Construction Method for Construction Method for Road-PavementRoad-Pavement

Introduction of PavementIntroduction of Pavementby : Ms Ikmalzatulby : Ms Ikmalzatul

A. History A. History

In its most general sense, a road is an open, generally In its most general sense, a road is an open, generally public way for the passage of vehicles, people, and public way for the passage of vehicles, people, and animals. animals. The earliest human road builders predate recorded The earliest human road builders predate recorded history by thousands of years. With the advent of history by thousands of years. With the advent of modern man, road building - the purposeful construction modern man, road building - the purposeful construction of general public ways - became a common sign of an of general public ways - became a common sign of an advancing civilization. advancing civilization. Covering these roads with a hard smooth surface Covering these roads with a hard smooth surface (pavement) helped make them durable and able to (pavement) helped make them durable and able to withstand traffic and the environment. Some of the withstand traffic and the environment. Some of the oldest paved roads still in existence were built by the oldest paved roads still in existence were built by the Roman Empire. Roman Empire.

Roman Roads Roman Roads

By in large, Roman roads (see By in large, Roman roads (see Figure) were constructed during Figure) were constructed during the Republican times - the the Republican times - the oldest road, Via Appia, dates oldest road, Via Appia, dates back to 312 B.C. back to 312 B.C. the Roman road network the Roman road network consisted of over 100,000 km consisted of over 100,000 km (62,000 miles) of roads.(62,000 miles) of roads.The superior quality and The superior quality and structure of its pavements have structure of its pavements have allowed many Roman roads to allowed many Roman roads to survive to this day. survive to this day.

The Rise of Bitumen The Rise of Bitumen

Tar Macadam Pavements Tar Macadam Pavements Road Mix SurfacesRoad Mix SurfacesSheet Asphalt PavementsSheet Asphalt PavementsBitulithic PavementsBitulithic PavementsOthers …Others …

The Rise of Portland Cement The Rise of Portland Cement Concrete Concrete

The Original PCC Pavement The Original PCC Pavement Portland cement concrete (PCC) was essentially Portland cement concrete (PCC) was essentially invented in 1824.  In 1889, .  In 1889, George W. Bartholomew proposed building the first PCC pavement in George W. Bartholomew proposed building the first PCC pavement in Bellefontaine, Ohio.  Bartholomew was convinced that his "artificial stone" Bellefontaine, Ohio.  Bartholomew was convinced that his "artificial stone" (the term "concrete" had not come into use yet) was a suitable substitute for (the term "concrete" had not come into use yet) was a suitable substitute for the brick and cobblestone of the day.  In order to convince the city of the brick and cobblestone of the day.  In order to convince the city of Bellefontaine to allow him to build his PCC pavement, Bartholomew agreed Bellefontaine to allow him to build his PCC pavement, Bartholomew agreed to donate all the materials and post a $5,000 bond guaranteeing the to donate all the materials and post a $5,000 bond guaranteeing the pavement's performance for five years.  In 1891, the first truly rigid pavement's performance for five years.  In 1891, the first truly rigid pavement was mixed on site and placed in 5 ft. square forms. pavement was mixed on site and placed in 5 ft. square forms.

Innovations in PerformanceInnovations in Performance

Innovations in Construction Innovations in Construction

SummarySummary

Road and pavement building has often been used as a Road and pavement building has often been used as a benchmark of a civilizations advancement.  The quality and benchmark of a civilizations advancement.  The quality and strength of many of the ancient roads has helped them survive to strength of many of the ancient roads has helped them survive to this very day.  The Via Appia in Rome is now over 2,300 years this very day.  The Via Appia in Rome is now over 2,300 years old and is still used today.  As the use of slave labor declined, old and is still used today.  As the use of slave labor declined, smaller more economical roads, such as Telford and Macadam smaller more economical roads, such as Telford and Macadam roads, began to arise.  Around the beginning of the 19th century, roads, began to arise.  Around the beginning of the 19th century, binding agents began to be used to assist aggregate cohesion binding agents began to be used to assist aggregate cohesion and improve the durability of roads.  By the end beginning of the and improve the durability of roads.  By the end beginning of the 20th century, the two principal pavement types, flexible and rigid, 20th century, the two principal pavement types, flexible and rigid, had taken on many of their modern qualities and were being built had taken on many of their modern qualities and were being built throughout in the world.throughout in the world.

B. Pavement Overview B. Pavement Overview

Pavement PurposePavement PurposeTypically, pavements are built for three main purposes:Typically, pavements are built for three main purposes:1. Load support.  Pavement material is generally stiffer .  Pavement material is generally stiffer

than the material upon which it is placed, thus it assists than the material upon which it is placed, thus it assists the in situ material in resisting loads without excessive the in situ material in resisting loads without excessive deformation or cracking. deformation or cracking.

2. Smoothness.  Pavement material can be placed and .  Pavement material can be placed and maintained much smoother than in situ material.  This maintained much smoother than in situ material.  This helps improve ride comfort and reduce vehicle operating helps improve ride comfort and reduce vehicle operating costs. costs.

3. Drainage.  Pavement material and geometric design .  Pavement material and geometric design can effect quick and efficient drainage thus eliminating can effect quick and efficient drainage thus eliminating moisture problems such as mud and ponding (puddles). moisture problems such as mud and ponding (puddles).

Material DefinitionsMaterial Definitions

1.1. Hot mix asphalt (HMA)Hot mix asphalt (HMA).  A combination of .  A combination of aggregate and and asphalt binder mixed together at elevated temperatures that mixed together at elevated temperatures that forms a hard, strong construction material when cooled to forms a hard, strong construction material when cooled to ambient temperatures.   HMA is known by many names ambient temperatures.   HMA is known by many names such as "asphalt concrete" (AC or ACP), "asphalt", such as "asphalt concrete" (AC or ACP), "asphalt", "blacktop" or "bitumin".  HMA is distinguished by its "blacktop" or "bitumin".  HMA is distinguished by its design and and production methods and includes traditional and includes traditional dense-graded mixes as well as as well as stone matrix asphalt (SMA) and various and various open-graded HMAs.  Other types of bituminous .  Other types of bituminous surfaces (such as surfaces (such as slurry seals and and bituminous surface treatments) as well as various types of ) as well as various types of in-place HMA recycling are separate from HMA. are separate from HMA.

2.2. Portland cement concrete (PCC)Portland cement concrete (PCC).  A combination of .  A combination of aggregate, water and portland cement to form a hard, aggregate, water and portland cement to form a hard, strong construction material when set.  PCC is known by strong construction material when set.  PCC is known by several names including "cement" and "concrete".  PCC is several names including "cement" and "concrete".  PCC is distinguished by its distinguished by its design and and production methods.  . 

Pavement TypesPavement TypesMuch of this country relies on paved roads to move themselves Much of this country relies on paved roads to move themselves and their products rapidly and reliably throughout the and their products rapidly and reliably throughout the transportation system.  transportation system.  Pavements can be generally classified into two broad categoriesPavements can be generally classified into two broad categories ::

1. Flexible pavements These are These are asphalt pavements (sometimes pavements (sometimes called bituminous pavements), which may or may not incorporate called bituminous pavements), which may or may not incorporate underlying layers of stabilized or unstabilized granular materials underlying layers of stabilized or unstabilized granular materials on a prepared subgrade.  These types of pavements are called on a prepared subgrade.  These types of pavements are called "flexible" since the total pavement structure bends (or flexes) to "flexible" since the total pavement structure bends (or flexes) to accommodate traffic loads.  accommodate traffic loads. 

2. Rigid pavements These are These are portland cement concrete (PCC) concrete (PCC) pavements, which may or may not incorporate underlying layers pavements, which may or may not incorporate underlying layers of stabilized or unstabilized granular materials.  Since PCC has a of stabilized or unstabilized granular materials.  Since PCC has a high modulus of elasticity, rigid pavements do not flex , rigid pavements do not flex appreciably to accommodate traffic loads. appreciably to accommodate traffic loads. 

Figures of PavementFigures of Pavement

In United State of America

In Republic of Indonesia

Load Distribution on PavementLoad Distribution on Pavement

Flexible pavements are those which are surfaced with are those which are surfaced with bituminous (or asphalt) materials.  These can be either in the bituminous (or asphalt) materials.  These can be either in the form of pavement surface treatments (such as a form of pavement surface treatments (such as a bituminous surface treatment (BST) generally found on lower generally found on lower volume roads) or, HMA volume roads) or, HMA surface courses (generally used on (generally used on higher volume roads such as the Interstate highway network). higher volume roads such as the Interstate highway network). These types of pavements are called "flexible" since the total These types of pavements are called "flexible" since the total pavement structure "bends" or "deflects" due to traffic loads.  pavement structure "bends" or "deflects" due to traffic loads.  A flexible pavement structure is generally composed of A flexible pavement structure is generally composed of several layers of materials which can accommodate this which can accommodate this "flexing".  On the other hand, "flexing".  On the other hand, rigid pavements are composed are composed of a PCC surface course.  Such pavements are substantially of a PCC surface course.  Such pavements are substantially "stiffer" than flexible pavements due to the high "stiffer" than flexible pavements due to the high modulus of elasticity of the PCC material.  Further, these of the PCC material.  Further, these pavements can have reinforcing steel, which is generally used pavements can have reinforcing steel, which is generally used to reduce or eliminate joints.  to reduce or eliminate joints. 

Surface Course Surface Course The surface course is the layer in contact with The surface course is the layer in contact with traffic loads and normally contains the highest traffic loads and normally contains the highest quality materials.  It provides characteristics quality materials.  It provides characteristics such as friction, smoothness, noise control, such as friction, smoothness, noise control, rut and shoving resistance and drainage.  In rut and shoving resistance and drainage.  In addition, it serves to prevent the entrance of addition, it serves to prevent the entrance of excessive quantities of surface water into the excessive quantities of surface water into the underlying base, subbase and subgrade underlying base, subbase and subgrade (NAPA, 2001).  This top structural layer of (NAPA, 2001).  This top structural layer of material is sometimes subdivided into two material is sometimes subdivided into two layers (NAPA, 2001): layers (NAPA, 2001):

1.1.Wearing CourseWearing Course. This is the layer in direct contact with traffic . This is the layer in direct contact with traffic loads.  It is meant to take the brunt of traffic wear and can be loads.  It is meant to take the brunt of traffic wear and can be removed and replaced as it becomes worn.  A properly designed removed and replaced as it becomes worn.  A properly designed (and funded) preservation program should be able to identify (and funded) preservation program should be able to identify pavement surface distress while it is still confined to the wearing pavement surface distress while it is still confined to the wearing course.  This way, the wearing course can be rehabilitated before course.  This way, the wearing course can be rehabilitated before distress propagates into the underlying intermediate/binder course. distress propagates into the underlying intermediate/binder course. 2.2.Intermediate/Binder CourseIntermediate/Binder Course. This layer provides the bulk of the . This layer provides the bulk of the HMA structure.  It's chief purpose is to distribute load. HMA structure.  It's chief purpose is to distribute load.

Base CourseBase CourseThe base course is immediately beneath the surface course.  It The base course is immediately beneath the surface course.  It provides additional load distribution and contributes to drainage and provides additional load distribution and contributes to drainage and frost resistance.  Base courses are usually constructed out of:frost resistance.  Base courses are usually constructed out of:

1.1. AggregateAggregate.  Base courses are most typically constructed from .  Base courses are most typically constructed from durable aggregates (see Figure 2.5) that will not be damaged by durable aggregates (see Figure 2.5) that will not be damaged by moisture or frost action.  Aggregates can be either stabilized or moisture or frost action.  Aggregates can be either stabilized or unstabilized.  unstabilized. 

2.2. HMAHMA.  In certain situations where high base stiffness is desired, .  In certain situations where high base stiffness is desired, base courses can be constructed using a variety of HMA mixes.  In base courses can be constructed using a variety of HMA mixes.  In relation to surface course HMA mixes, base course mixes usually relation to surface course HMA mixes, base course mixes usually contain larger maximum aggregate sizes, are more open graded contain larger maximum aggregate sizes, are more open graded and are subject to more lenient specifications. and are subject to more lenient specifications.

Subbase CourseSubbase CourseThe subbase course is between the base course and the subgrade.  The subbase course is between the base course and the subgrade.  It functions primarily as structural support but it can also:It functions primarily as structural support but it can also:

1.1. Minimize the intrusion of fines from the subgrade into the pavement Minimize the intrusion of fines from the subgrade into the pavement structure. structure.

2.2. Improve drainage. Improve drainage. 3.3. Minimize frost action damage. Minimize frost action damage. 4.4. Provide a working platform for construction.  Provide a working platform for construction. 

The subbase generally consists of lower quality materials than the The subbase generally consists of lower quality materials than the base course but better than the subgrade soils.  A subbase course base course but better than the subgrade soils.  A subbase course is not always needed or used.  is not always needed or used.  For example, a pavement constructed over a high quality, stiff For example, a pavement constructed over a high quality, stiff subgrade may not need the additional features offered by a subbase subgrade may not need the additional features offered by a subbase course so it may be omitted from design.  However, a pavement course so it may be omitted from design.  However, a pavement constructed over a low quality soil such as a swelling clay may constructed over a low quality soil such as a swelling clay may require the additional load distribution characteristic that a subbase require the additional load distribution characteristic that a subbase course can offer.  In this scenario the subbase course may consist course can offer.  In this scenario the subbase course may consist of high quality fill used to replace poor quality subgrade (over of high quality fill used to replace poor quality subgrade (over excavation).  excavation).  

Flexible Pavement Types Flexible Pavement Types

There are many different types of flexible pavements.  This section There are many different types of flexible pavements.  This section covers three of the more common types of HMA mix types used. covers three of the more common types of HMA mix types used. This section provides a brief exposure to: This section provides a brief exposure to: Dense-graded HMADense-graded HMA.  Flexible pavement information in this .  Flexible pavement information in this GuideGuide is is generally concerned with dense-graded HMA.  Dense-graded HMA generally concerned with dense-graded HMA.  Dense-graded HMA is a versatile, all-around mix making it the most common and well-is a versatile, all-around mix making it the most common and well-understood mix type in the U.S. understood mix type in the U.S. Stone matrix asphalt (SMA)Stone matrix asphalt (SMA).  SMA, although relatively new in the .  SMA, although relatively new in the U.S., has been used in Europe as a surface course for years to U.S., has been used in Europe as a surface course for years to support heavy traffic loads and resist studded tire wear. support heavy traffic loads and resist studded tire wear. Open-graded HMAOpen-graded HMA.  This includes both open-graded friction course .  This includes both open-graded friction course (OGFC) and asphalt treated permeable materials (ATPM).  Open-(OGFC) and asphalt treated permeable materials (ATPM).  Open-graded mixes are typically used as wearing courses (OGFC) or graded mixes are typically used as wearing courses (OGFC) or underlying drainage layers (ATPM) because of the special underlying drainage layers (ATPM) because of the special advantages offered by their porosity.  advantages offered by their porosity. 

Construction of Pavement Structures

Evaluation of Pavement Structures

Maintenance Programs of Pavement Structures

Design of Pavement Materials

Aggregates Asphalt/PCC

Laboratory Exp.

ROAD CONSTRUCTION

THE END