribute--any brand that exceeds the

cutoff point is accepted.

• Reduces large consideration set to a more manageable number of

alternatives.

• Consumer may settle for the first satisfactory brand as final choice or may

use another decision rule.

• Synthesized decision rule-- Consumers maintain overall evaluations of

brands in their long term memories. Brands on not evaluated on individual attributes

but on the highest perceived overall rating.

• think of an important purchasing decision

you have made

• what are some of the thoughts you have had

following your purchase? Any regrets?

• what has influenced those thoughts?

• how have you dealt with the discomfort?

• how has the company anticipated or dealt with

your discomfort?

Postpurchase Behavior

Can minimize through:Effective Communication

Follow-upGuaranteesWarranties

Underpromise & overdeliver

Cognitive Dissonance

?Did I make a good decision?

Did I buy the right product?

Did I get a good value?

Sour Grapes–

a story of

cognitive

dissonance

…after being unable to reach the grapes the fox said, “these

grapes are probably sour, and if I had them I would not eat

them.”

--Aesop

Cognitive Dissonance

• psychological discomfort caused by inconsistencies

among a person’s beliefs, attitudes, and actions

• varies in intensity based on importance of issue and

degree of inconsistency

• induces a “drive state” to avoid or reduce dissonance

by changing beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors and

thereby restore consistency

Tendency to avoid information can be countered by eliciting interest,

norm of fairness, or perceive usefulness of information

Post-decision “buyer’s remorse” may be increased by importance or

difficulty or irreversibility of decision

Counter-attitudinal action, freely chosen with little incentive or

justification, leads to attitude change (e.g., new product at special low

price)

Applications:

• think of an innovation in your field

• describe different groups of employees in your

organization who would respond early and

favorably, as well as later and unfavorably

• what are the differences between these groups?

• how could you use this information to market the

innovation to them more effectively?

• Identify an innovation in your organization or an

organization you are familiar with

• Identify the subgroups who responded to the

innovation using the Rogers & Shoemaker

stakeholder model

• What could have been done to facilitate

acceptance by each of these groups?

Decision Processing

Persuasive Communication

Nature of Active Cognitive Processing: (initial

attitude, argument quality, etc.)

Favorable

Thoughts

Predominate

Unfavorable

Thoughts

Predominate

Neither or

Neutral

Predominate

Cognitive Structure Change: Are new cognitions

adopted and stored in memory? Are different

responses made salient than previously?

• personal relevance

• personal importance

• personal responsibility

Motivated to Process?

• dissonance arousal

• need for cognition

• repetition

• cognitive complexity

• critical thinking

• distraction free

• low arousal

Ability to Process?

• appropriate schema

• message pace

• repetition

• issue familiarity

Enduring positive

attitude change

(persuasion)

Enduring negative

attitude change

(boomerang)

• greater persistence

• resistant to counterattacks & fading

• predictive of behavior

• > brand memory

• > elaboration

• >usage intention

• > attitude accessibility

• > attitude confidence

• > attitude-behavior consistency

Peripheral Cues Present?

• reciprocity (obligated, did a favor)

• consistency (way it’s done, similar to before)

• social proof (peer pressure, conformity)

• liking (attractiveness, friendliness)

• celebrity (identification, prestige)

• authority (expertise, experience, credibility)

• rapid speech, forceful presentation, charismatic style

• scarcity (limited time offer)

• tangible rewards

• appealing visuals & music (emotional arousal)

• fear appeal

• weak counter-arguments

Attitude Shift:

• short-lived

• susceptible to influence

• unpredictable

Retain or Regain

Initial Attitude

Elaboration Likelihood Method (ELM) of persuasion

Write in the number that best fits your view:

1 2 3 4

completely mostly mostly completely

false false true true

_____1. I would prefer complex to simple problems.

_____2. I like to have the responsibility of handling a situation that requires a lot of thinking.

_____3. Thinking is not my idea of fun. *

_____4. I would rather do something that requires little thought than something that is sure to

challenge my thinking abilities. *

_____5. I try to anticipate and avoid situations where there is likely chance I will have to think

in depth about something. *

_____6. I find satisfaction in deliberating hard and for long hours.

_____7. I only think as hard as I have to. *

_____8. I prefer to think about small, daily projects to long-term ones. *

_____9. I like tasks that require little thought once I’ve learned them. *

_____10. The idea of relying on thought to make my way to the top appeals to me.

_____11. I really enjoy a task that involves coming up with new solutions to problems.

_____12. Learning new ways to think doesn’t excite me very much. *

_____13. I prefer my life to be filled with puzzles that I must solve.

_____14. The notion of thinking abstractly is appealing to me.

_____15. I would prefer a task that is intellectual, difficult, and important to one that is somewhat

important but does not require much thought.

_____16. I feel relief rather than satisfaction after completing a task that required a lot of mental

effort. *

_____17. It’s enough for me that something gets the job done; I don’t care how or why it works. *

_____18. I usually end up deliberating about issues even when they do not affect me personally.

Need for

Cognition Scale

Items 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 16, and 17 are reverse scored

Sleeper Effect:

• when secondary source becomes more credible than primary source

over time

• persuasion may increase over time with a weak source

• forget the source but remember the message

• not if source is learned prior to the message (will ignore or bias

processing)

Example: Attack ads during political campaigns

Next week: Survey & questionnaire design

• Think of our graduate program in

management

• Formulate 5 questions that you think would

get at customer (student) satisfaction with the

program

• Term paper

• Bring 1 page with title, 1 paragraph on

purpose & overview

• Citation for 1 journal and one book