Consuelo Varela-Ortega Irene Blanco, Gema Carmona, Paloma Esteve
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Transcript of Consuelo Varela-Ortega Irene Blanco, Gema Carmona, Paloma Esteve
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Consuelo Varela-Ortega
Irene Blanco, Gema Carmona, Paloma Esteve
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Spain
Ramón Llamas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and FMB
Christopher Swartz, SEI –Boston USA
Thomas D. Downing, Sukaina Bhrawani,SEI-Oxford UK
John Bromley, OUCE Oxford University UK
World Water Forum, Istanbul
20 March 2009
GROUND WATER IRRIGATION: WATER FOR FOOD AND WATER FOR NATURE
Linking science to policy
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1. NEWATER (New approaches to adaptive water management under uncertainty) (2005-2009) www.newater.info
- IP, 42 r. teams, 15 countries, 7 river basins (Rhine, Elba, Tisza, Guadiana, Nile, Orange, Amuradya)
EU research projects
Linking water policies and agricultural policies…
2. SCENES (Water Scenarios for Europe and for Neighbouring States) (2007-2011) http://www.environment.fi/syke/scenes
- IP, 23 r. teams, 17 countries, 4 regions (Mediterranean , Lower Danube, Baltic , Black sea )
3. CROSS COMPLIANCE (Facilitating the CAP reform: Compliance and competitiveness of European agriculture)(2005-2008) http://www.cross-compliance-fp6.eu/
- STREP, 11 research teams (3 non EU)
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Basins in the EU project Newater
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1. Main issues in the Mediterranean Region
MEDITERRANEAN REGION
- Water stress
- Land use changes
- Water use, irrigation
- Change in agricultural policy
- Change in water policy
- Population trends
PILOT AREAS
-Guadiana (Spain)
-Garonne (France)
-Candelaro (Italy)
-Seyhan (Turkey)
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Sustainable & competitive Agriculture
Direct aid payments decoupled from production Single farm payment (per farm) Cross-compliance mechanisms direct payments are subject to compliance with environmental regulations Rural Development Programs
Sustainable use of water resources & Good ecological status of all waters(2015)
River Basin Organization as management unit Planning and integrated management of all water resources RBMP Cost recovery, polluter pays principle Transparency and public participation
AGRICULTURAL POLICIES
CAP Reform 2003
WATER POLICIES
Water Framework Directive, 2000
The EU policy context: water and agricultural policies
IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
MultifunctionalCompetitive
Environmentally sustainableAdaptable to new challenges (i.e. climate change)
CAP ‘HEALTH CHECK’2009…
•Water management•Climate change
•Biofuels
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The EU Water Framework Directive
• WFD is Quality-driven …” Control of quantity is an ancillary element in securing good water quality..”
• Added difficulty for the Guadiana RBA to comply with two water objectives:
– SPANISH (Quantity O.) Guarantee water availability to all users– EU WFD (Quality O.) Good ecological status of all waters
• CAP in Spain aims to protect overexploited aquifers in irrigated areas
• Effects on irrigated farming? On rural livelihoods? On aquatic ecosystems?
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Complying with the WFD:
• Can water savings be met?
• Is it socially and financially sustainable?
• Resilience and buffering capacity of the system?
Complying with the CAP:
• What are the effects of CAP reform on land use?
• On farm income?
• Is there a water-saving potential in the CAP?
GLOBAL POLICIES
LOCAL ACTIONS
Do
wn
-scaling
to th
e regio
ns
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The WFD Pilot Basins
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The WFD Pilot Basins
JúcarP. Guadiana
Spanish Guadiana
101010
CUENCA INTERNACIONAL DEL RIO GUADIANA
Basin in Spain
THE GUADIANA BASIN IN SPAIN
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Castilla-La Mancha
Western La Mancha Aquifer
Environmental issues in the Upper Guadiana basin
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OVEREXPLOITED AQUIFERS
So
urc
e: M
IMA
M (2
00
0)
One of the two Spanish aquifers officially declared overexploited
The most important aquifer in the Upper Guadiana Basin
Castilla-La Mancha
Western La Mancha Aquifer
Environmental issues in the Upper Guadiana basin
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OVEREXPLOITED AQUIFERS
So
urc
e: M
IMA
M (2
00
0)
The most important nitrate vulnerable zone in SpainOne of the two Spanish aquifers officially declared overexploited
The most important aquifer in the Upper Guadiana Basin
Castilla-La Mancha
Western La Mancha Aquifer
Clash between irrigation-based human development and ecosystem conservation
Environmental issues in the Upper Guadiana basin
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• Common pool resources + Open access• Policy-driven incentives for irrigation expansion
• Free riding behavior illegal drillings and overpumping• Top-down institutions (WUAs) • Difficult control, high transaction costs & social costs• Costly and difficult policy enforcement• Water management and governance problem
Environmental issues in the Upper Guadiana basin
Clash between irrigation-based human development and ecosystem conservation
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July, 2006
“TABLAS DE DAIMIEL” NATIONAL PARK (Ramsar Wetlands)
Challenge
Balancing the trade-off between water for rural livelihoods and water for conserving ecosystems
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Field work
Policy scenarios
BA
SIN
LE
VE
LF
AR
M L
EV
EL
Baseline analysis
Water use
Vulnerability analysis CART
Socio-economic and agronomic impacts
Farmers’ strategies Farm income Public expenditure
Available water
ECONOMIC MODELSIWAP
HIDROLOGY MODEL WEAP
Aquifer recharge / wetland recovery
Environmental impacts
AGRONOMIC MODEL
CROPSYST
Crop YieldsTechnologies
Bayesian NetworksDSS
STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION
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Guadiana Basin Authority
Guadiana Basin Authority
Ministry of Environment, Regional Departments of Environment, Env. NGOs
Ministry of Environment, Regional Departments of Environment, Env. NGOs
Hydrology Hydrology EnvironmentEnvironment
ECONOMIC MODELECONOMIC MODEL
SIMULATION SCENARIOSSIMULATION SCENARIOS
Agriculture/EconomyAgriculture/Economy
Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Dep. of Agriculture,
Farmers…
Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Dep. of Agriculture,
Farmers…
HYDROLOGY MODELHYDROLOGY MODEL
AGRONOMIC MODELAGRONOMIC MODEL
POLICY-DRIVENWFD, CAP, WTOPOLICY-DRIVENWFD, CAP, WTO SH-DRIVENSH-DRIVEN
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Guadiana Basin Authority
Guadiana Basin Authority
Ministry of Environment, Regional Departments of Environment, Env. NGOs
Ministry of Environment, Regional Departments of Environment, Env. NGOs
Hydrology Hydrology EnvironmentEnvironment
ECONOMIC MODELECONOMIC MODEL
SIMULATION SCENARIOSSIMULATION SCENARIOS
Agriculture/EconomyAgriculture/Economy
Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Dep. of Agriculture,
Farmers…
Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Dep. of Agriculture,
Farmers…
HYDROLOGY MODELHYDROLOGY MODEL
AGRONOMIC MODELAGRONOMIC MODEL
POLICY-DRIVENWFD, CAP, WTOPOLICY-DRIVENWFD, CAP, WTO SH-DRIVENSH-DRIVEN
Stakeholders
Purchase of water rights?
Water banks?Closing-up of illegal wells?
Legalization of illegal wells?
Water markets?
Water tariffs?
2121
0
2000
4000
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8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Gro
un
dw
ate
r S
tora
ge
(th
ou
san
ds o
f M
m3)
Reference; Expected Climate
WAP only; Expected Climate
F2 AEP to 2006 then SPUG; Expected Climate
F2 AEP to 2006 then failed SPUG; Expected Climate
Reference; Dry Cycle Climate
F2 AEP to 2006 then SPUG; Dry Cycle Climate
WEAP Model: Groundwater storage
Joint effects of water policies and the CAP on the aquifer
• SCIENCE/POLICY: Participatory integrated modeling are valuable tools for water management link technical developments/management/governance
• ARIDITY/POLICY ENFORCEMENT: For arid regions, basins have difficulty adapting to quality-driven WFD
to reduce social opposition, and high enforcement costs. Better top-down policy enforcement by the RBA
required together with increased accountability, bottom-up SH participation , transparency and public awareness
• SCALE: scale matters: Down-scaling to specific local actions is crucial to meet adaptation targets.
• POLITICAL WILL: The dual target of recovering the aquifer and maintain rural livelihoods, will be attained only if all measures of the Special Water Plan of the UG are fully implemented (closing of illegal wells, purchase of water rights, reforestation, rainfed…). difficult in the case of drought.
• GLOBAL SCOPE: In the context of the WTO, Agricultural policies can play a role in saving water promote integration, synergies, cohesion and administrative coordination legitimization, credibility EU SDS