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CONSTRUCTION LOADS:

The term CONSTRUCTION LOADING is typically uses to describe Loads from workers andBuilding materials on an unfinished structure .Construction Loads shall be placed only on fully restrained and braced structures.

*****************************************************************Employers must not place construction loads on a concrete structure or portion of aconcrete structure unless the employer determines, based on information received from a

person who is qualified in structural design , that the structure or portion of the structure iscapable of supporting the intended loads.

The character and magnitude of loads produced during heavy lifting, rigging, and handlingoperations may be significantly different from the service loads for which a particularinstallat ion has been designed. These differences mandate the necessity for an evaluation oftheir effects to ensure that construction will proceed in a safe and expeditious manner,consistent with the project plan, and will result in a high quality installation upon itscompletion.

Vehicular & construction Loads.

Corrugated dual wall HDPE pipes are designed tocarry H25 live loads (40,000 lbs. Axle legal load) with12 inches of cover. This assumes a well compactedembedment and includes the subbase material forinstallations under pavement. For 54 and 60 the

minimum cover for H25 loads is 24 inches and again ismeasured from top of pipe to bottom of flexiblepavement.

Very heavy construction traffic poses additional concern for buried flexible pipe when buried atshallow depths. The extremely high loads created by construction vehicles can potentially reducethe safety factors below reasonable levels in minimum cover conditions. It is recommended thatthree feet of cover be used over the pipe in installations involving construct ion vehicles between30T and 60T. This additional cover can simply be mounded and compacted over the pipe duringthe construction phase and then graded following construction. Hydrohammers or hoe-pakcompactors may not be used over the pipe until at least 36 inches of compacted cover is achieved.

IBM PureData System for Transactions

Floor construction and floor loading

Use the following formulas to calculate the floor loads for the system.

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A floor loading assessment is the evaluation of the concrete subfloor, not the raised floor.The weight of the raised floor is considered in the floor loading formula.

The building floor must support the weight of the equipment to be installed. Althougholder devices might impose 345 kg/m 2 (75 lb/ft 2) on the building floor, a typical system

design imposes a load of no more than 340 kg/m2

(70 lb/ft2

). The following pounds-per-square-foot (lb/ft 2) formula is used to calculate floor loading. For assistance with floorload evaluation, contact a structural engineer.

Floor Loading is: ( machine weight + (15 lb/ft2 x 0.5 svc clear) + (10 lb/ft2 x total area))/total area

The floor loading should not exceed 240 kg/m 2 (50 lb/ft 2) with a partitionallowance of 100 kg/m 2 (20 lb/ft 2) for a total floor load rating of 340 kg/m 2 (70lb/ft 2).

The raised-floor weight plus the cable weight adds 50 kg/m 2 (10 lb/ft 2) uniformly

across the total area used in calculations and is included in the 340 kg/m2

(70lb/ft 2) floor loading. The total area is defined as: machine area + 0.5 serviceclearance.

When the service clearance area is also used to distribute machine weight (weightdistribution/service clearance), 75 kg/m 2 (15 lb/ft 2) is considered for personneland equipment traffic. The distribution weight is applied over 0.5 of the clearanceup to a maximum of 760 mm (30 in.) as measured from the machine frame.

In the multi-story slabs connected by shores, generally, additionalconstruction load is newly super imposed at the time when new concreteis cast at the top floor, and at the time when shores are removed at the

bottom floor. Generally, the construction live load excluding the slab s selfweight account for 50 percent of the slab s self weight D (ACI 347,2005). Thus, the total superimposed load at the top floor becomes 1.5D ,which indicates that the loadratio LR at this construction stage is 1.5.**********************************************************************Read the article Effects of shore stiffness and concrete cracking on slabconstruction load attached to calculate the construction load on slab.*********************************************************Building Component Safety Information: A booklet jointly produced byStructural Buildings Component Association(SBCA) & Truss Plate Institute(TPI)for information on Construction Loads on Roofs . Chapter BCSI-B4 onConstruction loads.

Also check the table B4-1 for the max. height of stacking materials on roof truss.**********************************************************Do not stack materials at locations that will produce instabil ity, such as cantileveror truss to girder connections.Do distribute the construction loads over a large area and in small heaps instead ofhuge heap.Do not drop the construction loads- materials which may transmit IMPACT

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FORCE on the member over which it is stored.

Stack materials for a short period say a week or 2 weeks.

See how heavy the staked materials on roof.

Compiled by Er.T.RangaRajan.