Constituency,presentation 3 by dr. shadia yousef banjar.pptx
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Transcript of Constituency,presentation 3 by dr. shadia yousef banjar.pptx
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LANE 334 -EA: Syntax
2011 – Term 2
By:
Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar
http://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sa/
http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com
Constituency
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3
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• According to Syntax the component parts of a sentence are called CONSTITUENTS Which are the natural grouping of a sentence.
Each of them has:
• a formal CATEGORY (Whether it is a noun phrase, a verb phrase, etc)
and …
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and …
• a grammatical FUNCTION (whether it is the subject, or object, or predicate, etc)
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Intuitively, we feel that certain words in a sentence are
grouped together:•The young student met his friend in the local library after lunch.
A unit A unit
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A unit
Both met and friend are next to his, but our intuition is that they are different in whether they form a unit with it.
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Grammatical
sentence
Grammatical Units
Grammatical Units
Clause
phrase
Word
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Sentences are:1.Simple,2.Compound3.Complex
Sentences
3.Complex4. Compound-Complex
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Clauses are:1.Main clauses (independent clauses)2.Subordinate clauses
Clauses
2.Subordinate clauses
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There are these kinds of phrase: 1.verb phrase, 2.noun phrase,
Phrases
2.noun phrase, 3.adjective phrase,4.adverb phrase, and 5.prepositional phrase.
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The main word classes are: 1. verb, 2. noun, 3. adjective,
Word classes
3. adjective, 4. adverb, 5. preposition,6. determiner, 7. complementizer, and 8. conjunction.
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Sentence Types• Simple– One INDEPENDENT CLAUSE in a subject-verb pattern:
• We cancelled the order last week.
• Compound– Two or more independent clauses
– no dependent clauses
– Coordination takes place:
[s1[s2] coord [s3]]– Note: A comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) must be used to connect
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– Note: A comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) must be used to connect the sentences.
•Bill cooked dinner, and I did the dishes, but Susan helped not at all!
• Complex– One independent clause with one or more dependent clauses.
– Subordination takes place:
[s1[s2 subord ]]
• Although Bill and I cooked dinner and did the dishes, Susan helped not at all.
– Note: The use of a comma is required with the dependent clause comes first in the sentence.
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• Compound-Complex
- A mixed type of sentences
- consists of multiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least one dependent clause.
- Have (Coordinators and subordinators)
- Coordination of subordinated clauses take place:
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A constituent is formed if…
1) Constituents can stand alone
• e.g. “What did you find?” “A puppy” (not “found a”)
√
2) Constituents can be replaced by one word.
• e.g. “Where did you find a puppy?” “I found it in the
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• e.g. “Where did you find a puppy?” “I found it in the
park.”
3) Constituents move together.
• e.g. It was [a puppy] that the child found.
• e.g. [A puppy] was found by the child.
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