Constituent Materials Fibres - ETH Z · 2017-03-09 · ETH Zurich, Laboratory ofComposite Materials...
Transcript of Constituent Materials Fibres - ETH Z · 2017-03-09 · ETH Zurich, Laboratory ofComposite Materials...
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
9 February 2017Paolo Ermanni
Constituent MaterialsFibres
Spring Semester 2017
151-0548-00L Manufacturing of Polymer Composites
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
„The New Science of Strong Materials“, J.E. Gordon
Thin fibers are stronger then bulk material
A.A. Griffith (1893-1963)
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Typical fibers for application un composites
2D covalent bonding Graphene sheets High orientation degree
Fiber Structure Features
1D covalent bonding Linear molecules are oriented
along fibre axis
Carbon fibers
Glass fibers
Aramid fibers
Si-Atom
O-Atom
3D isotropic properties Covalent bonding
Flemming, M.; Ziegmann, G.; Roth S.: Faserverbundbauweisen, Fasern und Matrices; Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 1995
09.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Constitutent Materials 3
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive StructuresMcGuire, C.; Vollerin, B.: Thermal Management of Space Structures; SAMPE-European Chapter, 1990
Crystallite structure
Strong covalent bonding Relatively weak Van der Waals forces between the sheets
Fibre direction
Tran
sver
se d
irect
ion
The achievable properties of the carbon fibers are strongly influenced by the precursor type, the processing route, and defects of the crystallite structure.
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Achievable fiber properties
Young‘s modulus Strength [GPa]
5 3
25
70
HT-Faser HM-Faser
1050
250
700
Theoretisch HT-Faser HM-Faser
Fitzer, E.: Neue Entwicklungen für Faserverbundwerkstoffe, Handbuch für neue Systeme; Hrsg. Demat Exposition Managing; Vulkan-Verlag, Essen 1992
Theorertical Experimental
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Defects in the graphite structure
H. Heissler, Verstärkte Kunststoffe in der Luft- und Raumfahrt, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart Berlin, 1986
Lattice vacancies Stacking faults Disclinations
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Effects of preferred orientation on the Young‘smodulus of carbon fibres
H. Heissler, Verstärkte Kunststoffe in der Luft- und Raumfahrt, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart Berlin, 198609.03.2017Manufacturing of Polymer Composites - Constitutent Materials 7
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Precursor materials
Requirements:
– High carbon yield– Spinnable in order to produce precurso fibres– Good mechanical and thermal properties (high degradation
temperature)
Material
RAYONPANMPP
C[%]
456894
H[%]
664
N[%]
-241,0
O[%]
49-
0,6
S[%]
--
0,4
Carbon yield[%]
204585
Spengler, H.; van Galen, J.: Herstellung von Kohlenstoffasern aus Steinkohlenteerpech; BMFT-Verbundprojekt 03M1015; Verbundpartner: AKZO, Wuppertal; Rütgerswerke AG, Frankfurt; TU Karlsruhe; Universität Erlangen, 1990
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
R.J. Diefendorf; “Carbon / Graphite Fibers“, in Engineered Materials Handbook, Volume 1, Composites; ASM International Metals Park, OH, USA, 49-53, 1987 Fitzer, E; Weiss, R.: Oberflächenbehandlung von Kohlenstoffasern, Verarbeiten und Anwenden kohlenstoffaserverstärkter Kunststoffe; VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1989
PAN-HT: High Tenacity, PAN-HM: High Modulus
Carbonise Graphitize
PAN-HT PAN-HM PAN-HT PAN-HM
Manufacturing process of PAN-based fibres
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Oxidation/Stabilization
Carbonization
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• Cyclization of the nitrile group • Dehydrogenation of the C / C-chain by
oxygen
The carbonization is carried out at rising temperatures of up to 1500 ºC, leading to pure carbon rings. This step takes place in a nitrogen atmosphere.
• Inhert environment• Slight tension -C-rings are oriented along the fibre axis• Fibre diameter reduces due to the removal of non-C-elements• Crosslink in lateral direction by dehydration and de-Nitorgenation
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Flemming, M.; Ziegmann, G.; Roth S.: Faserverbundbauweisen, Fasern und Matrices; Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 1995
Selected properties of PAN-based carbon fibres
1,743,602402,501,50206
13800~ 75003600
HochfestHT
IntermediateIM
HochsteifHM
Hochsteif /Hochfest
HMS
1,805,602904,201,93311
16100~ 55003600
1,832,304001,500,57125
21850~ 6,55003600
1,853,605501,800,65194
29730~ 55003600
Dichte g/cm3
Zugfestigkeit BZ GPaZugmodul EZ GPaDruckfestigkeit Bd GPaBruchdehnung BZ %Reisslänge BZ/ kmDehnlänge EZ / kmFaserdurchmesser d mLangzeiteinsatztemperatur TL °CSublimationspunkt TS °C
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Strength / Elasticity Modulus of PAN-based Carbon Fibers
Toray Carbon Fiber Composite Materials Businesses, June 6, 2005, Masayoshi Kamiura, Managing Director of the Board, General Manager, Torayca & Advanced Composites Division
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Carbonise Graphitize
PAN-HT PAN-HMPAN-HT PAN-HM
Manufacturing of pitch-based carbon fibres
R.J. Diefendorf; “Carbon / Graphite Fibers“, in Engineered Materials Handbook, Volume 1, Composites; ASM International Metals Park, OH, USA, 49-53, 1987 Fitzer, E; Weiss, R.: Oberflächenbehandlung von Kohlenstoffasern, Verarbeiten und Anwenden kohlenstoffaserverstärkter Kunststoffe; VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1989
PAN-HT: High Tenacity, PAN-HM: High Modulus
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Quelle: McGuire, C.; Vollerin, B.: Thermal Management of Space Structures; SAMPE-European Chapter, 1990
Thermal expansion coefficent and thermal conductivity
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Typical fibers for application un composites
2D covalent bonding Graphene sheets High orientation degree
Fiber Structure Features
1D covalent bonding Linear molecules are oriented
along fibre axis
Carbon fibers
Glass fibers
Aramid fibers
Si-Atom
O-Atom
3D isotropic properties Covalent bonding
Flemming, M.; Ziegmann, G.; Roth S.: Faserverbundbauweisen, Fasern und Matrices; Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 1995
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Relationship between temperature and specificvolume
The point at which the curve changes slope iscalled glass transition temperature
Flinn R., Trojan P., Engineering Materials and their Applications, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1990.
Si-Atom
O-Atom
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Glass is a ceramic material with a specific feature: Below a transformation region (Glass transition temperature) the toughness is
so high (super-cooled liquid), that the body will first enter a furtherplastic state, and finally it converts into a solid brittle state.
•Silica is atypical glass former
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Source: Hagen, H. u.a.: Glasfaserverstärkte Kunststoffe, Kap. 1.4, Glasfasern; Springer Verlag, 1961
Manufacturing of glass fibres
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Nozzle-drawing process for production of glass fibers
||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Quelle:Kleinholz, R.: Neue Erkentnisse bei Textilglasfasern zum Verstärken von Kunststoffen; 22. Internationale Chemiefasertagung, Dornbirn 1983
3,573
~ 4,51,3828,8
3 - 132,555 - 6840
E R/S M C D Q
4,7885,01,83410
2,494
1000
7,0125
~ 5,52,850,310
3,1713,51,329
2,457,2
E: elektrisch C: chemisch resistentR/S: hochfest D: dielektrischM: steif Q: Quarz
Zugfestigkeit GPaE-Modul GPaBruchdehnung %spez. Zugfestigkeit GPa x cm3/gspez. E-Modul GPa x cm3/gFaserdurchmesser mDichte g/cm3
therm. Ausdehnungskoeffizient 10-6/KSchmelzpunkt °C
Selected properties of glass fibres
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Typical fibers for application un composites
2D covalent bonding Graphene sheets High orientation degree
Fiber Structure Features
1D covalent bonding Linear molecules are oriented
along fibre axis
Carbon fibers
Glass fibers
Aramid fibers
Si-Atom
O-Atom
3D isotropic properties Covalent bonding
Flemming, M.; Ziegmann, G.; Roth S.: Faserverbundbauweisen, Fasern und Matrices; Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 1995
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
General consideration
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Applications: http://www.dyneema.com/emea/
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Crystallinity in thermoplastic polymers
Semi-crystalline polymers form crystallites of folded chains entangled with bridging molecules in the amorphous phase between the crystallites.
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Spherulites: spherical semi-crystallites of folded chains
Baer, E., Hochentwickelte Polymere; Spektrum der wissenschaft, Heidelberg, 1996
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Orientation of the chains in the semi-crystalline polymer
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Bridging molecule
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Source: Blumberg, H.: Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen für Hochleistungs- Polymer- und Kohlenstoffasern; 28. Internationale Chemiefasertagung, Dornbirn September 1989
„Rigid rod“ polymers
Source: Morgan, R.J.; Allred, E.A.: Aramid Fiber Composites, Handbook ofComposites Reinforcements, pp. 5 - 22, Edited by Lee, S.M.; VCH-Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim 1993
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PPTA (poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide),
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Quelle: Ehrenstein, G.W.: Faserverbund-Kunststoffe, Werkstoff-Verarbeitung-Eigenschaften; Carl Hanser Verlag, München 1992
Manufacturing of aramide fibers
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||ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Composite Materials and Adaptive Structures
Quelle: Morgan, R.J.; Allred, E.A.: Aramid Fiber Composites, Handbook of Composites Reinforcements, pp. 5 - 22, Edited by Lee, S.M.; VCH-Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim 1993
Structure and properties of aramide fibres
Mechanical propertiesKennwert Einheit
1.44834,03.62...12
1.441242,93.62...12
1.471862,0
3.44...12
29 49 149
Dichte g/cm3
Zugmodul GPaZugbruchdehnung %Zugfestigkeit GPaDruckfestigkeit GPaFaserdurchmesser µm
im UD-Verbund ca. 30% der Zugfestigkeit
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