CONSTITUTION CASES DIGEST 83 ONWARDS.docx

8/17/2019 CONSTITUTION CASES DIGEST 83 ONWARDS.docx

1/24

Case number 83

PEOPLE’S JOURNAL et. al. vs. FRANCIS THOENEN

.R. N!. "#33$% &e'ember "3( %))*

Fa'ts+ On 3) Se,tember "--)( a ne s /tem a,,eare0 /n t1e Pe!,le’s J!urnal'la/m/n2 t1at a 'erta/n Fran'/s T1!enen( a S /ss nat/!nal 1! alle2e0l s1!!ts

a ar0 ne/21b!rs’ ,ets t1at 1e 4n0s /n 1/s 0!ma/n. It als! 'la/me0 t1at 5F H!mesres/0ents( /n a letter t1r!u21 la er Att . E6ren An2ara( re7ueste0 6!r t1e0e,!rtat/!n !6 T1!enen t! ,revent t1e re'urren'e !6 su'1 /n'/0ent /n t1e 6uture.

T1!enen 'la/me0 t1at t1e art/'le 0estr! e0 t1e res,e't an0 a0m/rat/!n 1e en ! e0/n t1e '!mmun/t . He /s see9/n2 6!r 0ama2es.

T1e ,et/t/!ners a0m/tte0 ,ubl/'at/!n !6 t1e ne s /tem( !stens/bl !ut !6 a :s!'/alan0 m!ral 0ut t! /n6!rm t1e ,ubl/' !n matters !6 2eneral /nterest( ,r!m!te t1e,ubl/' 2!!0 an0 ,r!te't t1e m!ral ,ubl/' ;s/'< !6 t1e ,e!,le(= an0 t1at t1e st!r as,ubl/s1e0 /n 2!!0 6a/t1 an0 /t1!ut mal/'e.

Issue+ >1et1er !r n!t t1e ne s re,!rt 6all un0er ,r/v/le2e0 '!mmun/'at/!n an0t1ere6!re ,r!te'te0 b t1e '!nst/tut/!nal ,r!v/s/!n !n 6ree0!m !6 s,ee'1.

Hel0+ T1e r/21t !6 6ree s,ee'1 /s n!t abs!lute. L/bel /s n!t ,r!te'te0 s,ee'1. In t1e/nstant 'ase( even /6 e assume t1at t1e letter r/tten b Att . An2ara /s ,r/v/le2e0'!mmun/'at/!n( /t l!st /ts '1ara'ter 1en t1e matter as ,ubl/s1e0 /n t1e

ne s,a,er an0 '/r'ulate0 am!n2 t1e 2eneral ,!,ulat/!n( es,e'/all s/n'e t1e/n0/v/0ual alle2e0 t! be 0e6ame0 /s ne/t1er a ,ubl/' !?'/al n!r a ,ubl/' 42ure.

@!re!ver( t1e ne s /tem '!nta/ne0 6alse1!!0s !n t ! levels. F/rst( t1e 5F H!mesres/0ents 0/0 n!t as9 6!r t1e 0e,!rtat/!n !6 T1!enen( m!re s! be'ause t1e letter !6 t1e Att . Ana2ara as a mere re7uest 6!r ver/4'at/!n !6 T1!enen’s status as a6!re/2n res/0ent. T1e art/'le /s als! untrue be'ause t1e events s1e re,!rte0 never1a,,ene0. >!rse( t1e ma/n s!ur'e !6 /n6!rmat/!n( Att . E6ren An2ara( a,,arentle/t1er 0!es n!t e /st( !r /s n!t a la er.

T1ere /s n! '!nst/tut/!nal value /n 6alse statements !6 6a't. Ne/t1er t1e /ntent/!nall/e n!r t1e 'areless err!r mater/all a0van'es s!'/et ’s /nterest /n Bun/n1/b/te0(

r!bust( an0 /0e !,en’ 0ebate. Cal'ulate0 6alse1!!0 6alls /nt! t1at 'lass !6 utteran'es 1/'1 :are n! essent/al ,art !6 an e ,!s/t/!n !6 /0eas( an0 are !6 su'1sl/21t s!'/al value as a ste, t! trut1 t1at an bene4t t1at ma be 0er/ve0 6r!m t1em/s 'learl !ut e/21e0 b t1e s!'/al /nterest /n !r0er an0 m!ral/t D T1e 9n! /n2l6alse statement an0 t1e 6alse statement ma0e /t1 re'9less 0/sre2ar0 !6 t1e trut1(0! n!t en ! '!nst/tut/!nal ,r!te't/!n=


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CASE 8*

C1ave vs. !n ales ;%))8< ;P!l/t/'al La <

Fran'/s'! C1ave vs. Raul @. !n ales an0 NTC .R. N!. "G8338 Februar "*(%))8

Fa'ts+ As a '!nse7uen'e !6 t1e ,ubl/' release !6 '!,/es !6 t1e :Hell! ar'/= '!m,a't0/s' au0/!ta,es /nv!lv/n2 a /reta,,e0 m!b/le ,1!ne '!nversat/!n bet een t1enPres/0ent l!r/a Arr! ! an0 C!mele' C!mm/ss/!ner /r2/l/! ar'/llan!( res,!n0ent&OJ Se'retar !n ales arne0 re,!rters t1at t1!se 1! 1a0 '!,/es !6 t1e C& an0t1!se br!a0'ast/n2 !r ,ubl/s1/n2 /ts '!ntents '!ul0 be 1el0 l/able un0er t1e Ant/>/reta,,/n2 A't. He als! state0 t1at ,ers!ns ,!ssess/n2 !r a/r/n2 sa/0 ta,es ere'!mm/tt/n2 a '!nt/nu/n2 ! ense( sub e't t! arrest b an b!0 . F/nall ( 1e state0t1at 1e 1a0 !r0ere0 t1e N5I t! 2! a6ter me0/a !r2an/ at/!ns :6!un0 t! 1ave 'ause0t1e s,rea0( t1e ,la /n2 an0 t1e ,r/nt/n2 !6 t1e '!ntents !6 a ta,e.= @ean 1/le(

res,!n0ent NTC arne0 T an0 ra0/! stat/!ns t1at t1e/r br!a0'ast a/r/n2 !6 su'16alse /n6!rmat/!n an0 !r /ll6ul m/sre,resentat/!n s1all be a ust 'ause 6!r t1esus,ens/!n( rev!'at/!n an0 !r 'an'ellat/!n !6 t1e l/'enses !r aut1!r/ at/!ns /ssue0t! t1e sa/0 me0/a establ/s1ments. Pet/t/!ner C1ave 4le0 a ,et/t/!n un0er Rule G*a2a/nst res,!n0ents Se'retar !n ales an0 t1e NTC 0/re'tl /t1 t1e Su,remeC!urt.

Issues+ ;"< >/ll a ,ur,!rte0 v/!lat/!n !6 la su'1 as t1e Ant/ >/reta,,/n2 La ust/6stra/t a'9et/n2 t1e e er'/se !6 6ree0!m !6 s,ee'1 an0 !6 t1e ,ressK ;%< &/0 t1e mere,ress statements !6 res,!n0ents &OJ Se'retar an0 t1e NTC '!nst/tute a 6!rm !6

'!ntent base0 ,r/!r restra/nt t1at 1as trans2resse0 t1e C!nst/tut/!nK

Hel0+ ;"< N!( a ,ur,!rte0 v/!lat/!n !6 la su'1 as t1e Ant/ >/reta,,/n2 La /ll n!t ust/6 stra/t a'9et/n2 t1e e er'/se !6 6ree0!m !6 s,ee'1 an0 !6 t1e ,ress. A2!vernmental a't/!n t1at restr/'ts 6ree0!m !6 s,ee'1 !r !6 t1e ,ress base0 !n'!ntent /s 2/ven t1e str/'test s'rut/n ( /t1 t1e 2!vernment 1av/n2 t1e bur0en !6 !ver'!m/n2 t1e ,resume0 un'!nst/tut/!nal/t b t1e 'lear an0 ,resent 0an2er rule.

T1/s rule a,,l/es e7uall t! all 9/n0s !6 me0/a( /n'lu0/n2 br!a0'ast me0/a.Res,!n0ents( 1! 1ave t1e bur0en t! s1! t1at t1ese a'ts 0! n!t abr/02e 6ree0!m!6 s,ee'1 an0 !6 t1e ,ress( 6a/le0 t! 1ur0le t1e 'lear an0 ,resent 0an2er test. F!r

t1/s 6a/lure !6 t1e res,!n0ents al!ne t! ! er ,r!!6 t! sat/s6 t1e 'lear an0 ,resent0an2er test( t1e C!urt 1as n! !,t/!n but t! u,1!l0 t1e e er'/se !6 6ree s,ee'1 an06ree ,ress. T1ere /s n! s1! /n2 t1at t1e 6eare0 v/!lat/!n !6 t1e ant/ /reta,,/n2 la'learl en0an2ers t1e nat/!nal se'ur/t !6 t1e State.

;%< es( t1e mere ,ress statements !6 res,!n0ents &OJ Se'retar an0 t1e NTC'!nst/tute0 a 6!rm !6 '!ntent base0 ,r/!r restra/nt t1at 1as trans2resse0 t1e


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C!nst/tut/!n. It /s n!t 0e'/s/ve t1at t1e ,ress statements ma0e b res,!n0ents eren!t re0u'e0 /n !r 6!ll! e0 u, /t1 6!rmal !r0ers !r '/r'ulars. It /s su?'/ent t1at t1e,ress statements ere ma0e b res,!n0ents 1/le /n t1e e er'/se !6 t1e/r !?'/al6un't/!ns. An a't 0!ne( su'1 as a s,ee'1 uttere0( 6!r an0 !n be1al6 !6 t1e2!vernment /n an !?'/al 'a,a'/t /s '!vere0 b t1e rule !n ,r/!r restra/nt. T1e

'!n'e,t !6 an :a't= 0!es n!t l/m/t /tsel6 t! a'ts alrea0 '!nverte0 t! a 6!rmal !r0er!r !?'/al '/r'ular. Ot1er /se( t1e n!n 6!rmal/ at/!n !6 an a't /nt! an !?'/al !r0er !r'/r'ular /ll result /n t1e eas '/r'umvent/!n !6 t1e ,r!1/b/t/!n !n ,r/!r restra/nt.

CASE 8G

NE>SOUN&S 5ROA&CASTIN NET>ORM INC. an0 CONSOLI&ATE& 5ROA&CASTINS STE@( INC.( Pet/t/!ners(

vs.

HON. CEASAR . & ( FELICISI@O . @EER( 5A NOS @A I@O( RAC@A FERNAN&EARCIA an0 THE CIT OF CAUA AN( Res,!n0ents.

Fa'ts+

Pet/t/!ners !,erate an0 run 5!mb! Ra0 ! & NC Caua an ;& NC


4/24

T1e 0ea0l/ne la,se0 !n Febuar "*( %))#( an0 res,!n0ents @eer an0 Ra'maFernan0e ar'/a( C/t Le2al O?'er !6 Caua an C/t ( 'l!se0 t1e ra0/! stat/!n. &uet! t1e ,rv!s/!n !6 Omn/bus Ele't/!n C!0e 1/'1 ,r!1/b/ts t1e 'l!sure !6 ra0/!stat/!n 0ur/n2 t1e ,en0en' !6 ele't/!n ,er/!0( CO@ELEC /ssue0 an !r0er all! /n2t1e ,et/t/!ners t! !,erate be6!re Febuar "$( %))#( but as barre0 a2a/n b

res,!n0ent @a !r Ceasar & !n t1e 2r!un0s t1at t1e ra0/! stat/!n 1a0 n! ,erm/t.N!net1eless( CO@ELEC all! e0 t1em t! run a2a/n unt/l June ")( %))# a6terele't/!ns.

Pet/t/!ners 4le0 t1e 'ase t! t1e RTC an0 CA 6!r t1e /ssuan'e !6 ma !r’s ,erm/t butb!t1 '!urts 0en/e0 t1e ,et/t/!n.

A mun/'/,al !r '/t ma !r /s l/9e /se aut1!r/ e0 un0er t1e L C t! /ssue l/'enses an0,erm/ts( an0 sus,en0 !r rev!9e t1e same 6!r an v/!lat/!n !6 t1e '!n0/t/!ns u,!n

1/'1 sa/0 l/'enses !r ,erm/ts 1a0 been /ssue0( ,ursuant t! la !r !r0/nan'e. In'ase !6 Caua an C/t ( t1e aut1!r/t t! re7u/re a ma !r’s ,erm/t as ena'te0t1r!u21 Or0/nan'e N!. -% ))#( ena'te0 /n "--3. H! ever( n!t1/n2 /n t1e !r0/nan'e

re7u/res an a,,l/'at/!n 6!r a ma !r’s ,erm/t t! subm/t :e/t1er an a,,r!ve0 lan0'!nvers/!n ,a,ers 6r!m &AR( s1! /n2 t1at /ts ,r!,ert as '!nverte0 6r!m ,r/mea2r/'ultural lan0 !r an a,,r!ve0 res!lut/!n 6r!m t1e San22un/an2 5a an !rSan22un/an2 Pan2lun2s!0 aut1!r/ /n2 t1e re'lass/4'at/!n !6 ,r!,ert 6r!ma2r/'ultural t! '!mmer'/al lan0.

In "--G( t1e HLUR5 /ssue0 a !n/n2 0e'/s/!n t1at 'lass/4e0 t1e ,r!,ert as'!mmer'/al. Pet/t/!ners are als! arme0 /t1 several 'ert/4'at/!ns stat/n2 t1at t1e,r!,ert /s /n0ee0 a '!mmer'/al area. Als!( ,et/t/!ners ,a/0 real ,r!,ert ta esbase0 !n t1e 'lass/4'at/!n !6 ,r!,ert as '!mmer'/al /t1!ut !b e't/!ns ra/se0 bt1e res,!n0ents.

Pet/t/!ners ar2ue0 t1at t1/s '!ns/stent re'!2n/t/!n b t1e l!'al 2!vernment !6 Caua an !6 t1e '!mmer'/al '1ara'ter !6 t1e ,r!,ert '!nst/tutes est!,,els a2a/nstres,!n0ents 6r!m 0en /n2 t1e 6a't be6!re t1e '!urts. T1e l! er '!urts 1a0 rule0t1at :t1e 2!vernment !6 Caua an C/t /s n!t b!un0 b est!,,els( but ,et/t/!ners'lass/4e0 t1at t1/s '!n'e,t /s un0erst!!0 t! !nl re6er t! a'ts an0 m/sta9es !6 /ts!?'/al es,e'/all t! t1!se 1/'1 are /rre2ular.

Issue+

>1et1er t1e l! er '!urt /s '!rre't /n '!nten0/n2 t1at t1e 2!vernment !6 Caua anC/t /s n!t b!un0 b est!,,els !n t1e 2r!un0s t1at t1e state /s /mmune a2a/nstsu/ts.

Hel0+

N!. >1/le /t /s true t1at t1e state 'ann!t be ,ut /n est!,,els b m/sta9e !r err!r !6 /ts !?'/als !r a2ents( t1ere /s an e 'e,t/!n.

Est!,,els a2a/nst t1e ,ubl/' are l/ttle 6av!re0. T1e s1!ul0 n!t be /nv!9e0 e 'e,t /nrare an0 unusual '/r'umstan'es( an0 ma n!t be /nv!9e0 1ere t1e !ul0 !,eratet! 0e6eat t1e e e't/ve !,erat/!n !6 a ,!l/' a0!,te0 t! ,r!te't t1e ,ubl/'. T1e


5/24

must be a,,l/e0 /t1 '/r'ums,e't/!n an0 s1!ul0 be a,,l/e0 !nl /n t1!se s,e'/al'ases 1ere t1e /nterests !6 ust/'e 'learl re7u/re /t. Nevert1eless( t1e 2!vernmentmust n!t be all! e0 t! 0eal 0/s1!n!rabl !r 'a,r/'/!usl /t1 /ts '/t/ ens( an0 mustn!t ,la an /2n!ble ,art !r 0! a s1abb t1/n2Q an0 sub e't t! l/m/tat/!ns . . .( t1e0!'tr/ne !6 e7u/table est!,,el ma be /nv!9e0 a2a/nst ,ubl/' aut1!r/t/es as ell as

a2a/nst ,r/vate /n0/v/0uals T1us( 1en t1ere /s n! '!nv/n'/n2 ev/0en'e t! ,r!ve /rre2ular/t !r ne2l/2en'e !nt1e ,art !6 t1e 2!vernment !?'/al 1!se a'ts are be/n2 0/s! ne0 !t1er t1an t1ebare assert/!n !n t1e ,art !6 t1e State( t1e Su,reme C!urt 1ave 0e'l/ne0 t! a,,lState /mmun/t 6r!m est!,,el. Here/n( t1ere /s abs!lutel n! ev/0en'e !t1er t1ant1e bare assert/!ns !6 t1e res,!n0ents t1at t1e Caua an C/t 2!vernment 1a0,rev/!usl erre0 1en /t 'ert/4e0 t1at t1e ,r!,ert 1a0 been !ne0 6!r '!mmer'/aluse. T1e absen'e !6 an ev/0en'e !t1er t1an bare assert/!ns t1at t1e "--G t! %))"'ert/4'at/!ns ere /n'!rre't lea0 t! t1e /nelu'table '!n'lus/!n t1at res,!n0ents areest!,,e0 6r!m assert/n2 t1at t1e ,rev/!us re'!2n/t/!n !6 t1e ,r!,ert as'!mmer'/al as r!n2.

Res,!n0ents ere 6urt1er est!,,e0 6r!m 0/s'la/m/n2 t1e ,rev/!us '!ns/stentre'!2n/t/!n b t1e Caua an C/t 2!vernment t1at t1e ,r!,ert as '!mmer'/all

!ne0 unless t1e 1a0 ev/0en'e( 1/'1 t1e 1a0 n!ne( t1at t1e l!'al !?'/als 1!/ssue0 su'1 'ert/4'at/!ns a'te0 /rre2ularl /n 0!/n2 s!. It /s t1us ev/0ent t1atres,!n0ents 1a0 n! val/0 'ause at all t! even re7u/re ,et/t/!ners t! se'ure:a,,r!ve0 lan0 '!nvers/!n ,a,ers 6r!m t1e &AR s1! /n2 t1at t1e ,r!,ert as'!nverte0 6r!m ,r/me a2r/'ultural lan0 t! '!mmer'/al lan0.=

Res,!n0ents 'l!sure !6 ,et/t/!ner’s ra0/! stat/!ns /s 'learl ta/nte0 /t1 /ll m!tv/es.Pet/t/!ners 1ave been a22ress/ve /n e ,!s/n2 t1e /0es,rea0 ele't/!n /rre2ular/t/es/n Isabela t1at a,,ear t! 1ave 6av!re0 res,!n0ent & an0 1/s ,!l/t/'al 0 nast . Su'1statement man/6ests an0 '!n4rms t1at res,!n0ent’s 0en/al !6 t1e rene ala,,l/'at/!ns !n t1e 2r!un0 t1at ,r!,ert /s '!mmer'/al an0 merel a ,rete t( an0t1e/r real a2en0a /s t! rem!ve ,et/t/!ners 6r!m Caua an C/t an0 su,,ress t1elatter’s v!/'e. T1/s /s a blatant v/!lat/!n !6 '!nst/tut/!nal r/21t t! ,ress 6ree0!m.

>HEREFORE( t1e ,et/t/!ns are RANTE&. T1e assa/le0 0e'/s/!ns !6 t1e C!urt !6 A,,eals an0 t1e Re2/!nal Tr/al C!urt !6 Caua an C/t ( 5ran'1 %#( are 1erebRE ERSE& an0 SET ASI&E. T1e /nstant ,et/t/!n 6!r man0amus /s 1ereb RANTE&an0 res,!n0ents are 0/re'te0 t! /mme0/atel /ssue ,et/t/!ners’ !n/n2 'learan'esan0 ma !r’s ,erm/ts 6!r %))# t! ,et/t/!ners.

CASE 88

Es,uelas vs Pe!,le

.R. N!. L %--)

&e'ember "$( "-*"

Fa'ts+


6/24

On June - an0 June %#( "-#$( b!t1 0ates /n'lus/ve( /n t1e t! n !6 Ta2b/laran( 5!1!l(Os'ar Es,uelas @en0! a 1a0 1/s ,/'ture ta9en( ma9/n2 /t t! a,,ear as /6 1e ere1an2/n2 l/6eless at t1e en0 !6 a ,/e'e !6 r!,e sus,en0e0 6!rm t1e l/mb !6 t1e tree(

1en /n trut1 an0 /n 6a't( 1e as merel stan0/n2 !n a barrel. A6ter se'ur/n2 '!,/es!6 1/s ,1!t!2ra,1( Es,uelas sent '!,/es !6 same t! Free Press( t1e Even/n2 Ne s(

t1e 5/sa as( Lam0an2 !6 2eneral '/r'ulat/!n an0 !t1er l!'al ,er/!0/'als /n t1ePr!v/n'e !6 5!1!l but als! t1r!u21!ut t1e P1/l/,,/nes an0 abr!a0( 6!r t1e/r,ubl/'at/!n /t1 a su/'/0e n!te !r letter( 1ere/n 1e ma0e t! a,,ear t1at /t as

r/tten b a 4't/t/!us su/'/0e( Albert! Reven/era an0 a00resse0 t! t1e latter ssu,,!se0 /6e translat/!n !6 1/'1 letter !r n!te( stat/n2 1/s 0/sma an0a0m/n/strat/!n !6 Pres/0ent R! as( ,!/nt/n2 !ut t1e s/tuat/!n /n Central Lu !n an0Le te( an0 0/re't/n2 1/s /6e 1/s 0ear /6e t! r/te t! Pres/0ent Truman an0 C1ur'1/ll!6 US an0 tell t1em t1at /n t1e P1/l/,,/nes t1e 2!vernment /s /n6este0 /t1 manH/tlers an0 @uss!l/n/s.

Issue+

>1et1er t1e a''use0 /s l/able !6 se0/t/!us l/bel un0er Art. "#% !6 t1e RPC a2a/nst t1e!vernment !6 t1e P1/l/,,/nesK

Hel0+

es. T1e a''use0 must t1ere6!re be 6!un0 2u/lt as '1ar2e0. An0 t1ere be/n2 n!7uest/!n as t! t1e le2al/t !6 t1e ,enalt /m,!se0 !n 1/m( t1e 0e'/s/!n /ll bea?rme0 /t1 '!sts.

Anal e0 6!r mean/n2 an0 e/21e0 /n /ts '!nse7uen'es( t1e art/'le r/tten b bt1ea''use0( 'ann!t 6a/l t! /m,ress t1/n9/n2 ,ers!ns t1at /t see9s t! s! t1e see0s !6

se0/t/!n an0 str/6e. T1e /n6ur/at/n2 lan2ua2e /s n!t a s/n'ere e !rt t! ,ersua0e( 1at/t1 t1e r/ter s s/mulate0 su/'/0e an0 6alse 'la/m t! mart r0!m an0 1at /t1 /s

6a/lure t! ,art/'ular/ e. >1en t1e use /rr/tat/n2 lan2ua2e 'enters n!t !n ,ersua0/n2t1e rea0ers but !n 'reat/n2 0/sturban'es( t1e rat/!nable !6 6ree s,ee'1 'ann!t a,,lan0 t1e s,ea9er !r r/ter /s rem!ve0 6r!m t1e ,r!te't/!n !6 t1e '!nst/tut/!nal2uarant .

I6 /t be ar2ue0 t1at t1e art/'le 0!es n!t 0/s're0/t t1e ent/re 2!vernmental stru'turebut !nl Pres/0ent R! as an0 1/s men( t1e re,l /s t1at art/'le "#% ,un/s1es n!t !nlall l/bels a2a/nst t1e !vernment but als! l/bels a2a/nst an !6 t1e 0ul '!nst/tute0

aut1!r/t/es t1ere!6. T1e R! as ,e!,le /n t1e !vernment !bv/!usl re6er !6 leastt! t1e Pres/0ent( 1/s Cab/net an0 t1e ma !r/t !6 le2/slat!rs t! 1!m t1e a0 e't/ves0/rt ( H/tlers an0 @uss!l/n/s ere naturall 0/re'te0. On t1/s s'!re al!ne t1e'!nv/'t/!n '!ul0 be u,1el0.

Re2ar0/n2 t1e ,ubl/'at/!n( /t su22ests !r /n'/tes rebell/!us '!ns,/ra'/es !r r/!ts an0ten0s t! st/r u, ,e!,le a2a/nst t1e '!nst/tute0 aut1!r/t/es( !r t! ,r!v!9e v/!len'e


7/24

6r!m !,,!s/t/!n 1! ma see9 t! s/len'e t1e r/ter. >1/'1 /s t1e sum an0 substan'e!6 t1e ! ense un0er '!ns/0erat/!n.

T1e essen'e !6 se0/t/!us l/bel ma be sa/0 t! /ts /mme0/ate ten0en' t! st/r u,

2eneral 0/s'!ntent t! t1e ,/t'1 !6 /lle2al '!ursesQ t1at /s t! sa t! /n0u'e ,e!,le t!res!rt t! /lle2al met1!0s !t1er t1an t1!se ,r!v/0e0 b t1e C!nst/tut/!n( /n !r0er t!re,ress t1e ev/ls 1/'1 ,ress u,!n t1e/r m/n0s.

Case 8-

In Re Em/l P. Jura0! %#3 SCRA %-- ;"--*< FACTS+

Em/l/an! P. Jura0!( a la er an0 a !urnal/st 1! r/tes /n a ne s,a,er !6 2eneral'/r'ulat/!n ;@an/la Stan0ar0< r!te ab!ut alle2e0 /m,r!,r/et/es an0 /rre2ular/t/es /nt1e u0/'/ar !ver several m!nt1s ;6r!m ab!ut O't!ber "--% t! @ar'1 "--31at as,art/'ularl 2/ven attent/!n b t1e Su,reme C!urt as 1/s '!lumn ent/tle0

:>1! /ll u02e t1e Just/'esK= re6err/n2 t! a re,!rt t1at s/ ust/'es( t1e/r s,!usesan0

'1/l0ren an0 2ran0'1/l0ren ;a t!tal !6 3G ,ers!ns< s,ent a va'at/!n /n H!n2 M!n2(an0 t1at lu ur/!us 1!tel a''!mm!0at/!ns an0 all t1e/r !t1er e ,enses ere ,a/0 ba ,ubl/' ut/l/t 4rm an0 t1at t1e tr/, as arran2e0 b t1e travel a2en' ,atr!n/ e0b t1/s ,ubl/' ut/l/t 4rm. T1/s '!lumn as ma0e am/0st rum!rs t1at a Su,remeC!urt 0e'/s/!n 6av!rable t! t1e ,ubl/' ut/l/t 4rm a,,ears t! 1ave been aut1!re0 ba la er !6 t1e ,ubl/' ut/l/t 4rm. T1e see0 !6 t1e ,r!'ee0/n2 at bar as s! n bt1e 0e'/s/!n ,r!mul2ate0 b t1/s C!urt !n Au2ust %$( "--%( /n t1e s! 'a

lle0 :'!ntr!vers/al 'ase= !6 :P1/l/,,/ne L!n2 &/stan'e Tele,1!ne C!m,an v. Eastern Tele,1!ne P1/l/,,/nes( In'. ;ETPI


8/24

HEL&+

NO. Alt1!u21 1!nest utteran'es( even /6 /na''urate( ma 6urt1er t1e 6ru/t6ul e er'/se!6 t1e r/21t !6 6ree s,ee'1( /t 0!es n!t 6!ll! t1at t1e l/e( 9n! /n2l an0 0el/beratel,ubl/s1e0 ab!ut a ,ubl/' !?'/al( s1!ul0 en ! a l/9e /mmun/t . T1e 9n! /n2l 6alsestatement an0 t1e 6alse statement ma0e /t1 re'9less 0/sre2ar0 !6 t1e trut1( 0! n!ten ! '!nst/tut/!nal ,r!te't/!n.

T1e C/v/l C!0e( /n /ts Art/'le "- la s 0! n t1e n!rm 6!r t1e ,r!,er e er'/se !6 an

r/21t( '!nst/tut/!nal !r !t1er /se( v/ .+ :ARTICLE "-.

Ever ,ers!n must( /n t1e e er'/se !6 1/s r/21ts an0 /n t1e ,er6!rman'e !6 1/s 0ut/es(a't /t1 ust/'e( 2/ve ever !ne 1/s 0ue(

an0 !bserve 1!nest an0 2!!0 6a/t1.= T1e ,r!v/s/!n /s re e't/ve !6 t1e un/versalla''e,te0 ,re'e,t !6 :abuse !6 r/21ts(= :!ne

!6 t1e m!st 0!m/nant ,r/n'/,les 1/'1 must

be 0eeme0 al a s /m,l/e0 /n an s stem !6 la .=

Re7u/rement t! e er'/se b!na 40e 'are /n as'erta/n/n2 t1e trut1 !6 t1e statements1en ,ubl/s1/n2 statements 1/'1 are 'learl 0e6amat!r t! /0ent/4able u02es !r

!t1er ,ubl/' !?'/als.

Ju02es( b be'!m/n2 su'1( are r/21tl re2ar0e0 as v!luntar/l sub e't/n2 t1emselvest! n!rms !6 '!n0u't 1/'1 emb!0 m!re str/n2ent stan0ar0s !6 1!nest ( /nte2r/t (

an0 '!m,eten'e t1an are '!mm!nl re7u/re0 6r!m ,r/vate ,ers!ns.Nevert1eless( ,ers!ns 1! see9 !r a''e,t a,,!/ntment t! t1e Ju0/'/ar 'ann!treas!nabl be re2ar0e0 as 1av/n2 6!r6e/te0 an r/21t t! ,r/vate 1!n!r an0;CONTINUE&......<

CASE -)

IN RE+ ATT . LEONAR& &E ERA( A.@. N!. )" "% )3 SC. Jul %-( %))%Fa'ts+

Vu!te0 1ereun0er /s a ne s,a,er art/'le /t1 '!ntem,tu!us statements attr/bute0

t! Att .Le!nar0 &e era '!n'ern/n2 t1e Plun0er La 'ase 1/le t1e same as st/ll,en0/n2 be6!re t1e C!urt.

:&e era as9e0 t1e Su,reme C!urt t! 0/s,el rum!rs t1at /t !ul0 v!te /n 6av!r !6 a,et/t/!n 4le0 b Estra0a’sla ers t! 0e'lare t1e ,lun0er la un'!nst/tut/!nal 6!r /tssu,,!se0 va2ueness.=

PHILIPPINE &AIL INVUIRER


9/24

@!n0a ( N!vember "-( %))"

Att . Le!nar0 &e era als! ar2ue0 t1at 1e as merel e er'/s/n2 1/s '!nst/tut/!nall2uarantee0 r/21t t!6ree0!m !6 s,ee'1 1en 1e sa/0 t1at a 0e'/s/!n b t1e C!urt0e'lar/n2 t1e Plun0er La un'!nst/tut/!nal

: !ul0 tr/22er mass a't/!ns( ,r!babl m!re mass/ve t1an t1!se t1at le0 t! Pe!,leP! er II.= >1/le Att .

Le!nar0 &e era a0m/tte0 t! 1av/n2 uttere0 t1e a6!re'/te0 statements( res,!n0ent0en/e0 1av/n2 ma0e t1esame t! 0e2ra0e t1e C!urt( t! 0estr! ,ubl/' '!n40en'e /n/t an0 t! br/n2 /t /nt! 0/sre,ute.

Issue+

>ON Att . Le!nar0 &e era /s l/able 6!r /n0/re't '!ntem,t !6 '!urt 6!r utter/n2statements a/me0 at/n uen'/n2 an0 t1reaten/n2 t1e C!urt /n 0e'/0/n2 /n 6av!r !6 t1e'!nst/tut/!nal/t !6 t1e Plun0er La .

Hel0+

es( a6ter a 'are6ul '!ns/0erat/!n !6

res,!n0ent’s ar2uments( t1e C!urt 4n0s 1/s e ,lanat/!n

unsat/s6a't!r an0 1ereb 4n0s 1/m 2u/lt !6 /n0/re't '!ntem,t !6 '!urt 6!r utter/n2statements a/me0 at/n uen'/n2 an0 t1reaten/n2 t1e C!urt /n 0e'/0/n2 /n 6av!r !6 t1e'!nst/tut/!nal/t !6 t1e Plun0er La .Rule $"( Se't/!n 3 ;0< !6 t1e Rev/se0 Rules !6

C!urt aut1!r/ es t1e '!urts t! 1!l0 l/able 6!r 'r/m/nal'!ntem,t a ,ers!n 2u/lt !6 '!n0u't t1at /s 0/re'te0 a2a/nst t1e 0/2n/t !r aut1!r/t !6 t1e '!urt( !r !6 ana't!bstru't/n2 t1e a0m/n/strat/!n !6 ust/'e 1/'1 ten0s t! br/n2 t1e '!urt /nt!0/sre,ute !r 0/sres,e't.

In0ee0( 6ree0!m !6 s,ee'1 /n'lu0es t1e r/21t t! 9n! an0 0/s'uss u0/'/al,r!'ee0/n2s( but su'1 r/21t

0!es n!t '!ver statements a/me0 at un0erm/n/n2 t1e C!urt’s /nte2r/t an0 aut1!r/t

( an0 /nter6er/n2 /t1 t1ea0m/n/strat/!n !6 ust/'e. Free0!m !6 s,ee'1 /s n!tabs!lute( an0 must !''as/!nall be balan'e0 /t1 t1ere7u/rements !6 e7uall/m,!rtant ,ubl/' /nterests( su'1 as t1e ma/ntenan'e !6 t1e /nte2r/t !6 t1e '!urtsan0!r0erl 6un't/!n/n2 !6 t1e a0m/n/strat/!n !6 ust/'e.


10/24

T1us( t1e ma9/n2 !6 '!ntem,tu!us statements 0/re'te0 a2a/nst t1e C!urt /s n!t ane er'/se !6 6rees,ee'1Q rat1er( /t /s an abuse !6 su'1 r/21t. Un arrante0 atta'9s !nt1e 0/2n/t !6 t1e '!urts 'ann!t be0/s2u/se0 as 6ree s,ee'1( 6!r t1e e er'/se !6 sa/0r/21t 'ann!t be use0 t! /m,a/r t1e /n0e,en0en'e an0e?'/en' !6 '!urts !r ,ubl/'res,e't t1ere6!re an0 '!n40en'e t1ere/n.In

Pe!,le vs. !0!

( t1/s C!urt e ,la/ne0 t1at 1/le a '/t/ en ma '!mment u,!n t1e ,r!'ee0/n2san00e'/s/!ns !6 t1e '!urt an0 0/s'uss t1e/r '!rre'tness( an0 even e ,ress 1/s!,/n/!ns !n t1e 4tness !r un4tness!6 t1e u02es 6!r t1e/r stat/!ns( an0 t1e 40el/t

/t1 1/'1 t1e ,er6!rm t1e /m,!rtant ,ubl/' trusts re,!se0 /nt1em( 1e 1as n! r/21tt! attem,t t! 0e2ra0e t1e '!urt( 0estr! ,ubl/' '!n40en'e /n /t( an0 en'!ura2et1e,e!,le t! 0/sre2ar0 an0 set nau21t /ts !r0ers( u02ments an0 0e'rees. Su'1,ubl/'at/!ns are sa/0 t! be anabuse !6 t1e l/bert !6 s,ee'1 an0 !6 t1e ,ress( 6!rt1e ten0 t! 0estr! t1e ver 6!un0at/!n !6 2!!0 !r0er an0 ell be/n2 /n s!'/et b!bstru't/n2 t1e '!urse !6 ust/'e.

Clearl ( res,!n0ent’s utteran'es ,ressur/n2 t1e C!urt t! rule /n 6av!r !6 t1e'!nst/tut/!nal/t !6 t1e Plun0er La !r

r/s9 an!t1er ser/es !6 mass a't/!ns b t1e ,ubl/' 'ann!t be '!nstrue0 as 6all/n2/t1/n t1e amb/t !6 '!nst/tut/!nall ,r!te'te0 s,ee'1( be'ause su'1 statements are

n!t 6a/r 'r/t/'/sms !6 an 0e'/s/!n !6 t1e C!urt( but !bv/!usl are t1reatsma0ea2a/nst /t t! 6!r'e t1e C!urt t! 0e'/0e t1e /ssue /n a ,art/'ular manner( !r r/s9earn/n2 t1e /re !6 t1e ,ubl/'.

Su'1statements s1! 0/sres,e't n!t !nl 6!r t1e C!urt but als! 6!r t1e u0/'/als stem as a 1!le( ten0 t! ,r!m!te 0/strust an0un0erm/ne ,ubl/' '!n40en'e /n t1e

u0/'/ar ( b 'reat/n2 t1e /m,ress/!n t1at t1e C!urt 'ann!t be truste0 t! res!lve'ases/m,art/all an0 v/!late t1e r/21t !6 t1e ,art/es t! 1ave t1e/r 'ase tr/e0 6a/rl ban /n0e,en0ent tr/bunal( un/n uen'e0 b ,ubl/' 'lam!r an0 !t1er e trane!us/n uen'es.

CASE -#

@TRC5 v. A5S C5N .R. N!. "**%8%. Januar "$( %))*

J. San0!val ut/erre

Fa'ts+


11/24

Res,!n0ent abs 'bn a/re0 :Pr!st/ tu/t/!n=( an e,/s!0e !6 t1e T ,r!2ram :T1eIns/0e St!r = ,r!0u'e0 an0 1!ste0 b res,!n0ent Le2ar0a. It 0e,/'te0 6emalestu0ents m!!nl/21t/n2 as ,r!st/tutes t! enable t1em t! ,a 6!r t1e/r tu/t/!n 6ees.

P>U as name0 as t1e s'1!!l !6 s!me !6 t1e stu0ents /nv!lve0 an0 t1e 6aWa0e !6 t1e P>U bu/l0/n2 serve0 as t1e ba'92r!un0 !6 t1e e,/s!0e. T1/s 'ause0 u,s!ar /nt1e P>U '!mmun/t an0 t1e 4le0 a letter '!m,la/nt t! t1e @TRC5.

@TRC5 alle2e0 t1at res,!n0ents

"< &/0 n!t subm/t :t1e /ns/0e st!r = t! ,et/t/!ner 6!r rev/e

%< E 1/b/te0 t1e same /t1!ut /ts ,erm/ss/!n( t1us v/!lat/n2 se' $ !6 P& "-8G an0s!me se't/!ns !6 @TRC5 rules an0 re2ulat/!ns

A5S C5N averre0+

"< T1e Ins/0e St!r /s a ,ubl/' a a/rs ,r!2ram( ne s 0!'umentar an0 s!'/! ,!l/t/'ale0/t!r/al( /ts a/r/n2 /s ,r!te'te0 b t1e '!nst/tut/!nal ,r!v/s/!n !n 6ree0!m !6

e ,ress/!n an0 !6 t1e ,ress%< Pet/t/!ners 1as n! ,! er( aut1!r/t an0 ur/s0/'t/!n t! /m,!se an 6!rm !6 ,r/!rrestra/nt u,!n res,!n0ents.

A6ter 1ear/n2 an0 subm/ss/!n !6 t1e ,art/es’ mem!ran0a( @TRC5 /nvest/2at/n2'!mm/ttee !r0ere0 t1e res,!n0ents t! ,a P%)())) 6!r n!n subm/ss/!n !6 t1e,r!2ram

@TRC5 a?rme0 t1e rul/n2

Res,!n0ents 4le0 a s,e'/al '/v/l a't/!n 6!r 'ert/!rar/ /t1 RTC VC. RTC ren0ere0 a0e'/s/!n /n 6av!r !6 res,!n0ents( annull/n2 an0 sett/n2 as/0e t1e 0e'/s/!n an0res!lut/!n !6 t1e @TRC5 an0 0e'lar/n2 an0 0e'ree/n2 t1at 'erta/n se't/!ns !6 P&"-8G @TRC5 0! n!t '!ver t1e T ,r!2ram :Ins/0e St!r =( t1e be/n2 a ,ubl/'a a/rs ,r!2rams 1/'1 'an be e7uate0 t! a ne s,a,er

Hen'e( t1/s ,et/t/!n

Issue+

>1et1er t1e @TRC5 1as t1e ,! er !r aut1!r/t t! rev/e t1e :Ins/0e St!r = ,r/!r /tse 1/b/t/!n !r br!a0'ast b T .

Hel0+

Se' 3 !6 P& "-8G enumerates t1e ,! ers( 6un't/!ns an0 0ut/es !6 t1e b!ar0+

b< t! s'reen( rev/e an0 e am/ne all m!t/!n ,/'tures 1ere/n 0e4ne0( T ,r!2rams(/n'lu0/n2 ,ubl/'/t mater/als

T1e '!urt /n INC v. CA rules t1at P& "-8G 2/ves @TRC5 t1e ,! er t! s'reen( rev/ean0 e am/ne ALL T PRO RA@S


12/24

XLESSONX 1ere t1e la 0!es n!t ma9e an e 'e,t/!ns( '!urts ma n!t e em,ts!met1/n2 t1ere6r!m( unless t1ere /s '!m,ell/n2 reas!n a,,arent /n t1e la t!

ust/6 /t.

T1us( 1en t1e la sa s :all T ,r!2rams=( t1e !r0 all '!vers all tv ,r!2rams1et1er rel/2/!us( ,ubl/' a a/rs( ne s 0!'u( et'

It t1en 6!ll! s t1at s/n'e t1e Ins/0e St!r /s a T Pr!2ram( @TRC5 1as t1e ,! er t!rev/e /t

T1e !nl e em,t/!ns 6r!m t1e @TRC5’s ,! er t! rev/e are t1!se ment/!ne0 /n Se'$ !6 P& "-8G

"< T ,r!2rams /m,r/nte0 !r e 1/b/te0 b P1/l 2!vt an0 !r 0e,artments an0a2en'/es

%< Ne sreels

In a 0es,erate attem,t t! be e em,te0( res,!n0ents '!ntent t1at Ins/0e St!r 6alls

un0er t1e 'ate2!r !6 ne sreels.@TRC5 rules an0 re2 0e4nes ne sreels as :stra/21t ne s re,!rt/n2( as 0/st/n2u/s1e06r!m anal ses( '!mmentar/es( an0 !,/n/!ns. Tal9 s1! s !n a 2/ven /ssue are n!t'!ns/0ere0 ne sreels.

Clearl ( Ins/0e St!r /s n!t a ne sreel but m!re !6 a ,ubl/' a a/rs ,r!2ram an0/t1/n ,et/t/!ner’s ,! er !6 rev/e .

Issue relate0 t! C!nst/ la +

Pet/t/!ner’s ,! er t! rev/e telev/s/!n ,r!2rams un0er Se't/!n 3;b< !6 P. &. N!. "-8G0!es n!t am!unt t! :,r/!r restra/nt.=

Rat/!+

It /s s/2n/4'ant t! n!te t1at /n I2les/a n/ Cr/st!( t1/s C!urt 0e'lare0 t1at 6ree0!m !6 rel/2/!n 1as been a''!r0e0 a ,re6erre0 status b t1e 6ramers !6 !ur 6un0amentalla s( ,ast an0 ,resent( :0es/2ne0 t! ,r!te't t1e br!a0est ,!ss/ble l/bert !6 '!ns'/en'e( t! all! ea'1 man t! bel/eve as 1/s '!ns'/en'e 0/re'ts .= et0es,/te t1e 6a't t1at 6ree0!m !6 rel/2/!n 1as been a''!r0e0 a ,re6erre0 status( st/llt1/s C!urt( 0/0 n!t e em,t t1e I2les/a n/ Cr/st!’s rel/2/!us ,r!2ram 6r!m ,et/t/!ner’srev/e ,! er.

Res,!n0ents 'la/m t1at t1e s1! /n2 !6 :T1e Ins/0e St!r = /s ,r!te'te0 b t1e

'!nst/tut/!nal ,r!v/s/!n !n 6ree0!m !6 s,ee'1 an0 !6 t1e ,ress. H! ever( t1ere 1asbeen n! 0e'larat/!n at all b t1e 6ramers !6 t1e C!nst/tut/!n t1at 6ree0!m !6 e ,ress/!n an0 !6 t1e ,ress 1as a ,re6erre0 status.

I6 t1/s C!urt( /n I2les/a n/ Cr/st!( 0/0 n!t e em,t rel/2/!us ,r!2rams 6r!m t1e ur/s0/'t/!n an0 rev/e ,! er !6 ,et/t/!ner @TRC5( /t1 m!re reas!n( t1ere /s n! ust/4'at/!n t! e em,t t1ere6r!m :T1e Ins/0e St!r = 1/'1( a''!r0/n2 t!


13/24

res,!n0ents( /s ,r!te'te0 b t1e '!nst/tut/!nal ,r!v/s/!n !n 6ree0!m !6 e ,ress/!nan0 !6 t1e ,ress( a 6ree0!m bear/n2 n! ,re6erre0 status.

T1e !nl e 'e,t/!ns 6r!m t1e @TRC5’s ,! er !6 rev/e are t1!se e ,resslment/!ne0 /n Se't/!n $ !6 P. &. N!. "-8G( su'1 as ;"< telev/s/!n ,r!2rams /m,r/nte0!r e 1/b/te0 b t1e P1/l/,,/ne !vernment an0 !r /ts 0e,artments an0 a2en'/es(an0 ;%< ne sreels.

CASE -*

@/r/am C!lle2e F!un0at/!n( In'. v CA 3#8 SCRA %G* &e'ember "*( %)))

Fa'ts+ T1e members !6 t1e e0/t!r/al b!ar0 !6 t1e @/r/am C!lle2e F!un0at/!n’s s'1!!l,a,er ere sub e'te0 t! 0/s'/,l/nar san't/!n b t1e C!lle2e &/s'/,l/ne C!mm/tteea6ter letters !6 '!m,la/nt ere 4le0 be6!re t1e 5!ar0 6!ll! /n2 t1e ,ubl/'at/!n !6 t1es'1!!l ,a,er t1at '!nta/ns !bs'ene( vul2ar( an0 se uall e ,l/'/t '!ntents. Pr/!r t!t1e 0/s'/,l/nar san't/!n t! t1e 0e6en0ants t1e ere re7u/re0 t! subm/t a r/ttenstatement t! ans er t1e '!m,la/nts a2a/nst t1em t! t1e &/s'/,l/ne C!mm/ttee butt1e 0e6en0ants( /nstea0 !6 0!/n2 s! r!te t! t1e C!mm/ttee t! trans6er t1e 'ase t!t1e &ECS 1/'1 t1e alle2e0 t! 1ave t1e ur/s0/'t/!n !ver t1e /ssue. Pus1/n2 t1r!u21

/t1 t1e /nvest/2at/!n e ,arte t1e C!mm/ttee 6!un0 t1e 0e6en0ants 2u/lt an0/m,!se0 u,!n t1em 0/s'/,l/nar san't/!ns. &e6en0ants 4le0 be6!re t1e '!urt 6!r,r!1/b/t/!n /t1 ,rel/m/nar /n un't/!n !n sa/0 0e'/s/!n !6 t1e C!mm/ttee7uest/!n/n2 t1e ur/s0/'t/!n !6 sa/0 &/s'/,l/ne 5!ar0 !ver t1e 0e6en0ants.

Issue+ >ON t1e &/s'/,l/ne 5!ar0 !6 @/r/am C!lle2e 1as ur/s0/'t/!n !ver t1e0e6en0ants.

Hel0+ T1e '!urt res!lve0 t1e /ssue be6!re /t b l!!9/n2 t1r!u21 t1e ,! er !6 &ECSan0 t1e &/s'/,l/nar C!mm/ttee /n /m,!s/n2 san't/!ns u,!n t1e 0e6en0ants. Se't/!n* ;%


14/24


15/24

r/21t t! 6ree0!m !6 e ,ress/!n( re0ress !6 2r/evan'es an0 m!st !6 all t1e/r r/21t t!

,ea'eabl assemble.

II. ISSUE

>1et1er 5atas Pambansa 88) /s '!nst/tut/!nal !r n!t.

III. HEL&

As /t /s t! be !bserve0 /n t1e 5P /tsel6( 5P 88) 1as ,r!v/s/!ns 1/'1 0e4nes t1e

re7u/s/tes !6 a ,ea'e6ul assembl ( ma /mum t!leran'e !6 t1e ,!l/'e 6!r'es an0

,erm/t t! rall ;see 0e4n/t/!n !6 terms an0 &e'larat/!n !6 ,!l/'


16/24

2reater( t1e 2r/evan'e an0 t1e m!re /ntense t1e 6eel/n2( t1e less ,er6e't( as a

rule /ll be t1e 0/s'/,l/nar '!ntr!l !6 t1e lea0ers !ver t1e/r/rres,!ns/ble

6!ll! ers.= Als!( as Pr/m/'/as 'ase '!nta/ns+ T1e r/21t t! 6ree0!m !6 s,ee'1( an0

t! ,ea'e6ull assemble an0 ,et/t/!n t1e 2!vernment 6!r re0ress !6 2r/evan'es(

are 6un0amental ,ers!nal r/21ts !6 t1e ,e!,le re'!2n/ e0 an0 2uarantee0 b t1e

'!nst/tut/!ns !6 0em!'rat/' '!untr/es. 5ut /t /s a settle0 ,r/n'/,le 2r! /n2 !ut !6

t1e nature !6 ell !r0ere0 '/v/l s!'/et/es t1at t1e e er'/se !6 t1!se r/21ts /s n!t

abs!lute 6!r /t ma be s! re2ulate0 t1at /t s1all n!t be /n ur/!us t! t1e e7ual

en ! ment !6 !t1ers 1av/n2 e7ual r/21ts( n!r /n ur/!us t! t1e r/21ts !6 t1e

'!mmun/t !r s!'/et .I6 !ne /s t! rea0 6ull t1e '!ntents !r ,r!v/s/!ns !6 t1e 5P 88)( /t /s n!t a la/n0/'at/n2

t!tal ban !6 assembl/esQ but rat1er /t e /sts t! re2ulate t1e t/me( ,la'e( an0 manner!6

'!n0u't/n2 t1e assembl . 5.P. N!. 88) 'ann!t be '!n0emne0 as un'!nst/tut/!nalQ/t

0!es n!t 1!l0 ba'9 !r un0ul '!n4ne 6ree0!msQ /t merel '!ntr!ls t1e use !6 ,ubl/'

,la'es as t! t1e t/me( ,la'e an0 manner !6 assembl/es. @u'1 !6 t1e ,!,ulat/!n 1avet1e

n!t/!n t1at ma /mum t!leran'e /s a s/n/ster m!ve( but ma /mum t!leran'e /s 6!rt1e

bene4t !6 rall /sts( n!t t1e 2!vernment. T1e 0ele2at/!n t! t1e ma !rs !6 t1e ,! ert!

/ssue rall ,erm/ts /s val/0 be'ause /t /s sub e't t! t1e '!nst/tut/!nall s!un0 'learan0

,resent 0an2er stan0ar0 as state0 /n Se't/!n ").

T1ere6!re+

As t1e '!urt 4nall 0e'/0es t1at t1e Se'retar !6 t1e Inter/!r an0 L!'al!vernments(

are &IRECTE& t! ta9e all ne'essar ste,s 6!r t1e /mme0/ate '!m,l/an'e /t1Se't/!n


17/24

"* !6 5atas Pambansa N!. 88) t1r!u21 t1e establ/s1ment !r 0es/2nat/!n !6 at least!ne

su/table 6ree0!m ,ar9 !r ,la a /n ever '/t an0 mun/'/,al/t !6 t1e '!untr t! av!/0

m/sun0erstan0/n2s !6 ,erm/t relate0 /ssues.

All /n all( t1e ,et/t/!ns are &IS@ISSE& /n all !t1er res,e'ts( an0 t1e '!nst/tut/!nal/t!6

5atas Pambansa N!. 88) /s SUSTAINE&.

CASE --

.R. N!. "$"3-G( @a 3 %))G YLe2/slat/ve &e,artment P! er t! &e'lare >ar an0&ele2ate Emer2en' P! erZ

FACTS+

On Februar %#( %))G( Pres/0ent Arr! ! /ssue0 PP N!. ")"$ 0e'lar/n2 a state !6 emer2en' ( t1us+

NO>( THEREFORE( I( l!r/a @a'a,a2al Arr! !( Pres/0ent !6 t1e Re,ubl/' !6 t1eP1/l/,,/nes an0 C!mman0er /n C1/e6 !6 t1e Arme0 F!r'es !6 t1e P1/l/,,/nes( Y'all/n2!ut ,! erZ b v/rtue !6 t1e ,! ers veste0 u,!n me b Se't/!n "8( Art/'le $ !6 t1eP1/l/,,/ne C!nst/tut/!n 1/'1 states t1at+ [\]T1e Pres/0ent. . . 1enever /tbe'!mes ne'essar ( . . . ma 'all !ut ;t1e< arme0 6!r'es t! ,revent !r su,,ress. ..rebell/!n. . .([\ an0 /n m 'a,a'/t as t1e/r C!mman0er /n C1/e6( 0! 1ereb'!mman0 t1e Arme0 F!r'es !6 t1e P1/l/,,/nes( t! ma/nta/n la an0 !r0er t1r!u21!utt1e P1/l/,,/nes( ,revent !r su,,ress all 6!rms !6 la less v/!len'e as ell as an a't!6 /nsurre't/!n !r rebell/!n Y ta9e 'are ,! erZ an0 t! en6!r'e !be0/en'e t! all t1ela s an0 t! all 0e'rees( !r0ers an0 re2ulat/!ns ,r!mul2ate0 b me ,ers!nall !ru,!n m 0/re't/!nQ an0 Y,! er t! ta9e !verZ as ,r!v/0e0 /n Se't/!n "$( Art/'le "% !6 t1e C!nst/tut/!n 0! 1ereb 0e'lare a State !6 Nat/!nal Emer2en' .

On t1e same 0a ( P @A /ssue0 .O. N!. * /m,lement/n2 PP")"$( 0/re't/n2 t1emembers !6 t1e AFP an0 PNP t! /mme0/atel 'arr !ut t1e ne'essar an0a,,r!,r/ate a't/!ns an0 measures t! su,,ress an0 ,revent a'ts !6 terr!r/sm an0la less v/!len'e.

&av/0( et al. assa/le0 PP ")"$ !n t1e 2r!un0s t1at ;"< /t en'r!a'1es !n t1eemer2en' ,! ers !6 C!n2ressQ ;%< /t /s a subter6u2e t! av!/0 t1e '!nst/tut/!nalre7u/rements 6!r t1e /m,!s/t/!n !6 mart/al la Q an0 ;3< /t v/!lates t1e '!nst/tut/!nal


18/24

2uarantees !6 6ree0!m !6 t1e ,ress( !6 s,ee'1 an0 !6 assembl . T1e alle2e0 :0/re't/n ur = result/n2 6r!m :/lle2al arrest= an0 :unla 6ul sear'1= '!mm/tte0 b ,!l/'e!,erat/ves ,ursuant t! PP ")"$.

&ur/n2 t1e 1ear/n2( t1e S!l/'/t!r eneral ar2ue0 t1at t1e /ssuan'e !6 PP ")"$ an0O * 1ave 6a'tual bas/s( an0 '!nten0e0 t1at t1e /ntent !6 t1e C!nst/tut/!n /s t! 2/ve6ull 0/s'ret/!nar ,! ers t! t1e Pres/0ent /n 0eterm/n/n2 t1e ne'ess/t !6 'all/n2 !utt1e arme0 6!r'es. T1e ,et/t/!ners 0/0 n!t '!nten0 t1e 6a'ts state0 b t1e S!l/'/t!r

eneral.

ISSUE+

>1et1er !r n!t t1e PP ")"$ an0 .O. N!. * /s '!nst/tut/!nal.

RULIN +

T1e !,erat/ve ,!rt/!n !6 PP ")"$ ma be 0/v/0e0 /nt! t1ree /m,!rtant ,r!v/s/!ns(t1us+

F/rst ,r!v/s/!n+ :b v/rtue !6 t1e ,! er veste0 u,!n me b Se't/!n "8( Art/l'e II D0! 1ereb '!mman0 t1e Arme0 F!r'es !6 t1e P1/l/,,/nes( t! ma/nta/n la an0 !r0ert1r!u21!ut t1e P1/l/,,/nes( ,revent !r su,,ress all 6!rms !6 la less v/!len'e as ell

an a't !6 /nsurre't/!n !r rebell/!n=Se'!n0 ,r!v/s/!n+ :an0 t! en6!r'e !be0/en'e t! all t1e la s an0 t! all 0e'rees(!r0ers an0 re2ulat/!ns ,r!mul2ate0 b me ,ers!nall !r u,!n m 0/re't/!nQ=

T1/r0 ,r!v/s/!n+ :as ,r!v/0e0 /n Se't/!n "$( Art/'le II !6 t1e C!nst/tut/!n 0! 1ereb0e'lare a State !6 Nat/!nal Emer2en' .=

PP ")"$ /s ,art/all '!nst/tut/!nal /ns!6ar as ,r!v/0e0 b t1e 4rst ,r!v/s/!n !6 t1e0e'ree.

F/rst Pr!v/s/!n+ Call/n2 Out P! er. T1e !nl 'r/ter/!n 6!r t1e e er'/se !6 t1e 'all/n2 !ut ,! er /s t1at : 1enever /tbe'!mes ne'essar (= t1e Pres/0ent ma 'all t1e arme0 6!r'es :t! ,revent !rsu,,ress la less v/!len'e( /nvas/!n !r rebell/!n.= ;Inte2rate0 5ar !6 t1e P1/l/,,/nesv. am!ra<

Pres/0ent Arr! !’s 0e'larat/!n !6 a :state !6 rebell/!n= as merel an a't 0e'lar/n2 astatus !r '!n0/t/!n !6 ,ubl/' m!ment !r /nterest( a 0e'larat/!n all! e0 un0er


19/24

Se't/!n #( C1a, %( 59 II !6 t1e Rev/se0 A0m/n/strat/!n C!0e. Su'1 0e'larat/!n( /n t1e!r0s !6 Sanla9as( /s 1armless( /t1!ut le2al s/2n/4'an'e( an0 0eeme0 n!t r/tten.

In t1ese 'ases( PP ")"$ /s m!re t1an t1at. In 0e'lar/n2 a state !6 nat/!nalemer2en' ( Pres/0ent Arr! ! 0/0 n!t !nl rel !n Se't/!n "8( Art/'le II !6 t1eC!nst/tut/!n( a ,r!v/s/!n 'all/n2 !n t1e AFP t! ,revent !r su,,ress la less v/!len'e(

/nvas/!n !r rebell/!n. S1e als! rel/e0 !n Se't/!n "$( Art/'le II( a ,r!v/s/!n !n t1eState’s e tra!r0/nar ,! er t! ta9e !ver ,r/vatel ! ne0 ,ubl/' ut/l/t an0 bus/nessa e'te0 /t1 ,ubl/' /nterest. In0ee0( PP ")"$ 'alls 6!r t1e e er'/se !6 an a es!me,! er. Obv/!usl ( su'1 Pr!'lamat/!n 'ann!t be 0eeme0 1armless.

T! 'lar/6 ( PP ")"$ /s n!t a 0e'larat/!n !6 @art/al La . It /s merel an e er'/se !6 Pres/0ent Arr! !’s 'all/n2 !ut ,! er 6!r t1e arme0 6!r'es t! ass/st 1er /n ,revent/n2!r su,,ress/n2 la less v/!len'e.

Se'!n0 Pr!v/s/!n+ T1e Ta9e Care P! er.

T1e se'!n0 ,r!v/s/!n ,erta/ns t! t1e ,! er !6 t1e Pres/0ent t! ensure t1at t1e la sbe 6a/t16ull e e'ute0. T1/s /s base0 !n Se't/!n "$( Art/'le II 1/'1 rea0s+

SEC. "$. T1e Pres/0ent s1all 1ave '!ntr!l !6 all t1e e e'ut/ve 0e,artments( bureaus(an0 !?'es. He s1all ensure t1at t1e la s be 6a/t16ull e e'ute0.

T1/s C!urt rules t1at t1e assa/le0 PP ")"$ /s un'!nst/tut/!nal /ns!6ar as /t 2rantsPres/0ent Arr! ! t1e aut1!r/t t! ,r!mul2ate :0e'rees.= Le2/slat/ve ,! er /s,e'ul/arl /t1/n t1e ,r!v/n'e !6 t1e Le2/slature. Se't/!n "( Art/'le I 'ate2!r/'allstates t1at :YtZ1e le2/slat/ve ,! er s1all be veste0 /n t1e C!n2ress !6 t1e P1/l/,,/nes

1/'1 s1all '!ns/st !6 a Senate an0 a H!use !6 Re,resentat/ves.= T! be sure( ne/t1er@art/al La n!r a state !6 rebell/!n n!r a state !6 emer2en' 'an ust/6 Pres/0ent

Arr! !’s e er'/se !6 le2/slat/ve ,! er b /ssu/n2 0e'rees.

T1/r0 Pr!v/s/!n+ T1e P! er t! Ta9e Over

&/st/n't/!n must be 0ra n bet een t1e Pres/0ent’s aut1!r/t t! 0e'lare :a state !6 nat/!nal emer2en' = an0 t! e er'/se emer2en' ,! ers. T! t1e 4rst( Se't/!n "8(Art/'le II 2rants t1e Pres/0ent su'1 ,! er( 1en'e( n! le2/t/mate '!nst/tut/!nal!b e't/!n 'an be ra/se0. 5ut t! t1e se'!n0( man/6!l0 '!nst/tut/!nal /ssues ar/se.

enerall ( C!n2ress /s t1e re,!s/t!r !6 emer2en' ,! ers. T1/s /s ev/0ent /n t1eten!r !6 Se't/!n %3 ;%


20/24

;3< T1e 0ele2at/!n must be sub e't t! su'1 restr/'t/!ns as t1e C!n2ress ma,res'r/be.

;#< T1e emer2en' ,! ers must be e er'/se0 t! 'arr !ut a nat/!nal ,!l/'0e'lare0 b C!n2ress.

Se't/!n "$( Art/'le II must be un0erst!!0 as an as,e't !6 t1e emer2en',! ers 'lause. T1e ta9/n2 !ver !6 ,r/vate bus/ness a e'te0 /t1 ,ubl/' /nterest /s ust an!t1er 6a'et !6 t1e emer2en' ,! ers 2enerall re,!se0 u,!n C!n2ress. T1us( 1en Se't/!n "$ states t1at t1e :t1e State ma ( 0ur/n2 t1e emer2en' an0un0er reas!nable terms ,res'r/be0 b /t( tem,!rar/l ta9e !ver !r 0/re't t1e!,erat/!n !6 an ,r/vatel ! ne0 ,ubl/' ut/l/t !r bus/ness a e'te0 /t1 ,ubl/'/nterest(= /t re6ers t! C!n2ress( n!t t1e Pres/0ent. N! ( 1et1er !r n!t t1ePres/0ent ma e er'/se su'1 ,! er /s 0e,en0ent !n 1et1er C!n2ress ma0ele2ate /t t! 1/m ,ursuant t! a la ,res'r/b/n2 t1e reas!nable terms t1ere!6.

F!ll! /n2 !ur /nter,retat/!n !6 Se't/!n "$( Art/'le II( /nv!9e0 b Pres/0ent Arr! ! /n/ssu/n2 PP ")"$( t1/s C!urt rules t1at su'1 Pr!'lamat/!n 0!es n!t aut1!r/ e 1er0ur/n2 t1e emer2en' t! tem,!rar/l ta9e !ver !r 0/re't t1e !,erat/!n !6 an,r/vatel ! ne0 ,ubl/' ut/l/t !r bus/ness a e'te0 /t1 ,ubl/' /nterest /t1!utaut1!r/t 6r!m C!n2ress.

Let /t be em,1as/ e0 t1at 1/le t1e Pres/0ent al!ne 'an 0e'lare a state !6 nat/!nalemer2en' ( 1! ever( /t1!ut le2/slat/!n( 1e 1as n! ,! er t! ta9e !ver ,r/vatel! ne0 ,ubl/' ut/l/t !r bus/ness a e'te0 /t1 ,ubl/' /nterest. N!r 'an 1e 0eterm/ne

1en su'1 e 'e,t/!nal '/r'umstan'es 1ave 'ease0. L/9e /se( /t1!ut le2/slat/!n(t1e Pres/0ent 1as n! ,! er t! ,!/nt !ut t1e t ,es !6 bus/nesses a e'te0 /t1 ,ubl/'/nterest t1at s1!ul0 be ta9en !ver. In s1!rt( t1e Pres/0ent 1as n! abs!lute aut1!r/tt! e er'/se all t1e ,! ers !6 t1e State un0er Se't/!n "$( Art/'le II /n t1e absen'e !6

an emer2en' ,! ers a't ,asse0 b C!n2ress.

As !6 .O. N!. *( /t /s '!nst/tut/!nal s/n'e /t ,r!v/0es a stan0ar0 b 1/'1 t1e AFPan0 t1e PNP s1!ul0 /m,lement PP ")"$( /.e. 1atever /s :ne'essar an0 a,,r!,r/atea't/!ns an0 measures t! su,,ress an0 ,revent a'ts !6 la less v/!len'e.=C!ns/0er/n2 t1at :a'ts !6 terr!r/sm= 1ave n!t et been 0e4ne0 an0 ma0e,un/s1able b t1e Le2/slature( su'1 ,!rt/!n !6 .O. N!. * /s 0e'lare0un'!nst/tut/!nal.

CASE --

#8- SCRA "G) ^ P!l/t/'al La ^ T1e E e'ut/ve 5ran'1 ^ Pres/0ent/al Pr!'lamat/!n")"$ ^ Ta9e Care Clause ^ Ta9e Over P! er ^ Call/n2 Out P! er

5/ll !6 R/21ts ^ Free0!m !6 S,ee'1 ^ Overbrea0t1


21/24

In Februar %))G( 0ue t! t1e es'a,e !6 s!me @a20al! members an0 t1e 0/s'!ver!6 a ,lan ;O,lan Ha'9le I< t! assass/nate t1e ,res/0ent( t1en ,res/0ent l!r/a@a'a,a2al Arr! ! ; @A< /ssue0 Pres/0ent/al Pr!'lamat/!n ")"$ ;PP")"$< an0 /s t!be /m,lemente0 b eneral Or0er N!. * ; O *


22/24

t! t1e alle2e0 v/!lat/!n !6 t1e sa/0 PP. Hen'e( t1e SC 'an ta9e '!2n/t/!n !6 t1e 'aseat bar. T1e SC rule0 t1at PP ")"$ /s '!nst/tut/!nal /n ,art an0 at t1e same t/mes!me ,r!v/s/!ns !6 1/'1 are un'!nst/tut/!nal. T1e SC rule0 /n t1e 6!ll! /n2 a Q

Res!lut/!n b t1e SC !n t1e Fa'tual 5as/s !6 /ts 0e'larat/!n

T1e ,et/t/!ners ere n!t able t! ,r!ve t1at @A 1as n! 6a'tual bas/s /n /ssu/n2 PP")"$ an0 O *. A rea0/n2 !6 t1e S!l/'/t!r eneral’s C!ns!l/0ate0 C!mment an0@em!ran0um s1! s a 0eta/le0 narrat/!n !6 t1e events lea0/n2 t! t1e /ssuan'e !6 PP")"$( /t1 su,,!rt/n2 re,!rts 6!rm/n2 ,art !6 t1e re'!r0s. @ent/!ne0 are t1ees'a,e !6 t1e @a20al! r!u,( t1e/r au0a'/!us t1reat !6 t1e @a20al! & &a ( t1e0e6e't/!ns /n t1e m/l/tar ( ,art/'ularl /n t1e P1/l/,,/ne @ar/nes( an0 t1e re,r!v/n2statements 6r!m t1e '!mmun/st lea0ers. T1ere as als! t1e @/nutes !6 t1eIntell/2en'e Re,!rt an0 Se'ur/t r!u, !6 t1e P1/l/,,/ne Arm s1! /n2 t1e 2r! /n2

all/an'e bet een t1e NPA an0 t1e m/l/tar . Pet/t/!ners ,resente0 n!t1/n2 t! re6utesu'1 events. T1us( absent an '!ntrar alle2at/!ns( t1e C!urt /s '!nv/n'e0 t1at t1ePres/0ent as ust/4e0 /n /ssu/n2 PP ")"$ 'all/n2 6!r m/l/tar a/0. In0ee0( u02/n2 t1eser/!usness !6 t1e /n'/0ents( @A as n!t e ,e'te0 t! s/m,l 6!l0 1er arms an0 0!n!t1/n2 t! ,revent !r su,,ress 1at s1e bel/eve0 as la less v/!len'e( /nvas/!n !rrebell/!n. H! ever( t1e e er'/se !6 su'1 ,! er !r 0ut must n!t st/ e l/bert .

Res!lut/!n b t1e SC !n t1e Overbrea0t1 T1e!r

F/rst an0 6!rem!st( t1e !verbrea0t1 0!'tr/ne /s an anal t/'al t!!l 0evel!,e0 6!rtest/n2 B!n t1e/r 6a'es’ statutes /n 6ree s,ee'1 'ases. T1e $ '!ns!l/0ate0 'ases atbar are n!t ,r/mar/l B6ree0!m !6 s,ee'1’ 'ases. Als!( a ,la/n rea0/n2 !6 PP ")"$s1! s t1at /t /s n!t ,r/mar/l 0/re'te0 t! s,ee'1 !r even s,ee'1 relate0 '!n0u't. It/s a'tuall a 'all u,!n t1e AFP t! ,revent !r su,,ress all 6!rms !6 la less v/!len'e.@!re!ver( t1e !verbrea0t1 0!'tr/ne /s n!t /nten0e0 6!r test/n2 t1e val/0/t !6 a lat1at Bre e'ts le2/t/mate state /nterest /n ma/nta/n/n2 '!m,re1ens/ve '!ntr!l !ver1arm6ul( '!nst/tut/!nall un,r!te'te0 '!n0u't.’ Un0!ubte0l ( la less v/!len'e(/nsurre't/!n an0 rebell/!n are '!ns/0ere0 B1arm6ul’ an0 B'!nst/tut/!nall un,r!te'te0'!n0u't.’ T1us( 'la/ms !6 6a'/al !verbrea0t1 are enterta/ne0 /n 'ases /nv!lv/n2statutes 1/'1( b t1e/r terms( see9 t! re2ulate !nl Bs,!9en !r0s’ an0 a2a/n( t1at

B!verbrea0t1 'la/ms( /6 enterta/ne0 at all( 1ave been 'urta/le0 1en /nv!9e0 a2a/nst!r0/nar 'r/m/nal la s t1at are s!u21t t! be a,,l/e0 t! ,r!te'te0 '!n0u't.’ Here( t1e/n'!ntr!vert/ble 6a't rema/ns t1at PP ")"$ ,erta/ns t! a s,e'trum !6 '!n0u't( n!t6ree s,ee'1( 1/'1 /s man/6estl sub e't t! state re2ulat/!n.

Res!lut/!n b t1e SC !n t1e Call/n2 Out P! er &!'tr/ne


23/24

On t1e bas/s !6 Se' "$( Art $ !6 t1e C!nst/tut/!n( @A 0e'lare0 PP ")"$. T1e SC'!ns/0ere0 t1e Pres/0ent’s B'all/n2 !ut’ ,! er as a 0/s'ret/!nar ,! er s!lel veste0/n 1/s /s0!m( /t stresse0 t1at Bt1/s 0!es n!t ,revent an e am/nat/!n !6 1et1ersu'1 ,! er as e er'/se0 /t1/n ,erm/ss/ble '!nst/tut/!nal l/m/ts !r 1et1er /t ase er'/se0 /n a manner '!nst/tut/n2 2rave abuse !6 0/s'ret/!n. T1e SC rule0 t1at @A1as val/0l 0e'lare0 PP ")"$ 6!r t1e C!nst/tut/!n 2rants t1e Pres/0ent( asC!mman0er /n C1/e6( a Bse7uen'e’ !6 2ra0uate0 ,! ers. Fr!m t1e m!st t! t1e leastben/2n( t1ese are+ t1e 'all/n2 !ut ,! er( t1e ,! er t! sus,en0 t1e ,r/v/le2e !6 t1e

r/t !6 1abeas '!r,us( an0 t1e ,! er t! 0e'lare @art/al La . T1e !nl 'r/ter/!n 6!rt1e e er'/se !6 t1e 'all/n2 !ut ,! er /s t1at B 1enever /t be'!mes ne'essar (’ t1ePres/0ent ma 'all t1e arme0 6!r'es Bt! ,revent !r su,,ress la less v/!len'e(/nvas/!n !r rebell/!n.’ An0 su'1 'r/ter/!n 1as been met.

Res!lut/!n b t1e SC !n t1e Ta9e Care &!'tr/ne

Pursuant t! t1e %n0 senten'e !6 Se' "$( Art $ !6 t1e C!nst/tut/!n ;He s1all ensuret1at t1e la s be 6a/t16ull e e'ute0.< t1e ,res/0ent 0e'lare0 PP ")"$. &av/0 et alaverre0 t1at PP ")"$ 1! ever v/!late0 Se' "( Art G !6 t1e C!nst/tut/!n 6!r /tarr!2ate0 le2/slat/ve ,! er t! t1e Pres/0ent. Su'1 ,! er /s veste0 /n C!n2ress.

T1e assa/l t1e 'lause Bt! en6!r'e !be0/en'e t! all t1e la s an0 t! all 0e'rees(!r0ers an0 re2ulat/!ns ,r!mul2ate0 b me ,ers!nall !r u,!n m 0/re't/!n.’ T1e SCn!te0 t1at su'1 ,r!v/s/!n /s s/m/lar t! t1e ,! er t1at 2rante0 6!rmer Pres/0ent@ar'!s le2/slat/ve ,! ers ;as ,r!v/0e0 /n PP ")8"


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aut1!r/t 6r!m C!n2ress. T1e aut1!r/t 6r!m C!n2ress must be base0 !n t1e6!ll! /n2+

;"< T1ere must be a ar !r !t1er emer2en' .

;%< T1e 0ele2at/!n must be 6!r a l/m/te0 ,er/!0 !nl .

;3< T1e 0ele2at/!n must be sub e't t! su'1 restr/'t/!ns as t1e C!n2ress ma,res'r/be.

;#< T1e emer2en' ,! ers must be e er'/se0 t! 'arr !ut a nat/!nal ,!l/'0e'lare0 b C!n2ress.

Res!lut/!n b t1e SC !n t1e Issue t1at PP ")"$ /s a @art/al La &e'larat/!n

T1e SC rule0 t1at PP ")"$ /s n!t a @art/al La 0e'larat/!n an0 /s n!t tantam!unt t!/t. It /s a val/0 e er'/se !6 t1e 'all/n2 !ut ,! er !6 t1e ,res/0ent b t1e ,res/0ent.

CONSTITUTION CASES DIGEST 83 ONWARDS.docx

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