Construction technology report

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 1

Group members: Chee Wei Shan 0319572

Elliot Pang Tiu Seng 0319438

Jackson Ting Shii Hang 0324326

Hiew Li Ming 0319941

Hong Kai Yin 0323361

Lee Ern Hui 0319703

Content

1. Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-8

2. Doors --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9-25

3. Staircase --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26-36

4. Roofs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37-43

5. Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44

6. References ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45

INTRODUCTION

TASK

For this assignment, we need to choose a building in Klang Valley area to

use as the object of study. We are required to illustrate the type of building

with plan/ sketches/ photo/diagrams. Moreover, we also need to identify

and explain the type of roof, type of windows and doors and also type of

stairs of the building with photos. Last but not least, we need to include the

compare and contrast with one other types and provide recommendations

of an alternative to replace the existing the type of roof, window and door

and also staircase. Therefore, we had choose The Gardens Mall as our

topic of this assignment.

ABOUT

Kuala Lumpur is the capital of Malaysia which is also known as the

shopping paradise. There are numerous of shopping malls which also

includes Mid valley Megamall and The Gardens. The Gardens Mall is

located at the heart of Mid valley City and is neighbouring with Mid valley

Megamall. It is a 6-level shopping mall linked to Mid Valley through a bridge

which has more than 200 top fashion brands outlets of such as Louis

Vuitton, Calvin Klein, Hermès and Burberry reside. It also provides wide

array of top international cuisine, latest in technology and home furnishings

and many more.

The Gardens Mall is also home to two popular departmental stores;

Robinsons from Singapore and Isetan of http://www.thegardensmall.com.my/home/ -

13949350 Japan. You can find a huge Cold Storage Supermarket at lower

ground floor of The Gardens. Moreover, You can also head to The Gardens

Theatre for more entertainment. GSC Signature can probably be

considered as the most luxurious cinema in Malaysia. Gold class can

provide you a big high quality recliner for you to enjoy the movie. If you

head to the 4th Floor, you can seek for comfort and a dedicated area

complete with spas, wellness clinics as well as a fitness centre.

Besides, for heaven of food, there are quite a lot of restaurants. The nice

ones includes Sushi Zanmai which is a Japanese cuisine, Flying Chillies

which is Thailand cuisine and also Fong Lye that is Taiwan cuisine.

Furthermore, there is also an organic shop called The Life, one of the first

in Malaysia. The Gardens Club brings value added shopping experiences

with exclusive privileges and warm hospitality, as well as two dedicated

lounges specially for its members.

http://www.thegardensmall.com.my/home/#13949350

http://www.thegardensmall.com.my/home/#13949350

Lower Ground

This floor has a huge Cold Storage Supermarket and mostly consists of eatery, restaurants and café.

Ground

Most of the office and hotel owned by The Gardens is situated at this floor. This floor also provides top fashion brands shops like Louis Vuitton, Calvin Klein and Prada.

1st Floor

There are other fashion brands located at this floor such as Banana Republic and Levi’s. Two of the departmental stores are also situated here.

2nd Floor

This floor is a location where you can find clothes for infant and kids. It is also suitable for families as it has shops that sell furniture.

3rd Floor

Borders is a huge bookstore which provides a wide variety of reading material located at this level. This level also provides shops of sportwears with different brands.

4th Floor

The luxurious cinema which is known as GSC Signature is situated at this floor where it provides you comfortable atmosphere for you to enjoy movie. You can also find for more entertainment like karaoke outlet at this area.

5th Floor

This is the level where the second floor of GSC Signature is located. For beauty purpose, it also consists of Le Sense of Slimming Sanctuary.

6th Floor

The highest floor which mostly consists of wine bars and combination of restaurant and bar such as Ichiban The Izakaya. It also consists of a gallery which encourage Malaysian culture called Wei-Ling Contemporary.

Fire Doors

A door which located on escape routes leading to a final exit that is quick

and easy to open without the need for a key. An emergency exit is an exit

designed for emergencies such as fire. The combined use of regular and

special exits allows for faster evacuation, while it also provides an

alternative and easily catches attention of victims if the route to the regular

exit is blocked by any obstructions in case of fire.

The fire doors being used in The Garden is mostly wooden flush fire door

with window -- Timber Railed Door. This kind of door provides a high fire

resistance which able to withstand under high temperature of fire A Fire

doors have to remain closed all the time and only been opened when the

fire alarm is activated.

Door Specifications

FactorsType of Door

Fire ResistanceStrength to

Block /Trap the Fire

Material ofDoor Security

Emergency /Fire door(Internal)

*Fire door with window

HIGH fire resistance

- Used to against /

trap the fire from

separating from one

area to the another

- Creating more time

for people to escape

from the building

GOOD in fire

blocking

-The

requirement of

the door must

can able to

withstand

against the fire

at least

30minutes

when closed

Wooden

- A Fire doors have

to remain closed all

times

-Only open until a

fire alarm is set off

Emergency /Fire door(Internal)

*Fire exit with window

LOW fire resistance and DON'T need to have

- Allow a rapid and

un-obstructed escape

through the door

- It should be light to

be as easy to open in

case of fire situation

- Easily to open

BAD in fire blocking

-Just a simple

access to be

able people

pass through go

to outside

Wooden

Fire exits must NEVER be obstructed

- Will be open once

the emergency

occur

FactorsType of door

LifespanStrength of

the doorMaterial of

door Security

*Toilet door

Short

Low

-Just used as

a partition

door

WoodenSimple lock is

installed for those who is using

Comparison of Fire Doors

The fire doors which are made by timber are very common and

widely used in our country because it is economy and easy to obtain

without extra works needed.

Instead of choosing the wooden Door, I recommend the sliding metal

door for the fire emergency.

This is because the level of fire resistance of metal door is obviously

higher than wooden door. The time used for timber door to withstand fire

would be shorter than metal door. Metal door is high thermal insulator

which can overcome higher temperature of fire when compare to wooden

doors.

Other than that, lifespan of metal doors are longer than a wooden

door because timber does decay and affect its quality as well as its function

but metal doors are more easier to take care than wooden doors because

metal is a strong material itself.

Cost of wooden door is cheaper than metal door. It is cheap and an

economy choice to save cost but also need to meet the requirements of a

fire door and exit before install. Metal door is expensive. It more depends

on first time investment which has a better length of life as stated above.

Security standard of wooden door of course is weaker than metal

door. This is because wooden door usually just locked up by a lock which

can easily forced open by thieves or just apply some strike to open up the

door and metal door doesn't have this kind of problems.

The advantages of wooden timber door is cheap because timber is a

cheap materials compare to the others and it is easily to be found since it is

a commonly used material and it does not rust easily compare to others

metal based materials.

But there are disadvantages too, such as it is easily rot or decay

which old timber has lower strength. Besides, it has low moisture

resistance, when timber meets moisture will soften the timber and affect the

surface of the timber then it will easily broken.

Recommendations of Fire Emergency Doors

AND TO

FIGURE 4: FIRE DOOR AND EXIT FIGURE 6 :METAL SLIDING FIRE DOOR

P.S. :Metal sliding fire door been recommended to be choosed because

every factors of metal slidng fire door is better than a wooden door only the

first-time-investment cost is greater than wooden door which should be

considered before install.

Comparison of Toilet Doors

Timber is chosen as the material of the toilet door. It is because

timber easy to obtain in the market and cheap in price. Besides, timber is a

very common material to be used in building structures around us

nowadays.

Lifespan of wooden toilet door is lower than plastic door. It is because

wood is made by timber which is not a very strong material compare to the

metal-based materials.

Overall Cost of plastic sliding door for toilet is lower than wooden

door because plastic is much more easier to apply. Furthermore, timber is

more expensive compare to plastic because timber had to go through more

processes in order to produce wooden door but plastic just done in factory-

condition which process is much simple and easy.

Strength of both materials are nearly the same and they are weak

because the door is just use as a partition so manufacturer does not need

to consider more and put more effort on toilet door.

Maintenance fee of wooden door is higher than plastic sliding door. It

is because once the wooden door is broken; it should be replaced by a

whole new door which is the only way to repair a broken wooden door. But,

some specific plastic sliding door can replace the broken slide instead of

replace a new one. So, it is more economy than a wooden door.

Recommendations for Toilet Doors

TO

Figure 7: Wooden toilet door Figure 8: Plastic toilet door

P.S.: Plastic toilet door been recommended because it's cheaper which can save better

cost in installing than wooden toilet door and both of them having the similar

characteristics AND both of them meet the basic needs and requirements of the usage

of a toilet door as well.

Main Entrance Door (Mirror Sliding Door)

Nowadays, most of the shopping mall in South-East-Asia (SEA) is

using sliding door for their shopping mall. It is because it has the best

transparency to look through the activities on-going in the building.

Besides, it allows the sunlight goes into the building which can light up the

whole building. People will like to go into a mall which is bright.

Strength of the mirror is literally strong because the mirror-sliding

door is using a thick mirror to avoid broken in case of impaction or collision

occurred. Moreover, some mirror door have bulletproof more depends of

client needs.

Security level of this kind of door is quite satisfied because it doesn't

require complicated ways to protect boundary behind the door but just

simply close the door and shut it down instead of buying locks or all kind of

that locking system. It is easy to obtain of mirror sliding door because most

of the shopping malls around the world are using this kind of door for main

entrance of the building.

There are a lot of advantages when we are using the mirror sliding

door. For example, it is easy to clean. The stuff will only need to apply

cleansing on the surface and wash or wipe it through. Besides, when there

is promoting events, we can put the banners or goods wanted to promote

on the mirror. People does not need to crowded outside the door again, it is

because there is a big space to allow people going into the place at once.

After the advantages of the door, here comes to do disadvantages,

the cost of the installation is high and it requires skilled labors to install.

Since this is an electric door, when the power is cut it will stop working.

Figure 9: Main entrance of The Garden

Comparison between Timber and Mirror Doors

Obviously mirror door is good but people always want to be the best

of the best and use the best things. So, I suggest there will be an

alternative to be considered which are timber doors for main entrance.

Timber door using at the main entrance are rare to be seen in our country

which Western-Country are widely used.

Costs of the materials of timber doors are usually cheaper than mirror

doors from the market. Both of the material is easy to obtain from the

market but if compare of the price and timber door is better to be

considered which is more economy and also suitable to be used.

Maintenance fee of the timber door is also cheaper than mirror door.

Mirror door is an expensive material but timber is cheaper. In case of

broken, timber door's expenses for repairing of the door will be cheaper

than mirror door.

The first come of mind of the advantages of timber door must be

cheap and economy in overall cost such as installation fee and

maintenance fee. Besides, it does not rust if compare to others metal

based materials.

But it is difficult to repair. Basically, people replace instead of repair a

wooden door. The lifespan of the door is short as the material itself is weak

and it absorbs moisture which is affecting the quality and broken the wood.

Recommendations for Main Entrance Door

TO AND

Figure 9: Main entrance Figure 10: Example of Main entrance in

Of The Garden wood/ timber door of Bass Pros

P.S.: Timber / Wood door is recommended because it a new and creative idea to be considered which rarely to know by the people in our country and may catch their attention to go into the building.

Sides Door

A door is a moving structure which is used to block off, and allow

access to an entrance to or within an enclosed space, such as a building or

vehicle. Typically doors have an interior side that faces the inside of a

space and an exterior side that faces the outside of that space. While in

some cases the interior side of a door may match its exterior side. Doors

normally consist of a panel that swings on hinges or that slides or spins

inside of a space.

The Garden Mall Kuala Lumpur is an upscale shopping complex that

has all your shopping bases covered. The door that used in this luxurious

shopping mall is Frameless glass door to match their design. Frameless

glass doors are most popular to decorate as the entrance because of its

aesthetic appeal as well as because it allows for an easy flow from indoor

to outdoor living. The most important thing about frameless glass doors is

that there are many benefits to suing this option when deciding on the

design of your home/ shopping mall.

The Major advantages of a frameless glass doors is that it is totally

retractable which allows for indoors living to become outdoors living. It

opens inwards as well as instantly add value to your property. The durable

of the tempered glass material is high. No matter how many times

accidentally bump or knock your frameless glass shower door, it should

hold up with ease.

The Disadvantages of frameless glass door is the cost is expensive

compare than other material of door. The complex installation cost is higher

because the installation of frameless doors and screens is a bit more

complicated but still possible for DIY enthusiasts.

Sides Door

Storage Door

Storage is the act of putting something that is not being used in a place

where it is available, where it can be kept safely. The storage need a

partition door to partial between in and out, make sure no one can entry the

storage. The lifespan of a storage is short because it is just a partition of

spaces in a storage. These door just use a simple lock to lock the storage

room avoid stealing.

The advantages of a wooden storage door is timber is cheap other to

other material, it does not rust easily, material can easily to be found. The

disadvantages it easily corrosive when time goes on, easy to broken when

It touch water everyday, it is hard to repair compare to other material.

Comparisons of Sides door

The Frameless glass door is commonly used in shopping mall

because it increases the value to your property.

Instead of choosing the frameless glass door, I recommend change to

wooden door for the sides door. This is because wooden door cost is low

compare to frameless glass door. It material is easily to be found

(commonly material to be used). It easy to work because timber is versatile

and be used in a wide variety of ways. Being light, it is easy to install and

can be worked with simple equipment. This reduces the energy needed for

construction. Timber is a natural insulator and can reduce energy needs

especially when it is used in windows, doors, and floors.

Comparisons of storage door

The wooden storage door is commonly used because it is the cheapest

material among all.

Instead of choosing wooden door, we recommend change to metal

door. Metal doors may not be the first thing you think of when looking for

doors for you commercial establishment, but they are some of the more

versatile door options. Metal doors usually installed in a store or shopping

mall. This is because metal door durability is better than wooden, it will not

easily broken. On the other hand, metal door easily dented and the

conducts temperature can be cold or hot to the touch. In a nutshell, metal is

the best material for a storage door.

Staircase:

A staircase is one or more flights of stairs leading from one floor to another;

typically inside the building is termed as stairs.

Parts of Stairs:

1) Step:

Portion of stair which permits ascent & descent.

2) Tread:

Upper horizontal portion of step which feet is placed.

3) Riser:

Vertical portion between each tread.

4) Handrail:

Designed to be grasped by the hand to provide stability.

5) Baluster:

Vertical member of wood or metal supporting the handrail.

6) Newel Post:

Vertical member which is placed at ends of flights to connect

handrails.

7) Stingers

Sloping wooden members which support the steps in a stair.

Types of stairs

1) Straight Stairs

Despite its simplicity, it is convenient and functional which makes it easier

to go up and down. Unfortunately, this type of stairs is limited in heights.

The amount of treads in one straight flight shall not exceed 16.

2) Quarter Landing Stairs

Quarter Landing Stairs includes a variety of straight stairs and also a

landing. The landing changes a direction of the flight by 90 degrees.

Staircases of this type are more convenient and safer than straight

staircases. Due to the presence of the landing, the flight is divided into two,

thereby reducing quantity of trends in one flight.

3) Half Landing Stairs

Half Landing Stairs also have a landing same as Quarter Landing Stairs,

but here it changes a direction of the flight by 180 degrees. This type of

staircases are very convenient, functional and safe.

Straight Stairs Quarter Landing Stairs Half Landing Stairs

In the Gardens Mall, we rarely found staircases in the mall. Most of

the connections used to reach the other level are escalators. Fortunately,

we are able to find 2 type of staircases in the mall, that is concrete

staircases with porcelain tiles and concrete staircases with granite tiles.

The concrete staircases with porcelain tiles are found at the emergency exit

areas, whereas the concrete staircases with granite tiles are found at GSC

Signature. The type of staircases at the emergency exit areas are half

landing staircases whereas the staircases at GSC Signature are straight

staircases.

In our opinion and based on what we learnt during Construction

Technology classes, the reason why the contractor chose concrete

staircases with porcelain tiles at the emergency exit areas is because

reinforced concrete is fire resistant. In case of fire emergency, the

reinforced concrete takes a longer time to burn down. Therefore, it is more

safety. It is built in half landing type because it is more functional and safe.

Concrete staircases with granite tiles are used at GSC Signature because it

has a good appearance. It is built in straight staircases type because it is

only used to connect one level only.

The photos below are the photos we took during our visit to the mall.

Concrete staircases with Concrete Staircases with

Porcelain Tiles Granite Tiles

Below is the process showing how a simple concrete staircases

were built. There are total of 7 major steps.

Concrete Staircases

How to build a simple concrete staircase?

1) Calculate the stairs’ dimensions. The dimensions include riser,

vertical face and tread.

2) Determine the Dimensions of the staircase’s foundation.

3) Build the formwork for the staircases. The formwork can be made

from plywood.

4) Mix the concrete for the staircases. The concrete can be mixed by

hand or a portable cement mixer.

5) Pour the mixed concrete into the formwork.

6) Add the finishing touches for the staircases.

7) Wait for the concrete to cure.

Now, we are going to compare and contrast between the two types of

staircases, that are straight stairs and half landing stairs.

Also, the tiles used on the two stairs will also be compared.

AdvantagesStraight Staircase Half Landing Stairs

Simplicity

When planned properly and built using attractive materials, a straight staircase can be simple but quite elegant.

Lesser space

Staircases with landings are perfect when there is less space.

Uninterrupted View

A person travelling up or down the stairs has a clear view of the entire flight.

Safer

The flights of stairs-with-landings are shorter and so a fall down the staircase will be less serious.

Safety

Because a straight staircase offers a clear view of the stairs, there is a lower chance of falls or misplaced steps.

More comfortable

These staircases suit elderly people because they can take short rests at the landings if needed.

Ease of Construction

A straight staircase is easy to plan for and construct.

Decoration

The landing in these type of stairs can be utilized for keeping decorative items.

DisadvantagesStraight Staircase Half Landing Stairs

No Visual Barrier

Because there is no visual barrier between the two floors connected by a straight staircase, there is often a lack of privacy.

Stair lift

Installation of a stair lift is not as easy as in a straight staircase.

Falls can be serious

A straight staircase often consists of more stairs and is taller than a staircase with platforms in between. As a result, a fall from the top of the stairs can be quite severe and could result in serious injuries. Also, the lack of a landing can be problematic for older people who have to climb all the stairs at once.

Costly

Stairs with landings require more designing and cost more than a straight staircase.

Require More Space

Straight staircases require more space as compared to curved or platform staircases. As a result, this is not an option in buildings with scarce space.

Time Consuming

Requires more time to construct than straight stairs

Type of finishing Granite tiles Porcelain Tiles

Raw Material Granite is a hard and tough stone that comes from ingenious rocks. It is more dense and have compressive strength.

Porcelain tiles are ceramic tiles commonly used to cover floors and walls.

Maintenance Granite is very easy to maintain and can be re-polished if you need to bring the shine back .It is not porous so it does not absorb stains in normal home or commercial usages.

Porcelain tiles are very easy to maintain. It can be cleaned with a clean damp mop. Porcelain tiles have the same colour throughout the body of the tile, making it less likely to show scratches.

Advantages 1. Hard and durable2. Easy to maintain3. Allergen-resistant4. Heat resistant5. Scratch resistant

1. Stain-resistant2. Cheaper3. Variety choices

of colour and sizes

4. Easy to installDisadvantages 1. Costly

2. Limited in colors3. It should be

cleaned on a regular basis.

4. Must be installed by professionals.

5. Very heavy compared to other materials

1.Fragile

2.Prone to cracks

3. Difficult to repair.

4.Grout lines can discolour.

For the concrete staircases with graphite tiles, we suggest to change it

into carpet. The reasons are stated below:

1. Provides Warmth and Comfort

Carpet provides actual thermal resistance. In colder climates or seasons, it

retains warm air longer. Carpet also provides a comfortable place to sit,

play or work and gives a room an overall warmer feeling.

2. Adds Beauty and Style

Thousands of carpet styles and colors can be chose. That means your

ultimate choice will reflect how you want to personalize your living space.

Carpet can be a neutral foundation, or it can be a focal point with vibrant

colors and stronger bolder patterns and textures.

3. Improves Indoor Air Quality

Carpet actually acts as a passive air filter, trapping dust, pollen and other

particles and removing them from the breathing zone. Studies have shown

that people with asthma and allergy problems have seen symptoms

improve with carpet.

4. Softens Slips and Falls

Carpet is ideal for cushioning our footsteps, reducing slips and falls and

minimizing injuries when falls do occur. Carpet provides safety protection

for the whole family, but especially for toddlers and older individuals.

5. Reduces Noise

Carpet helps absorb sounds. Adding a cushion pad beneath the carpet

reduces noise even further. Carpet also works as a sound barrier between

floors by helping to block sound transmission to floors below. Carpet on

stairs can also help mask the sound of constant foot traffic.

For the concrete staircases with porcelain tiles, we recommend to

change it into Tread Alert tile. Tread Alert tile is a rubber tile with raised ribs

that acts as a tactile warning surface. It is used to recognize a change in

level. Tread Alert has been designed to meet the criteria for

tactile surfaces. When used correctly, Tread Alert helps to ensure

the provision of an inclusive environment. Also, it can ensure the safety of

the staircases users. Tread Alert can be used at the approach (top and

bottom) to a flight of internal stairs and installed according to the ‘Guidance

on the use of tactile paving surfaces’. Therefore, with the use of Tread Alert

tile on staircases, accident can be reduced to the minimum.

Below are the photos showing carpet and Tread Alert Tiles.

Tread Alert Tile Carpet Tile

Roof

Roof is the structure forming the upper covering of a building.

Parts of Roof:

1. Dormer:

A structure around a window that projects from a sloped roof.

2. Roof Truss:

The skeleton of the roof.

3. Rafters:

The beams that run from the top of the roof to the bottom.

4. Decking/Sheathing:

Panels that cover the rafters

5. Underlayment:

It is placed on top of the decking before the roofing material is

installed to offer an additional layer of protection from moisture.

6. Drip Edge:

Edging that is placed at the end of the roof to allow water to run-off.

7. Fascia:

Trim that used to cover the rafter end of the eaves.

8. Soffit:

Covers the area between the end of the eaves and the house.

9. Ridge:

The highest point of the roof.

Types of roof:

1) Dome Roof:

A dome is an architectural element that resembles the hollow upper half

of a sphere. A masonry dome produces thrusts down and upward, which

are thought in two kinds of forces at right angles from one another.

Meridional forces ( like the lines of longitude on globe) are compressive

only, while hoop forces ( like the lines of latitude on globe) are in

compression at top and tension at the base. Dome roof are stable during

construction as each level is made a complete and self-supporting ring. In

early days, timber and brick are used to build dome roof. Nowadays, after a

better understanding of forces within structures, iron and steel beams, steel

cables and pre-stressed concrete are the most common building materials

used to construct a dome roof.

The photo below is the dome roof we have taken in the Gardens Mall.

Dome Roof

Besides dome roof, we also noticed that flat roof is also used to cover

the top of the building. Although the photo we taken in the Gardens Mall

does not clearly show that it is a flat roof structure, we have search through

the internet to find out the outside view of the Gardens mall. Through this

view, it clearly shows that it is a flat roof.

A flat roof is a roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of

sloped roofs. It is the most cost-efficient roof shape as all room space can

be used fully. Any sheet of material used to cover a flat roof is usually

known as a membrane. Membrane is used to waterproof the roof area and

allow the water to run off from a slight inclination into a gutter system.

Having a protected membrane roof is important to reduce maintenance

cost. A protected membrane roof is a roof where thermal insulation or

another material is located above the waterproofing membrane. Green

roofs are a type of protected membrane roof. Roof coatings are also a way

to maintain roofs. It can be used to fix leaks and extend the life of the roof

by preventing degradation by the sun. The roof of the mall is larger than

housing roof. Therefore, by using flat roof, lesser material is needed and

becomes cheaper.

The photos below are the flat roof we have taken from inside the mall

and also the outside view of the mall we have searched from the internet.

Flat roof taken from inside the mall

Outside view of the mall searched from the internet

After knowing the types of roofs, we are going to contrast and compare

between the two types of roofs, which are dome roof and flat roof.

AdvantagesDome Roof Flat RoofStrong and Durable

It is weather resistant. For example, the Newgrange crypt in Ireland has lasted for over 5000 years.

Easier to climb up for maintenance purposes

Offers more stability and horizontal surfaces

Good appearance

The curved shape of the dome makes a attractive appearance.

Cheaper

Less materials and labor work is needed

Cheaper

Reinforced concrete domes are energy efficient, quick construction and the materials are readily available.

Provides more spaces

Can be used as a living space or install solar panels and generates free electricity on top of the roof.

DisadvantagesDome Roof Flat RoofUnusable space

The half sphere shape causes a lack of usable space.

Short lifespan

Maintenance must carry out at maximum 20 years.

Costly

The cost of installation is high due to the shape of the roof.

Poor drainage system

Because of its flat surface, ponding of water may appears.

Hard to carry out maintenance

Maintenance work is hard to carry out on the half sphere shaped roof.

Lack of roofing material option

There is a limited amount of materials to be chosen to build flat roof.

For the roof type of The Garden Mall, we suggest to change it into

pitched roof. The reasons are stated below:

1. More efficient in water evacuation

Since Malaysia is a raining season country that are much affected by the rain,

pitched roof is the most common roof that has been used. However, pitched roof

requires a correct way to remove the water from the roof. If not it will still remain

in some areas of the roof.

2. Lifespan

Pitched roof offer a longer lifespan than flat roof. Besides, materials of pitched

roof that is used to built are more durable and weather resistant. So, the building

will not suffer from the extreme weather and temperature.

3. Loft space

Pitched roof provide extra useable space in the loft area. It can be a

storage room or playroom for children. In the process of designing the roof,

any planned usage of this area can be incorporated into the plans so this

type of roof offers an unmatched flexibility that a flat roof cannot.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we had compared and contrasted the type of the doors,

staircase and roof that is existed in the mall. We also recommended a lot of

different types of doors, staircase and roof to provide a better environment

that is safety first and people can be more comfortable. Different type of

doors and different type of materials of door is suitable for different places,

such as fire doors need to be metal it is because timber door is easier to be

broken down by fire however metal is a stronger material if compare to

timber.

Besides, we recommended the concrete staircase cover with graphite tiles

would be better. It provides a better looking and warmth. Moreover, it can

be reduce noises too. Last but not least, we are now come to the roof, we

preferred pitched roof, it is because the water evacuation is better than the

roof that existing in The Garden Mall. Pitched roof also provides extra

spaces for storage.

From this assignment, we had learnt that before a building is built, there are

a lot of things that need to be considered, so that it can provide a better

environment for the people.

References

http://www.safelincs.co.uk/blog/2012/08/30/difference-between-fire-doors-and-fire-exits/

http://www.firemex.com.au/Page/sliding-rated-fire-doors

http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g188672-d612578-i90276521-Hotel_Princess-Ostend_West_Flanders_Province.html

http://www.morganasphalte.co.uk/news/advantages-disadvantages-pitched-flat-roofing/

http://www.doityourself.com/stry/pitched-roof-vs-flat-roof#b

http://www.improvenet.com/a/why-pitched-roofs-are-better-than-flat-roofs

http://www.telnikroofing.co.uk/news/telnik-news/benefits-installing-pitched-roof



http://www.improvenet.com/a/why-pitched-roofs-are-better-than-flat-roofs

http://www.doityourself.com/stry/pitched-roof-vs-flat-roof#b





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