CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTE

AS A RESOURCE

Dr K M Soni, Chief Engineer, CPWD, Mumbai

C & D Waste

“Construction andDemolition waste"means waste comprisingof building materials,debris and rubbleresulting fromconstruction, re-modelling/renovation,repair and demolition ofany civil engineeringstructure

C & D Waste Breakdown

• Generation of C & D waste

– New construction (8%)

– Repair & renovation (44%)

– Demolition (48%)

• Creation of C & D waste ?

C & D waste type

Residential

Non-residential

Total

Newconstruction

11 6 8

Renovation 55 36 44

Demolition 34 58 48

Typical composition of Indian C & D waste (TIFAC, 2001)

• Soil, Sand & Gravel 36%

• Brick & Masonry 31%

• Concrete 23%

• Metals 5%

• Bitumen 2%

• Wood 2%

• Others 1%

• Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council's (TIFAC)

Assessment of C & D waste

• 40-60 kg per sq.m of new construction,

• 40-50 kg per sq.m of building repair,

• 300-500 kg per sq.m for demolition of buildings

• The following FIVE categories of existing C & D wastequantification methodologies are reported :– Site visit method

– Waste generation rate method

– Lifetime analysis method

– Classification system accumulation method

– Variables modelling method

Requirements of Recycling Plants

• New construction

– Government Housing

• Housing for All (Urban)

• Housing for All (Rural)

– Private Housing

– Other infrastructure

• Renovation

• Demolition

Requirements of Recycling Plants for Housing for All (Urban)

• Assuming 50 kg C & D waste per sqm for newconstruction

• 20 million houses

• Area of each unit : 30 sqm

• Operation per year: 300 days

• Capacity: 500 tonnes per day

• No. Of plants required: 40

Requirements of Recycling Plants for Housing for All (Rural)

• No. Of houses to be constructed under PMAY-Gramin: 30 million (60 Plants)

• AMRUT

• HRIDAY

• Smart Cities

• Government construction including local bodies/development authorities

• Other infrastructure

Private Construction

• The Indian real estate market size is expected to reach US$ 180 billion by 2020.

• Thus C & D waste both from new construction and Demolition (Re-development) is going to be generated.

Generation of C & D Waste • 10 MT - 15 MT (MT – million tonnes) per year by

MoUD (2000);

• Approximately 25-30 million tonnes of C & Dwastes is generated annually in India (2014)

• 170-200 plants of 500 tonnes per day capacity arerequired assuming operating for 300 days a year

• Now it is estimated to be 165-175 million tonnesper year (BMTPC)

C & D Waste Management

• For prevention of waste

• For minimisation of waste

• For reuse of waste

• For recycling of waste

Waste management Hierarchy Pyramid

Reasons of Repair/renovation & Demolition

• Due to expiry of useful life of structure(generation of waste)

• Due to poor quality of original construction

• Due to unauthorised (poor quality)construction and additions thereafter

• Due to redevelopment for additional FSI

• Due to frequent renovations andconstruction by different agencies due topoor co-ordination

Leading to creation of waste

Culture of Wastage

Poor Quality

Poor Quality

Let us stop creating C & D waste to save natural resources by adopting “quality” concept

in construction and Maintenance

Environmental concern

• “The demand for aggregates in 2007 has seenan increase by five percent, to over 21 billiontonnes, the largest being in developingcountries for example India”. (Study by AsianInstitute of Technology (AIT), Thailand forsome Asian countries included India, reportreleased in May 2008).

Alternative of natural sandRecycled sand

Reuse

“De-construction” means a planned selectivedemolition in which salvage, re-use and recycling ofthe demolished structure is maximized

Recycling

Disposal

C & D Waste Management Rules 2016

• C & D producing organisations

– C & D waste generators and

– C & D waste bulk generators.

– Waste generators who generate 20 tonnes or more inone day or 300 tonnes per project in a month areclassified as “bulk C & D waste generators”.

Therefore, greater responsibility is on bulk C & Dwaste generators. Further they are required tosegregate the waste into four categories as concrete,soil, steel - wood - plastic, and bricks and mortar.

Government initiatives

• MoUD vide its circular dated 28th June, 2012 stated allstates to set up C & D Waste recycling / processingfacilities in all cities with population of over ONE million(10 lakh)

• Guidelines on recycling and reuse of C&D waste by CPWDMarch 2014

• Guidelines of utilisation of C & D waste in construction ofdwelling units and other infrastructure in housingschemes of government (2016) by BMTPC

• C & D waste management rules 2016 of MoEF&CC notifiedon 29th March, 2016

• Guidelines of environmental management of C & D wasteCPCB (2017)

Aim of Swachh Bharat Mission

• 100 % solid waste including C & D wasteis to be processed under “The SwachhBharat Mission” by 2nd October, 2019

C & D waste management rules 2016

• Apply to every waste resulting fromconstruction, re-modelling, repair anddemolition of any civil structure ofindividual or organization or authoritywho generates C & D waste

C & D waste management rules 2016

• Construction of new buildings• Renovation of existing buildings• Demolition of existing, old dilapidated

structures;• Excavation/reconstruction of asphalt/ concrete

roads;• Construction of new fly over bridges/ under

bridges/ sub-ways etc.;• Renovation/ Installation of new water/

telephone/ internet/ sewer pipe lines etc.

CPCB Guidelines 2017

• The guidelinesrecommends pollutionmitigation measures inoperation of C & Ddump sites / wasteprocessing facilities.

• Mainly for bulkgenerators in cities /towns

Bulk C & D Generators

• Under Rule 4 sub-rule (3) the segregation by bulk C & Dwaste generators shall be done into four streams such as:– Concrete– Soil– Steel, wood and plastics– Bricks & mortar

Duties of Local Authority

• Management of C & D waste generatedincluding processing facility and for using therecycled products in the best possiblemanner

• Awareness and dissemination of knowledge

• Incentives for use of material made out of CD waste including in non-structural concrete,paving blocks, lower layers of roadpavements, colony and rural roads’

• Rule (11) under Duties of Bureau of IndianStandards (BIS) and Indian Roads Congress(IRC) ‘The Bureau of Indian Standards andIndian Roads Congress shall be responsiblefor preparation of code of practices andstandards for use of recycled materials andproducts of construction and demolitionwaste in respect of construction activities

IS 383: 2016

• IS 383 : 2016 Indian Standard COARSE AND FINEAGGREGATE FOR CONCRETE – SPECIFICATION(Third Revision) - Scope: This standard coversthe requirements for aggregates, crushed oruncrushed, derived from natural sources, suchas river terraces and riverbeds, glacial deposits,rocks, boulders and gravels, and manufacturedaggregates produced from other than naturalsources, for use in the production of concrete fornormal structural purposes including massconcrete works.

• These manufactured aggregates are of twotypes namely:

– Recycled Aggregate (RA) ‒‒ It is made from C & Dwaste which may comprise concrete, brick, tiles,stone, etc.

– Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) ‒ It is derivedfrom concrete after requisite processing.

IS: 383 was revised in January, 2016, permitting useof recycled aggregates up to 25% in plainconcrete, 20% in reinforced concrete of M-25 orlower grade and up to 100% in lean concretes ofgrade less than M-15.

• Roadmap for C & D waste management -Population of cities Under C & D WasteManagement Rules 2016, the targets forcommissioning C&D processing facilities arebased on population as given below:

• i. Cities with population of one million andabove

• ii. Cities with population of 0.5 –one million

• iii. Cities with population of less than 0.5 million

Time frame

Timeframe for Planning and Implementation

1. Formulation of policy by StateGovernment: 12 months

2. Identification of sites for collection &processing facility: 18 months

3. Commissioning and implementation of thefacility: 18 months-36 months

4. Monitoring by SPCBs:

CPWD initiatives

• Central Public Works Department (CPWD) andNational Building Construction Company(NBCC) have recommended use of recycledportions of C & D wastes in their constructionactivities or if the same is available within 100km from construction site.

MoU between CPWD & Stiftelsen Norway

• Stiftelsen SINTEF and CPWD signed MoU(Memorandum of Understanding) on 25.02.2016 foran institutional and technical assistance programmeon “Treatment and utilisation of construction anddemolition waste in India” for institutionalcooperation on capacity building and technicalsupport. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) ofNorway have entered into an agreement with SINTEFon 19.12.2016 allocating a grant to be usedexclusively to finance the Programme during 2017-21.

• The goal of the Programme is to increase theutilisation level of recovered C&D waste in thebuilding and construction sector in India by increasingthe treatment and recycling capacity.

Purpose

• To provide assistance to CPWD and ULBs in theimplementation of safe and sound treatment andutilisation of C&D waste in the construction and civilengineering sector.

• Target groups are CPWD under the Ministry of UrbanDevelopment, Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and otherrelevant institutions and academia on the one side, andindustry and waste management companies on the otherside.

• To prepare guidelines and regulatory framework, andprovide input to BIS and IRC.

• Capacity building, training and information dissemination

Recycling capacity in India

• Recycling Plant at Burari, Delhi having capacity of 500MTD capacity. The company collects some 500 tonnes perday of C&D waste from three designated zones in DelhiKarol Bagh, Sadar Paharganj and City.

• Second plant is established in East Delhi, near Shastri Parkunder East Delhi Municipal Corporation.

• Three plants are proposed in Bangaluru each havingrecycling capacity of 750 tonnes per day.

• A plant has been set up in Ahmadabad.• Gurgaon Municipal Corporation near Delhi is planning a

C&D waste recycling plant on five acres of land.• Many more plants are planned in various cities and in

near future, C & D waste recycling plants may beoperating in every major city.

MCGM

• MCGM has already taken action to set up &Operate 1000 TPD Construction & Demolition(C&D) Waste Processing/Recycling Facility inMumbai

Incentives

• As per the advisory of Delhi Government, all DelhiGovernment agencies will be required to incorporatea clause in their tenders for mandatory use of aminimum of 2 percent recycled products from C & Dwaste in all future contracts for building works and 10percent recycled products for road works.

• Other incentives like availability of land for setting upthe plant, charging tipping fee and processing fee bythe companies who install the plants may also beagreed upon by the governments and ULBs.

• Other governments are also going to issue similarguidelines

In future, C & D waste is going to be treated as a resource

material

(The reference of photos and literature taken from various websitesis gratefully acknowledged)