Construction Methods and Equipment

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CONSTRUCTION METHODS AND EQUIPMENTS

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

PARTIES INVOLVED:

1. OWNER

2. DESIGNER

3. SUPPLIER

4. CONSTRUCTOR

5. END USER

CONSTRUCTION

- Is the ste !" #h!$h %&"s' se$!($&t!)"s' *&te+!&%s &", e+*&"e"te!*e"t &+e t+&"s/)+*e, 0 & $)"st+$t)+ s&%% $&%%e, & $)"t+&$t)+' !"t) &

("!she, /&$!%!t.

CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

CONTRACT

- ,ete+*!"es the &$t!)"s )/ the &+t!es !" the!+ ,e&%!"s #!th e&$h )the+. The

&+t!es t) & $)"t+&$t &+e 0)", t) e&$h )the+ /)+ & $e+t&!" e+!), )/ t!*e 0 &

"!e &", e$%s!e +e%&t!)"sh! +!!t )/ $)"t+&$t6 the h&e $+e&te, /)+ the!+*t&% 0e"e(t' #h!$h !es the* 0)th )0%!&t!)"s #h!$h the h&e &+ee, t)

&$$et s) th&t 0)th *& 0e"e(t.

CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT DOCUMENTS

-,e("e the &+ee*e"t 0et#ee" the )#"e+ &", the $)"t+&$t)+. It !s & t#)-

&+t &+ee*e"t th&t ,)es ")t !"$%,e the ,es!"e+

7OUR ATTRI8UTES O7 A CONTRACT

TO 8E 9ALID

1. AGREEMENT AND ACCEPTANCE

2. CONSIDERATION

3. CAPACITY

4. LEGAL



COMMON TYPES OF CONTRACTS

1. LUMP SUM CONTRACTS

- A%s) :")#" &s ;7I<ED 7REE CONTRACT=.

-C)"t+&$t #he+e the+e !s &" &+ee*e"t !" #h!$h )"e &+t $)"se"ts t) &&")the+ &+t & set )/ &" &*)"t /)+ $)*%et!" the #)+: )+ +)!,!" the

)),s ,es$+!0e, !" the &+ee*e"t.

2. UNIT PRICE CONTRACT

- Th!s :!", )/ $)"t+&$t !s 0&se, )" est!*&te, &"t!t!es )/ !te*s !"$%,e, !" the

+)>e$t &", the!+ "!t +!$es. The ("&% +!$e )/ the +)>e$t !s ,ee",e"t )" the

&"t!t!es "ee,e, t) $&++ )t the #)+:.

3.COST-PLUS-7EE CONTRACT

-A $)"t+&$t &+ee*e"t #he+e!" the +$h&se+ &+ees t) & the $)st )/ &%%

%&0)+ &", *&te+!&%s %s &" &*)"t /)+ $)"t+&$t)+ )e+he&, &", +)(t

s&%% &s & e+$e"t&e )/ the %&0)+ &", *&te+!&% $)st6.

4. INCENTI9E CONTRACTS

-C)*e"s&t!)" !s 0&se, )" the e"!"ee+!" &",?)+ $)"t+&$t!" e+/)+*&"$e

&$$)+,!" &" &+ee, t&+et - 0,et' s$he,%e &",?)+ &%!t.

The t#) 0&s!$ $&te)+!es )/ !"$e"t!e $)"t+&$ts &+e

7!e, P+!$e I"$e"t!e C)"t+&$ts

C)st Re!*0+se*e"t I"$e"t!e C)"t+&$ts

5. PERCENTAGE O7 CONSTRUCTION 7EE CONTRACTS

-C)*e"s&t!)" !s 0&se, )" & e+$e"t&e )/ the $)"st+$t!)" $)sts.

-C)*e"s&t!)" !s 0&se, )" the e"!"ee+!" &",?)+ $)"t+&$t!" e+/)+*&"$e

&$$)+,!" &" &+ee, t&+et - 0,et' s$he,%e &",?)+ &%!t.

The t#) 0&s!$ $&te)+!es )/ !"$e"t!e $)"t+&$ts &+e

7!e, P+!$e I"$e"t!e C)"t+&$ts

C)st Re!*0+se*e"t I"$e"t!e C)"t+&$ts

CONSTRUCTOR SPECIALTIES

1. RESIDENTIAL



2. BUILDING-COMMERCIAL

3. INDUSTRIAL

4. HIGHWAY HEAVY

5. SPECIALTY

1. RESIDENTIAL

2. 8UILDING-COMMERCIAL

3. INDUSTRIAL

4. HIGHWA@ HEA9@

5. SPECIALT@

DI9ISIONS 7OR THE 8UDGET

1. MATERIAL

2. LA8OR

3. EQUIPMENTS

4. SU8CONTRACTS

5. O9ERHEAD

. PRO7IT?RISB

METHODS USED TO REDUCE THE COST O7 CONSTRUCTION

1. Des!" the $)"$+ete st+$t+es #!th &s *&" ,%!$&te *e*0e+s &s +&$t!$&%

!" )+,e+ t) e+*!t the +ese )/ /)+*s #!th)t +e 0!%,!"

2. S!*%!/ the ,es!" )/ the st+$t+e #he+e )ss!0%e

3. Des!" the se )/ $)st-s&!" e!*e"ts &", *eth),s.

4. E%!*!"&te ""e$ess&+ se$!&% $)"st+$t!)" +e!+e*e"ts.

5. Des!" t) *!"!*!e %&0)+-!"te"s!e &$t!!t!es.

. Se$!/ & &%!t )/ #)+:*&"sh! th&t !s $)"s!ste"t #!th +e!+e, +)>e$t

&%!t.

. 7+"!sh &,e&te s0s+/&$e !"/)+*&t!)" #he+e )ss!0%e.



.Re/+&!" /+)* +e!+!" the $)"st+$t)+ t) &ss*e the &,e&$ )/ the ,es!" )+

the +es)"s!0!%!t /)+ !"/)+*&t!)" th&t sh)%, 0e /+"!she, 0 e"!"ee+ )+ &+$h!te$t.

F. Use %)$&% *&te+!&%s #he" the &+e s&t!s/&$t)+.

1. W+!te s!*%e' st+&!ht /)+#&+, se$!($&t!)"s #h!$h $%e&+% st&te #h&t !s

ee$te, ,e("e e!the+ the +es%ts ee$te, )+ the *eth),s )/ &$$)*%!sh!" the

,es!+e, +es%ts' 0t ")t 0)th.

11. Whe" )ss!0%e' se st&",&+,!e, se$!($&t!)"s #h!$h &+e /&*!%!&+ t) the

$)"st+$t)+s.

12. H)%, +e-0!,,!" $)"/e+e"$es #!th $)"st+$t)+s !" )+,e+ t) e%!*!"&te

"$e+t&!"t!es.

13. Use !"se$t)+s #h) h&e s$!e"t >,*e"t &", ee+!e"$e t) ",e+st&", the

+)>e$t &", t) !e the* the &th)+!t t) *&:e ,e$!s!)"s.

CONSTRUCTION ECONOM@ AND THE CONTRACTOR

POSSI8LE REDUCTIONS IN THE CONSTRUCTION COSTS 8@ THE CONTRACTOR

1. P+e0!,,!" st,!es )/ the +)>e$t &", the s!te t) ,ete+*!"e the ee$t )/

&. T))+&h

0. Ge)%)

$. C%!*&te

,. S)+$es )/ *&te+!&%

e. A$$ess t) the +)>e$t

/. H)s!" /&$!%!t!es

. St)+&e /&$!%!t!es

h. L&0)+ S%

!. L)$&% Se+!$es

2. The se )/ &%te+"&te $)"st+$t!)" e!*e"t' h&!" h!he+ $&&$!t!es' h!he+e$!e"$!es' h!he+ see,' *)+e *&"ee+&0!%!t' &", %)#e+ )e+&t!" $)st.

3. The &*e"t )/ & 0)"s t) the :e e+s)""e% /)+ +),$t!)" !" e$ess )/ &

se$!(e, +&te.

4. The se )/ +&,!)s !" *e&"s )/ $)**"!$&t!)" 0et#ee" the he&,&+te+s )$e

&", :e e+s)""e% )" +)>e$ts $)e+!" %&+e &+e&s.



5. The +&$t!$e )/ h)%,!" e+!),!$ $)"/e+e"$es #!th :e e+s)""e% t) ,!s$ss %&"s'

+)$e,+es' &", +es%ts.

. A,)t!)" )/ +e&%!st!$ s&/et +&$t!$es )" & +)>e$t &s & *e&"s )/ +e,$!"

&$$!,e"ts.

. C)"s!,e+!" the ,es!+&0!%!t )/ s0$)"t+&$t!" se$!&%!e, )e+&t!)"s t) )the+

$)"t+&$t)+s #h) $&" ,) the #)+: *)+e e$)")*!$&%% th&" the e"e+&% $)"t+&$t)+.

. C)"s!,e+!" the ,es!+&0!%!t )/ !*+)!" sh) &", se+!" /&$!%!t!es /)+ 0ette+

*&!"te"&"$e )/ $)"st+$t!)" e!*e"t.

9ALUE ENGINEERING

- Th!s !s & /)+*&%!e, &%!$&t!)" )/ & se$!&%!e, 0+&"$h )/ e"!"ee+!" #h)se

)0>e$t!e !s t) ee$t e$)")* !" the $)st )/ $)"st+$t!" & +)>e$t.

-

9&%e e"!"ee+!" *&0e &%!e, t) & +)>e$t !" O"e )+ T#) St&es.

1. D+!" )+ !**e,!&te% &/te+ the $)*%et!)" )/ the %&"s &", se$!($&t!)"s' &",

+!)+ t) the!+ +e%e&se t) $)"t+&$t)+s.

2. A/te+ & $)"t+&$t)+ !s &#&+,e, /)+ the $)"st+$t!)" )/ the +)>e$t.

EQUIPMENT PLANNING AND ESTIMATING

-E&$h !e$e )/ $)"st+$t!)" e!*e"t !s se$!($&%% ,es!"e, 0 the *&"/&$t+e+s

t) e+/)+* $e+t&!" *e$h&"!$&% )e+&t!)"s

-The +))/ )/ h)# #e%% the %&""e+ ",e+st&",s the +)>e$ts &", $))+,!"&tes thet!%!&t!)" )/ the $)*&"Ks e!*e"t !s !" the 0)tt)* %!"e #he" the $)"t+&$t !s

$)*%ete, !s 0 PROFIT OR LOSS.

THE PLANNING PROCESS 7OR EQUIPMENT AND METHODS

-P%&""!" !s +e!+e, /)+' P+),$t!)" &$h!ee*e"t' C)st $)"t+)%' C)**!t*e"t'

C)"s!ste"$' C)**"!$&t!)"' &", C))+,!"&t!)" )/ the +)>e$t &", the &+t!es

!")%e, !" the +)>e$t.

P%&""!" *st &%s) $%e&+% !,e"t!/ the #)+: t) 0e ,)"e &", est&0%!sh the /)%%)#!"

1. Des!+e, s$he,%e

2. Re&%!st!$ $)st est!*&tes

3. Q&%!t )0>e$t!es

4. The 8est $)"t+&$t!" st+&te.

7)+*&% P%&""!" I")%es the /)%%)#!" Stes



1. A"&%e the +)>e$t' est&0%!sh the s$)e &", /e&s!0!%!t' &", se$!/ the

%!*!t&t!)"s !")%e,

• T!*e

• M)"e

• L)$&t!)"

• C)*et!t!)" )/ +es)+$es

• C))+,!"&t!)" +e!+e*e"ts

2. D!!,e the P+)>e$t ,)#" !"t) se$!($ &", ,!s$+ete &$t!!t!es.

- 7)+ %&+e +)>e$ts' $)*0!"e s*&%% &$t!!t!es !"t) %&+e+ &$t!!t!es h!e+&+$h!$&%6. Th!s

!s :")#" &s ;hammocking=.

3. Est!*&te the t!*e' +es)+$es' &", $)st +e!+e, t) e+/)+* e&$h &$t!!t. S$hest!*&tes *st 0e reasonable.

4. P%&$e &$t!!t!es !" +)e+ +e%&t!)" t) e&$h )the+ #!th +ese$t t) the!+ %)!$

$)"st+&!"ts.

5. P)+t+& & %&" !" & /)+* )/ & "et#)+: #h!$h sh)#s !"te++e%&t!)"sh!s 0et#ee" the

&$t!!t!es.

. P%&$e &$t!!t!es !" t!*e see"$e. A Bar Chart !s &" e$e%%e"t #& )/ ,e!$t!" th!s

!"/)+*&t!)".

. A% %!*!t&t!)"s )/ t!*e' &&!%&0%e +es)+$es' $%!*&te' et$. Th!s #!%% +)!,e

• The t!*es /)+ ,e%!e+ )/ *&te+!&%s &", !"st&%%e, e!*e"t.

• The $%&ss!($&t!)"s &", "*0e+ )/ #)+:e+s "ee,e, &", the e+!),s )/ t!*e #!%%

0e "ee,e,.

PROJECT NETWORB ANAL@SIS CPM6

- Th!s *eth), )/ +)>e$t %&""!" !")%es the !,e"t!($&t!)" )/ se$!($ &$t!!t!es'

the!+ ,+&t!)"s &", !"te++e%&t!)"sh!s.

T#) Tes )/ Net#)+:s

1. Act!t"-O#-A$$%& 'AOA(

- $)**)"% $&%%e, arrow diagramming.



2. Act!t"-O#-N%)* 'AON(

- $)**)"% $&%%e, precedence diagramming.

- E&$h )/ these tes' 0)th e"e+&%% te+*e, critical path method CPM6.

- The ses the s&*e !"/)+*&t!)" !" & s%!ht% ,!e+e"t /)+*.

8&s!$ +!"$!%es &", %!*!t&t!)"s )/ AOA &", AON &+e th&t

• The )+t+& the ,ee",e"$ +e%&t!)"sh!s &*)" &$t!!t!es.

• A%% &$t!!t!es h&e & s!"%e ,+&t!)" &", *st h&e &" !,e"t!(&0%e 0e!""!"

&", e",.

• A%% &$t!!t!es +e$e,!" & !e" &$t!!t *st 0e $)*%ete, 0e/)+e the !e"

&$t!!t $&" 0e!".

• 8&s!$ "et#)+:s ,) ")t !",!$&te the t!*e see"$e )/ & +)>e$t.

• A" &$t!!t *& ")t 0e !"te++te,. A *&>)+ %!*!t&t!)"6.

ACTI9IT@-ON-ARROW DIAGRAMMING

The /)%%)#!" te+*s &+e se, !" the $)"st+$t!)" )/ th!s te )/ ,!&+&* &", !ts

&+!)s &+ts.

ACTIVITY- A se$!($ >)0 )+ t&s: th&t h&s t) 0e e+/)+*e,.

E9ENT- The st&+t )+ $)*%et!)" )/ &" &$t!!t. It +e!+es ") t!*e !" !tse%/ &", !s

s&%% !",!$&te, )" the AOA ,!&+&* 0 & "*0e+ e"$%)se, !" & $!+$%e. The ee"t !ss)*et!*es +e/e++e, &s & “node.

ARROW- A %!"e ,+&#" t) +e+ese"t e&$h &$t!!t !" & "et#)+:' >)!"!" t#)

ee"tsthe st&+t &", the ("!sh )/ &" &$t!!t6.

AOA Net#)+:- Th!s !s the &++)# ,!&+&* ,+&#" t) )+t+& the +)e+ +e%&t!)"sh!s )/

&$t!!t!es !" & +)>e$t.

DUMM@- !s &" &+t!($!&% &$t!!t' s&%% +e+ese"te, )" the ,!&+&* 0 & ,)tte, %!"e

t) ,es$+!0e the +)e+ +e%&t!)"sh! )" the &$t!!t!es.

EARL@ START ES6

- Th!s !s the e&+%!est t!*e th&t &" &$t!!t $&" st&+t.

DURATION D6

- The est!*&te, t!*e t) e+/)+* &" &$t!!t.



EARL@ 7INISH E76

- Is the e&+%!est t!*e th&t &" &$t!!t $&" 0e ("!she,.

- E7 ES D

LATE START LS6

- Is the %&test t!*e th&t &" &$t!!t $&" 0e st&+te, #!th)t ,e%&!" the

$)*%et!)" )/ the +)>e$t.

- LS L7-D

LATE 7INISH L76

- Is the %&test t!*e th&t &" &$t!!t $&" 0e ("!she, #!th)t ,e%&!" the $)*%et!)"

)/ the +)>e$t.

- L7 LSD

TOTAL 7LOAT T76

- Th!s !s the &*)"t )/ t!*e th&t &" &$t!!t *&0e ,e%&e, #!th)t ,e%&!" the

$)*%et!)" )/ the +)>e$t.

T7 LS - ES L7 E7.

7REE 7LOAT 776

- Is the t!*e th&t the ("!sh )/ &" &$t!!t $&" 0e ,e%&e, #!th)t ,e%&!" the

e&+% st&+t t!*e )/ &" /)%%)#!" &$t!!t.

- 77 ES )/ the /)%%)#!" &$t!!t E7 )/ th!s &$t!!t.

CRITICAL PATH

- Is the %)"est !"te+$)""e$te, &th )/ &$t!!t!es th+)h the "et#)+:.

CRITICAL ACTI9IT@

- A" &$t!!t )" the $+!t!$&% &th. It h&s & e+) )&t t!*e' th&t !s LS ES

A", L7 E7 .

STEPS IN CRITICAL PATH SCHEDULING

1. Se&+&te the +)>e$t !"t) ,!s$+ete &$t!!t!es' e&$h #!th & ,e("!te st&+t!" )!"t

&", e",!" )!"t.

2. Est!*&te the ,+&t!)" )/ e&$h &$t!!t.



3. Dete+*!"e the +)e+ see"$!" )/ e&$h &$t!!t' !"$%,!" #h!$h &$t!!t *st

+e$e,e )+ /)%%)# )the+ &$t!!t!es.

4. D+&# &" AOA "et#)+: #!th the &$t!!t!es &", ee"ts #h!$h &+e +)e+%

!"te+$)""e$te,.

5. E&*!"e the "et#)+: &", )t!*!e' !/ )ss!0%e' t) e%!*!"&te ""e$ess&+ ,**

&$t!!t!es.

. Ass!" "*0e+s t) &%% ee"ts' 0e!" s+e th&t the ;/+)*= "*0e+ !s &%#&s %ess

th&" the ;t)= "*0e+.

. M&:e & /)+#&+, &ss &", 0&$:#&+, &ss th+)h the "et#)+: t) est&0%!sh ES' LS'

E7' L7 t!*es /)+ &%% &$t!!t!es.

. Dete+*!"e the $+!t!$&% &th )+ &ths &", $+!t!$&% &$t!!t!es.

F. P+e&+e & t&0%e %!st!" &%% &$t!!t!es' the!+ ,es!"&t!)"s' ,+&t!)"s' &", ES' LS' E7&", L7 t!*es' &", the!+ t)t&% )&t.

Construction Methods and Equipment

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