Construction Engineering Process and · PDF fileConstruction Engineering Process and ......
Transcript of Construction Engineering Process and · PDF fileConstruction Engineering Process and ......
Construction Engineering Process and Knowledge Requirements for Fostering
Creative Design Solutions on Infrastructure Projects
Robert B. Bittner, Bittner-Shen Consulting EngineersRobert L. Schmitt, University of Wisconsin, Platteville
Presentation Outline
• Need for Creative Solutions
• Process for Attaining Optimal Solutions
• Case Histories
• Knowledge, Skill, & Experience Requirements
• Conclusions
Need for Creative Solutions in Technical Construction Problems
Young engineers seek a challenge and to use theirand to use their creativity, imagination, andinnovative skills.
Every construction project has unique technical challenges.
Few major projects can be consideredbe considered routine, each must be uniquely engineered.
Technical Solutions
must work and
Need for Creative Solutions in Technical Construction Problems
must work andbe efficient and cost competitive.
Process and Sequence for Attaining Optimal Construction Solutions
• Team effort requiring construction personnel with a wide range of talent and experience.
Beneficial for individuals with a wide• Beneficial for individuals with a wide range of experience to participate.
• 10-step process Developed from successful project execution on multiple projects by Ben C. Gerwick, Inc. & Bittner-Shen Consulting Engineers, Inc.
10-step process 1. Identify key technical problems
2. Collect and review relevant information
3 D fi i th bl l l3. Defining the problem clearly
4. Identify available feasible solutions that have worked successfully in the past
5. Conceive or create new solutions
6. Confirm the viability of the new solutions
7. Evaluate the solution options
10-step process
p
8. Select the optimum solutions
9. Detailed design and confirmation testing
10. Implement and monitor
Case Histories
• Bridge Foundations for the New Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Washington
• Launching the Oresund Immersed Tube Tunnel Connecting Denmark and SwedenTunnel Connecting Denmark and Sweden
• Braddock Dam on the Monongahela River, Pennsylvania
• Piers for the Bath-Woolwich Bridge, Maine
Bridge Foundations for the New Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Washington
Source: skyscrapercity.com
160-ft water depth
Rapid 7-knot tidal
Bridge Foundations for the New Tacoma Narrows Bridge, Washington
pcurrents
4-month period
Two main pier caissons required 64 anchors with a safe working capacity of 500 tons each
Step Action Taken
Identify problem Build main span foundations
Collect & review data Hydrologic studies, loads
Define problem Deep water & fast current
Identify solutions Dead weight & drag anchors
10-Step Construction Engineering Process
y g g
Create solutions Driven plate anchor system
Confirm solutions Test-driven plate anchors
Evaluate options Significant cost differences
Select solutions Anchors with 500-ton capacity
Design & confirm Calculate working stresses
Implement & monitor Measure anchor line tension
Launching of the Oresund Immersed Tube Tunnel Connecting Denmark and Sweden
Source: roadtraffic-technology.com
Oresund Immersed Tube Tunnel
Match-casting 20 concrete tunnel elements - 55,000 tons each
Oresund Immersed Tube TunnelCasting a 22-m long tunnel segment on a fixed casting bed, then skidding forward to clear the bed for the next casting.
Oresund Immersed Tube Tunnel
Skidding process repeated 8 times to complete a single 176-m
Challenge - how to skid a very rigid 55,000-tn tunnel element (28 hours after casting the prior segment) without cracking exterior.
long tunnel element.
Oresund Immersed
Tube Tunnel
6 pile-supported skid beams aligned under p pp geach of the 6 tunnel walls.
288 hydraulic jacks (300-tn capacity each) provided a 3-point support system.
6 hydraulic rams (600-tn capacity each) travelled on top of and reacted against the skid beams.
10-Step Construction Engineering Process
Step Action Taken
Identify problem Skid 55,000 ton segment in place
Collect & review data Loads, tunnel dimensions
Define problem Skid without cracking exterior
Identify solutions Pile supports hydraulic jacksIdentify solutions Pile supports, hydraulic jacks
Create solutions Three-component system
Confirm solutions Calculations & model testing
Evaluate options Significant assembly activity
Select solutions Skid beams react with jacks
Design and confirm Calculate forces & stresses
Implement & monitor Measure loads during skidding
Braddock Dam on Monongahela River, PA
Source: port.pittsburgh.pa.us
Braddock Dam on Monongahela River, PA
Float-in techniques rather than river diversion with circular cells andcircular cells and site dewatering.
Final solution consisted of two precast dam shells (333-ft and 265-ft long, 125-ft wide and 40-ft high) constructed off site at a downstream dry dock location.
Braddock Dam on Monongahela River, PA
Two dam segments were launched and towed 22 miles upstream to the dam site for placement on the drilled shaft foundations.
After landing and leveling the segments, were locked to the drilled shafts with tremieconcrete.
10-Step Construction Engineering Process
Step Action Taken
Identify problem Construct using alternate means
Collect & review data Cast-in-place or precast
Define problem Avoid river diversion/dewatering
Identify solutions Precast segmentsIdentify solutions Precast segments
Create solutions Fabricate off site and float in
Confirm solutions Confirm precast shell size
Evaluate options Cost, schedule, & risk advantage
Select solutions Off-site fabrication
Design and confirm Calculate installation stresses
Implement & monitor Verify in-place dimension
Bridge Piers for Bath-Woolwich Bridge, ME
Source: flatironcorp.com
Bridge Piers for Bath-Woolwich Bridge, ME
Concept based on precastingbridge pier shells onshells on shore, while the drilled shafts were installed and cut-off under water.
Bridge Piers for Bath-Woolwich Bridge, ME
Innovative float-in cofferdam system for 6 piers. Steel cofferdam was then attached to the top of the precast shells.
Positioned over the top and lowered on to the drilled shafts.
10-Step Construction Engineering Process
Step Action Taken
Identify problem Float-in cofferdam for piers
Collect & review data River depth, bridge dimensions
Define problem Sequence pier assembly
Identify solutions Precast bridge pier shellsIdentify solutions Precast bridge pier shells
Create solutions Float in shells and attach to shafts
Confirm solutions Dimension shaft connection
Evaluate options Shell float-in is significant act.
Select solutions Position, level, lock connection
Design and confirm Calculate lock connection
Implement & monitor Measuring during installation
Key Knowledge, Skill, and Experience Requirements for Providing Creative Solutions to Technical Challenges of
Construction
Knowledge, Skill, & Experience Requirements
#1 An understanding of the forces of nature:
10 to consider
WindCurrentHydrostaticSeismicImpactFrictionEarth pressure
#2 An ability to clearly see and define the problem
#3 A sound basis in engineering fundamentals
Knowledge, Skill, & Experience Requirements
fundamentals
Knowledge, Skill, & Experience Requirements
#4 A facility with analytical tools for structural analysis
#5 Ability to communicate ideas #6 Ability to work within a team and
lead
Knowledge, Skill, & Experience Requirements
Knowledge, Skill, & Experience Requirements
#7 An understanding of construction costs
#8 An understanding of construction scheduling
#9 An ability to identify, evaluate, and mitigate potential risks
Knowledge, Skill, & Experience Requirements
#10 An ability to identify and evaluate potential environmental impacts
Knowledge, Skill, & Experience Requirements
Conclusions
Construction engineering is an exciting field with a lifetime of challenges and creative endeavour opportunities. One of the most challenging
activities within this discipline is creating and developing innovative optimized solutions for the many technical problems.
Conclusions
A 10-step procedure for creating and developing these optimum technical solutions leads to success.
Four case studies illustrated the Four case studies illustrated the process steps.
The team effort requires a wide ranging mix of skills, talent, knowledge and experience.
This mix covers not only estimating, scheduling, cost control, and project planning, but structural and hydrodynamic
Conclusions
structural and hydrodynamic analysis, risk evaluation, analysis, and mitigation, and an understanding of environmental impacts of construction and how to minimize them.
Questions and Discussion