Constantine II of Scotland

7/30/2019 Constantine II of Scotland

1/13

Constantine II of Scotland 1

Constantine II of Scotland

Constantine II

King of Alba

Reign 900943

Predecessor Donald II

Successor Malcolm I

Issue

Indulf, King of AlbaCellachone or more daughters

House Alpin

Father ed, King of the Picts

Born before 879

Died 952St Andrews

Burial Iona

Constantine, son of ed (Medieval Gaelic: Constantn mac eda; Modern Gaelic: Ciseam mac Aoidh, known in

most modern regnal lists as Constantine II; before 879952) was an early King of Scotland, known then by the

Gaelic nameAlba. The Kingdom of Alba, a name which first appears in Constantine's lifetime, was in northern Great

Britain. The core of the kingdom was formed by the lands around the River Tay. Its southern limit was the River

Forth, northwards it extended towards the Moray Firth and perhaps to Caithness, while its western limits are

uncertain. Constantine's grandfather Kenneth I of Scotland (Cined mac Ailpn, died 858) was the first of the family

recorded as a king, but as king of the Picts. This change of title, from king of the Picts to king of Alba, is part of a

broader transformation of Pictland and the origins of the Kingdom of Alba are traced to Constantine's lifetime.

His reign, like those of his predecessors, was dominated by the actions of Viking rulers in the British Isles,

particularly the U mair ("the grandsons of mar", or Ivar the Boneless). During Constantine's reign the rulers of the

southern kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia, later the Kingdom of England, extended their authority northwards into

the disputed kingdoms of Northumbria. At first allied with the southern rulers against the Vikings, Constantine in

time came into conflict with them. King thelstan was successful in securing Constantine's submission in 927 and

934, but the two again fought when Constantine, allied with the Strathclyde Britons and the Viking king of Dublin,

invaded thelstan's kingdom in 937, only to be defeated at the great battle of Brunanburh. In 943 Constantine

abdicated the throne and retired to the Cli D (Culdee) monastery of St Andrews where he died in 952. He was

succeeded by his predecessor's son Malcolm I (Mel Coluim mac Domnaill).
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9li_D%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_St_Mary_on_the_Rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_St_Mary_on_the_Rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_I_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_I_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_I_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Brunanburhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9li_D%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_St_Mary_on_the_Rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_I_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_I_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_St_Mary_on_the_Rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9li_D%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Brunanburhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strathclyde_Britonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athelstan_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wessexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivar_the_Bonelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Isleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Albahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pictlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_I_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caithnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moray_Firthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Forthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Forthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Tayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Albahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Gaelic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Irishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Andrewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ed_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Alpinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indulfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_I_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_II_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Constantine_II_of_Scotland.jpg


2/13


Constantine's reign of 43 years, exceeded in Scotland only by that of King William the Lion before the Union of the

Crowns in 1603, is believed to have played a defining part in the gaelicisation of Pictland, in which his patronage of

the Irish Cli D monastic reformers was a significant factor. During his reign the words "Scots" and "Scotland" (Old

English: Scottas, Scotland) are first used to mean part of what is now Scotland. The earliest evidence for the

ecclesiastical and administrative institutions which would last until the Davidian Revolution also appears at this

time.

SourcesCompared to neighbouring Ireland and Anglo-Saxon England, few records of 9th- and 10th-century events in

Scotland survive. The main local source from the period is the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, a list of kings from

Kenneth MacAlpin (died 858) to Kenneth II (Cined mac Mal Coluim, died 995). The list survives in the Poppleton

Manuscript, a 13th-century compilation. Originally simply a list of kings with reign lengths, the other details

contained in the Poppleton Manuscript version were added in the 10th and 12th centuries.[1] In addition to this, later

king lists survive.[2] The earliest genealogical records of the descendants of Kenneth MacAlpin may date from the

end of the 10th century, but their value lies more in their context, and the information they provide about the

interests of those for whom they were compiled, than in the unreliable claims they contain. [3]

For narrative history the principal sources are the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the Irish annals. The evidence from

charters created in the Kingdom of England provides occasional insight into events in northern Britain. [4] While

Scandinavian sagas describe events in 10th-century Britain, their value as sources of historical narrative, rather than

documents of social history, is disputed.[5] Mainland European sources rarely concern themselves with affairs in

Britain, and even less commonly with events in northern Britain, but the life of Saint Cathre of Metz, a work of

hagiography written in Germany at the end of the 10th century, provides plausible details of the saint's early life in

north Britain.[6]

While the sources for north-eastern Britain, the lands of the kingdom of Northumbria and the former Pictland, are

limited and late, those for the areas on the Irish Sea and Atlantic coasts

the modern regions of north-west Englandand all of northern and western Scotlandare non-existent, and archaeology and toponymy are of primary

importance.[7]

Pictland from Constantn mac Fergusa to Constantine I

Recorded relationships within the early House of Alpin

The dominant kingdom in eastern Scotland

before the Viking Age was the northern Pictish

kingdom of Fortriu on the shores of the Moray

Firth. By the 9th century, the Gaels of Dl Riata

(Dalriada) were subject to the kings of Fortriu of

the family of Constantn mac Fergusa

(Constantine son of Fergus). Constantn's family

dominated Fortriu after 789 and perhaps, if

Constantn was a kinsman of engus I of the

Picts (engus son of Fergus), from around 730.

The dominance of Fortriu came to an end in 839

with a defeat by Viking armies reported by the

Annals of Ulster in which King Uen of Fortriu

and his brother Bran, Constantn's nephews,

together with the king of Dl Riata, ed mac
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ed_mac_Boantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ed_mac_Boantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uen_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annals_of_Ulsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%93engus_I_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%93engus_I_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constant%C3%ADn_of_the_Pictshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A1l_Riatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moray_Firthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moray_Firthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortriuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pictishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viking_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEarly_Alpinid_kings.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Alpinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toponymyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archaeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hagiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathr%C3%B3e_of_Metzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scandinaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_annalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_Chroniclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genealogicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poppleton_Manuscripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poppleton_Manuscripthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_II_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronicle_of_the_Kings_of_Albahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davidian_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaelicisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_Scotland


3/13


Boanta, "and others almost innumerable" were killed.[8] These deaths led to a period of instability lasting a decade as

several families attempted to establish their dominance in Pictland. By around 848 Kenneth MacAlpin had emerged

as the winner.[9]

Later national myth made Kenneth MacAlpin the creator of the kingdom of Scotland, the founding ofwhich was

dated from 843, the year in which he was said to have destroyed the Picts and inaugurated a new era. The historical

record for 9th century Scotland is meagre, but the Irish annals and the 10th-century Chronicle of the Kings of Albaagree that Kenneth was a Pictish king, and call him "king of the Picts" at his death. The same style is used of

Kenneth's brother Donald I (Domnall mac Ailpn) and sons Constantine I (Constantn mac Cineda) and ed (ed

mac Cineda).[10]

The kingdom ruled by Kenneth's descendantsolder works used the name House of Alpin to describe them but

descent from Kenneth was the defining factor, Irish sources referring to Clann Cineda meic Ailpn ("the Clan of

Kenneth MacAlpin") [11]lay to the south of the previously dominant kingdom of Fortriu, centred in the lands

around the River Tay. The extent of Kenneth's nameless kingdom is uncertain, but it certainly extended from the

Firth of Forth in the south to the Mounth in the north. Whether it extended beyond the mountainous spine of north

BritainDruim Albanis unclear. The core of the kingdom was similar to the old counties of Mearns, Forfar, Perth,

Fife, and Kinross. Among the chief ecclesiastical centres named in the records are Dunkeld, probably seat of thebishop of the kingdom, and Cell Rgmonaid(modern St Andrews).[12]

Kenneth's son Constantine died in 876, probably killed fighting against a Viking army which had come north from

Northumbria in 874. According to the king lists, he was counted the 70th and last king of the Picts in later times. [13]

Britain and Ireland at the end of the 9th century

Some locations in northern Britain, late 9th and

early 10th centuries. The dotted line marked A

represents the southern boundary of the Kingdom

of Alba, c. 890950. The dotted line marked B

represents the southern boundary of the Kingdom

of Strathclyde, c. 925945.

In 899 Alfred the Great, king of Wessex, died leaving his son Edward

the Elder as ruler of Britain south of the River Thames and his

daughter thelfld and son-in-law thelred ruling the western,

English part of Mercia. The situation in the Danish kingdoms ofeastern Britain is less clear. King Eohric was probably ruling in East

Anglia, but no dates can reliably be assigned to the successors of

Guthfrith of York in Northumbria. It is known that Guthfrith was

succeeded by Sigurd and Cnut, although whether these men ruled

jointly or one after the other is uncertain. Northumbria may have been

divided by this time between the Viking kings in York and the local

rulers, perhaps represented by Eadulf, based at Bamburgh who

controlled the lands from the River Tyne or River Tees to the Forth in

the north.[14]

In Ireland, Flann Sinna, married to Constantine's aunt Mel Muire, was

dominant. The years around 900 represented a period of weakness

among the Vikings and Norse-Gaels of Dublin. They are reported to

have been divided between two rival leaders. In 894 one group left

Dublin, perhaps settling on the Irish Sea coast of Britain between the

River Mersey and the Firth of Clyde. The remaining Dubliners were

expelled in 902 by Flann Sinna's son-in-law Cerball mac Muirecin,

and soon afterwards appeared in western and northern Britain.[15]

To the south-west of Constantine's lands lay the kingdom of

Strathclyde. This extended north into the Lennox, east to the RiverForth, and south into the Southern Uplands. In 900 it was probably ruled by King Dyfnwal. [16]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Uplandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dyfnwal_I_of_Strathclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Strathclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Strathclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennox_%28district%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Uplandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dyfnwal_I_of_Strathclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dyfnwal_I_of_Strathclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Uplandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennox_%28district%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Strathclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Strathclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerball_mac_Muirec%C3%A1inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firth_of_Clydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Merseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norse-Gaelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flann_Sinnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Teeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Tynehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eadulf_I_of_Berniciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guthfrith%2C_King_of_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Angliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Angliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eohric_of_East_Angliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelred%2C_ealdorman_of_Merciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Thameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wessexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ALocations_in_north_Britain_in_the_early_tenth_century.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Strathclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Strathclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Albahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Albahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Andrewshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunkeldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinross-shirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perthshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forfarshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kincardineshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Druim_Albanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mounthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firth_of_Forthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Tayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Alpinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ed_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_I_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_I_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_mythhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_I_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ed_mac_Boanta


4/13


The situation of the Gaelic kingdoms of Dl Riata in western Scotland is uncertain. No kings are known by name

after ed mac Boanta. The FrankishAnnales Bertiniani may record the conquest of the Inner Hebrides, the seaward

part of Dl Riata, by Northmen in 849.[17] In addition to these, the arrival of new groups of Vikings from northern

and western Europe was still commonplace. Whether there were Viking or Norse-Gael kingdoms in the Western

Isles or the Northern Isles at this time is debated.[18]

Early lifeed, Constantine's father, succeeded Constantine's uncle and namesake Constantine I in 876 but was killed in 878.

ed's short reign is glossed as being of no importance by most king lists. Although the date of his birth is nowhere

recorded, Constantine II cannot have been born any later than the year after his father's death, that is 879. His name

may suggest that he was born rather earlier, during the reign of his uncle Constantine I. [19]

After ed's death there is a two decade gap until the death of Donald II (Domnall mac Constantn) in 900 during

which nothing is reported in the Irish annals.[20] The entry for the reign between ed and Donald II is corrupt in the

Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, and in this case the Chronicle is at variance with every other king list.[21] According

to the Chronicle, ed was followed by Eochaid, a grandson of Kenneth MacAlpin, who is somehow connected with

Giric, but all other lists say that Giric ruled after ed and make great claims for him. [22] Giric is not known to have

been a kinsman of Kenneth's, although it has been suggested that he was related to him by marriage. The major

changes in Pictland which began at about this time have been associated by Alex Woolf and Archie Duncan with

Giric's reign.[23]

Woolf suggests that Constantine and his cousin Donald may have passed Giric's reign in exile in Ireland where their

aunt Mel Muire was wife of two successive High Kings of Ireland, ed Findliath and Flann Sinna. [24] Giric died in

889. If he had been in exile, Constantine may have returned to Pictland where his cousin Donald II became king.

Donald's reputation is suggested by the epithet dasachtach, a word used of violent madmen and mad bulls, attached

to him in the 11th-century writings of Flann Mainistrech, echoed by the his description in the Prophecy of Berchan

as "the rough one who will think relics and psalms of little worth".

[25]

Wars with the Viking kings in Britain andIreland continued during Donald's reign and he was probably killed fighting yet more Vikings at Dunnottar in the

Mearns in 900. Constantine succeeded him as king.[26]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunnottarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prophecy_of_Berchanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flann_Mainistrechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epithethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flann_Sinnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ed_Findliathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Kings_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archie_Duncanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Woolfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giric_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eochaid_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_II_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_I_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ed_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Isleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Isleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Isleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inner_Hebrideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annales_Bertinianihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A1l_Riata


5/13


Vikings and bishops

The cult of Saint Columba and its relics were

associated with victory in battle. The Cathbuaid,

Columba's crozier or staff, has been lost but the

8th-centuryBreccbennach or Monymusk

Reliquary shown here, which held relics of

Columba, is known to have been carried intobattle from the reign of King William I

onwards.[27]

The earliest event recorded in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba in

Constantine's reign is an attack by Vikings and the plundering of

Dunkeld "and all Albania" in his third year. This is the first use of the

word Albania, the Latin form of the Old Irish Alba, in the Chronicle

which until then describes the lands ruled by the descendants of Cinedas Pictavia.[28]

These Northmen may have been some of those who were driven out of

Dublin in 902, but could also have been the same group who had

defeated Domnall in 900. The Chronicle states that the Northmen were

killed in Srath Erenn, which is confirmed by the Annals of Ulster

which records the death of mar grandson of mar and many others at

the hands of the men of Fortriu in 904. This mar was the first of the U

mair, that is the grandsons of mar, to be reported; three more

grandsons of mar appear later in Constantn's reign. The FragmentaryAnnals of Irelandcontain an account of the battle, and this attributes

the defeat of the Norsemen to the intercession of Saint Columba

following fasting and prayer. An entry in the Chronicon Scotorum

under the year 904 may possibly contain a corrupted reference to this battle.[29]

The next event reported by the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba is dated to 906. This records that:

King Constantine and Bishop Cellach met at theHill of Beliefnear the royal city of Scone and pledged

themselves that the laws and disciplines of the faith, and the laws of churches and gospels, should be

keptpariter cum Scottis.[30]

The meaning of this entry, and its significance, have been the subject of debate.

The moot hill at Scone, perhaps theHill of Beliefof 906[31]

The phrase pariter cum Scottis in the Latin text of the Chronicle has

been translated in several ways. William Forbes Skene and Alan Orr

Anderson proposed that it should be read as "in conformity with the

customs of the Gaels", relating it to the claims in the king lists that

Giric liberated the church from secular oppression and adopted Irish

customs.[32] It has been read as "together with the Gaels", suggesting

either public participation or the presence of Gaels from the western

coasts as well as the people of the east coast.[33] Finally, it is suggested

that it was the ceremony which followed "the custom of the Gaels" and

not the agreements.[34]

The idea that this gathering agreed to uphold Irish laws governing the

church has suggested that it was an important step in the gaelicisation of the lands east of Druim Alban. [35] Others

have proposed that the ceremony in some way endorsed Constantine's kingship, prefiguring later royal inaugurations

at Scone.[36] Alternatively, if Bishop Cellach was appointed by Giric, it may be that the gathering was intended to

heal a rift between king and church.[37]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaelicisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Orr_Andersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Orr_Andersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Forbes_Skenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMoot_hill.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moot_hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scone%2C_Perth_and_Kinrosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cellach_I_of_Cennr%C3%ADgmonaidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chronicon_Scotorumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragmentary_Annals_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragmentary_Annals_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Irish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMonymusk_Reliquary.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monymusk_Reliquaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monymusk_Reliquaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crozierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columba


6/13


Return of the U mairFollowing the events at Scone, there is little of substance reported for a decade. A story in the Fragmentary Annals

of Ireland, perhaps referring to events some time after 911, claims that Queen thelfld, who ruled in Mercia, allied

with the Irish and northern rulers against the Norsemen on the Irish sea coasts of Northumbria. The Annals of Ulster

record the defeat of an Irish fleet from the kingdom of Ulaid by Vikings "on the coast of England" at about this

time.[38]

In this period the Chronicle of the Kings ofAlba reports the death of Cormac mac Cuilennin, king of Munster, in the

eighth year of Constantine's reign.[39] This is followed by an undated entry which was formerly read as "In his time

Domnall [i.e. Dyfnwal], king of the [Strathclyde] Britons died, and Domnall son of ed was elected". This was

thought to record the election of a brother of Constantine named Domnall to the kingship of the Britons of

Strathclyde and was seen as early evidence of the domination of Strathclyde by the kings of Alba. The entry in

question is now read as "...Dynfwal... and Domnall son ed king of Ailech died", this Domnall being a son of ed

Findliath who died on 21 March 915.[40] Finally, the deaths of Flann Sinna and Niall Glndub are recorded.[41]

There are more reports of Viking fleets in the Irish Sea from 914 onwards. By 916 fleets under Sihtric Cech and

Ragnall, said to be grandsons ofmar (that is, they belonged to the same U mair kindred as the mar who was killed

in 904), were very active in Ireland. Sihtric inflicted a heavy defeat on the armies of Leinster and retook Dublin in

917.[42] The following year Ragnall appears to have returned across the Irish sea intent on establishing himself as

king at York.[43] The only precisely dated event in the summer of 918 is the death of Queen thelfld on 12 June

918 at Tamworth, Staffordshire. thelfld had been negotiating with the Northumbrians to obtain their submission,

but her death put an end to this and her successor, her brother Edward the Elder, was occupied with securing control

of Mercia.[44]

Dere Street; Corbridge is just south of Hadrian's

Wall in the centre of the map

The northern part of Northumbria, and perhaps the whole kingdom,

had probably been ruled by Ealdred son of Eadulf since 913.[45] Faced

with Ragnall's invasion, Ealdred came north seeking assistance from

Constantine. The two advanced south to face Ragnall, and this led to abattle somewhere on the banks of the River Tyne, probably at

Corbridge where Dere Street crosses the river. The Second Battle of

Corbridge appears to have been indecisive; the Chronicle of the Kings

of Alba is alone in giving Constantine the victory.[46]

The report of the battle in the Annals of Ulstersays that none of the

kings or mormaers among the men of Alba were killed. This is the first

surviving use of the word mormaer; other than the knowledge that

Constantine's kingdom had its own bishop or bishops and royal villas,

this is the only hint to the institutions of the kingdom.[47]

After Corbridge, Ragnall enjoyed only a short respite. In the south, Alfred's son Edward had rapidly secured control

of Mercia and had a burh constructed at Bakewell in the Peak District from which his armies could easily strike

north. An army from Dublin led by Ragnall's kinsman Sihtric struck at north-western Mercia in 919, but in 920 or

921 Edward met with Ragnall and other kings. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that these king "chose Edward as

father and lord". Among the other kings present were Constantine, Ealdred son of Eadwulf, and the king of

Strathclyde, either Dyfnwal II or, more probably, Owen I. Here, again, a new term appears in the record, the

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the first time using the word scottas, from which Scots derives, to describe the

inhabitants of Constantine's kingdom in its report of these events. [48]

Edward died in 924. His realms appear to have been divided with the West Saxons recognising lfweard while the

Mercians chose thelstan who had been raised at thelfld's court. lfweard died within weeks of his father andthelstan was inaugurated as king of all of Edward's lands in 925. [49]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelstanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelstanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelstanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owen_I_of_Strathclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dyfnwal_II_of_Strathclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peak_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakewellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mormaerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Corbridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Corbridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dere_Streethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corbridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Tynehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eadulf_I_of_Berniciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ealdred_I_of_Berniciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ADere_Street.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadrian%27s_Wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dere_Streethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_the_Elderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamworth%2C_Staffordshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leinsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sihtric_C%C3%A1echhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niall_Gl%C3%BAndubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ed_Findliathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ed_Findliathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domnall_Dabaillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_of_Ailechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_of_Munsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cormac_mac_Cuilenn%C3%A1inhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulaid


7/13


thelstanBy 926 Sihtric had evidently acknowledged thelstan as over-king, adopting Christianity and marrying a sister of

thelstan at Tamworth. Within the year he may have abandoned his new faith and repudiated his wife, but before

thelstan and he could fight, Sihtric died suddenly in 927. His kinsman, perhaps brother, Gofraid, who had

remained as his deputy in Dublin, came from Ireland to take power in York, but failed. thelstan moved quickly,

seizing much of Northumbria. In less than a decade, the kingdom of the English had become by far the greatestpower in Britain and Ireland, perhaps stretching as far north as the Firth of Forth. [50]

John of Worcester's chronicle suggests that thelstan faced opposition from Constantine, from Owain of

Strathclyde, and from the Welsh kings. William of Malmesbury writes that Gofraid, together with Sihtric's young

son Olaf Cuaran fled north and received refuge from Constantine, which led to war with thelstan. A meeting at

Eamont Bridge on 12 July 927 was sealed by an agreement that Constantine, Owen of Strathclyde, Hywel Dda, and

Ealdred would "renounce all idolatry": that is, they would not ally with the Viking kings. William states that

thelstan stood godfather to a son of Constantine, probably Indulf (Ildulb mac Constantn), during the

conference.[51]

thelstan followed up his advances in the north by securing the recognition of the Welsh kings. [52] For the next

seven years, the record of events in the north is blank. thelstan's court was attended by the Welsh kings, but not by

Constantine or Owen of Strathclyde. This absence of record means that thelstan's reasons for marching north

against Constantine in 934 are unclear.[53]

thelstan's campaign is reported by in brief by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and later chroniclers such as John of

Worcester, William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, and Symeon of Durham add detail to that bald account.

thelstan's army began gathering at Winchester by 28 May 934, and reached Nottingham by 7 June. He was

accompanied by many leaders, including the Welsh kings Hywel Dda, Idwal Foel, and Morgan ab Owain. From

Mercia the army went north, stopping at Chester-le-Street, before resuming the march accompanied by a fleet of

ships. Owen of Strathclyde was defeated and Symeon states that the army went as far north as Dunnottar and Fortriu,

while the fleet is said to have raided Caithness, by which a much larger area, including Sutherland, is probablyintended. It is unlikely that Constantine's personal authority extended so far north, and while the attacks may have

been directed at his allies, they may also have been simple looting expeditions.[54]

TheAnnals of Clonmacnoise state that "the Scottish men compelled [thelstan] to return without any great victory",

while Henry of Huntingdon claims that the English faced no opposition. A negotiated settlement may have ended

matters: according to John of Worcester, a son of Constantine was given as a hostage to thelstan and Constantin

himself accompanied the English king on his return south. He witnessed a charter with thelstan at Buckingham on

13 September 934 in which he is described as subregulus, that is a king acknowledging thelstan's overlordship.[55]

The following year, Constantine was again in England at thelstan's court, this time at Cirencester where he appears

as a witness, appearing as the first of several subject kings, followed by Owen of Strathclyde and Hywel Dda, who

subscribed to the diploma.[56] At Christmas of 935, Owen of Strathclyde was once more at thelstan's court alongwith the Welsh kings, but Constantine was not. His return to England less than two years later would be in very

different circumstances.[57]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirencesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buckinghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annals_of_Clonmacnoisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sutherlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caithnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester-le-Streethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgan_ab_Owainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nottinghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winchesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symeon_of_Durhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_of_Huntingdonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indulf_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hywel_Ddahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eamont_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Cuaranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_of_Malmesburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_of_Worcesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firth_of_Forthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair


8/13


Brunanburh and afterFollowing his disappearance from thelstan's court after 935, there is no further report of Constantine until 937. In

that year, together with Owen of Strathclyde and Olaf Guthfrithson of Dublin, Constantine invaded England. The

resulting battle of BrunanburhDn Brundeis reported in theAnnals of Ulsteras follows:

a great battle, lamentable and terrible was cruelly fought... in which fell uncounted thousands of the

Northmen. ...And on the other side, a multitude of Saxons fell; but thelstan, the king of the Saxons,obtained a great victory.[58]

The battle was remembered in England a generation later as "the Great Battle". When reporting the battle, the

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle abandons its usual terse style in favour of a heroic poem vaunting the great victory. In this

the "hoary" Constantine, by now around 60 years of age, is said to have lost a son in the battle, a claim which the

Chronicle of the Kings of Alba confirms. TheAnnals of Clonmacnoise give his name as Cellach. For all its fame, the

site of the battle is uncertain and several sites have been advanced, with Bromborough on the Wirral the most

favoured location.[59]

Brunanburh, for all that it had been a famous and bloody battle, settled nothing. On 27 October 939 thelstan, the

"pillar of the dignity of the western world" in the words of the Annals of Ulster, died at Malmesbury. He wassucceeded by his brother Edmund, then aged 18. thelstan's empire, seemingly made safe by the victory of

Brunanburh, collapsed in little more than a year from his death when Amlab returned from Ireland and seized

Northumbria and the Mercian Danelaw. Edmund spent the remainder of Constantn's reign rebuilding the empire.[60]

For Constantine's last years as king there is only the meagre record of the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba. The death

of thelstan is reported, as are two others. The first of these, in 938, is that of Dubacan, mormaer of Angus or son of

the mormaer. Unlike the report of 918, on this occasion the title mormaer is attached to a geographical area, but it is

unknown whether the Angus of 938 was in any way similar to the later mormaerdom or earldom.[61] The second

death, entered with that of thelstan, is that of Eochaid mac Ailpn, who may, from his name, have been a kinsman

of Constantn.[62]

Abdication and posterityBy the early 940s Constantine was an old man, perhaps more than 70 years of age. The kingdom of Alba was too

new to be said to have a customary rule of succession, but Pictish and Irish precedents favoured an adult successor

descended from Kenneth MacAlpin. Constantine's surviving son Indulf, probably baptised in 927, would have been

too young to be a serious candidate for the kingship in the early 940s, and the obvious heir was Constantine's

nephew, Malcolm I. As Malcolm was born no later than 901, by the 940s he was no longer a young man, and may

have been impatient. Willingly or notthe 11th-century Prophecy of Berchn, a verse history in the form of a

supposed prophecy, states that it was not a voluntary decisionConstantine abdicated in 943 and entered a

monastery, leaving the kingdom to Malcolm.

[63]

Although his retirement may have been involuntary, the Life of Cathre of Metz and the Prophecy of Berchn

portray Constantine as a devout king. The monastery which Constantine retired to, and where he is said to have been

abbot, was probably that of St Andrews. This had been refounded in his reign and given to the reforming Cli D

(Culdee) movement. The Cli D were subsequently to be entrusted with many monasteries throughout the kingdom

of Alba until replaced in the 12th century by new orders imported from France. [64]

Seven years later the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba says:

[Malcolm I] plundered the English as far as the river Tees, and he seized a multitude of people and

many herds of cattle: and the Scots called this the raid of Albidosorum, that is, Nainndisi. But others say

that Constantine made this raid, asking of the king, Malcolm, that the kingship should be given to him

for a week's time, so that he could visit the English. In fact, it was Malcolm who made the raid, but

Constantine incited him, as I have said.[65]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Teeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9li_D%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_St_Mary_on_the_Rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abbothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathr%C3%B3e_of_Metzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prophecy_of_Berch%C3%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_I_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indulf_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mormaer_of_Angushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dubacan_of_Angushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_I_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malmesburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wirral_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bromboroughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Brunanburhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olaf_III_Guthfrithson


9/13


Woolf suggests that the association of Constantine with the raid is a late addition, one derived from a now-lost saga

or poem.[66]

Constantine's death in 952 is recorded by the Irish annals, who enter it among ecclesiastics. His son Indulf would

become king on Malcolm's death. The last of Constantine's certain descendants to be king in Alba was a

great-grandson, Constantine III (Constantn mac Cuilin). Another son had died at Brunanburh, and, according to

John of Worcester, Amlab mac Gofraid was married to a daughter of Constantine. It is possible that Constantine hadother children, but like the name of his wife, or wives, this has not been recorded. [67]

The form of kingdom which appeared in Constantine's reign continued in much the same way until the Davidian

Revolution in the 12th century. As with his ecclesiastical reforms, his political legacy was the creation of a new form

of Scottish kingship that lasted for two centuries after his death. [68]

Notes[1] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 8793; Dumville, "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba".

[2] Anderson,Kings and Kingship, reproduces these lists and discusses their origins.

[3] Broun,Irish Identity, pp. 133164; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 220221.

[4] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 23, 8788, and 357359.[5] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 277285; Corrain, "Vikings in Scotland and Ireland"; Sawyer and Sawyer,Medieval Scandinavia, pp. 2126.

[6] MacQuarrie, Saints of Scotland, pp. 199210.

[7] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, p. 12.

[8] Annals of Ulster, s.a. 838.

[9] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 5767 and 9398; Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp. 180185; Duncan,Kingship of the Scots, pp. 810;

Bannerman, "Scottish takeover"; Foster,Picts, Gaels and Scots, pp. 107108.

[10] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 93117 and 320322; Broun, "Dunkeld"; Duncan,Kingship of the Scots, pp. 1314; Herbert, "Ri irenn, Ri

Alban"; Dumville, "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", p. 76.

[11] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 220221 and 256257; Broun,Irish Identity, pp. 173174

[12] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 98101; Driscoll,Alba pp. 3351; Foster,Picts, Gaels and Scots, pp. 8 fig. 1, 39 fig. 24., and 110111.

[13] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 106116; Swanton,Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 7275, s.a. 875. For Constantine as the last Pictish king, the

original count being 66 kings, see Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 124126; Broun,Irish Identity, pp. 168169; Anderson,Kings and Kingship,

pp. 7879.

[14] Keynes, "Rulers of the English", pp. 504505; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 138139; Blair,Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 7579.

[15] Annals of Ulster, s.a. 893 and 902; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp 131 and 138139.

[16] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 153157.

[17] Woolf, pp. 99100 and 286289; Anderson,Early Sources, p. 277.

[18] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 275311, especially 286289; Corrain, "Vikings in Scotland and Ireland"; Crawford, Scandinavian Scotland,

pp. 3962; Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp. 141174.

[19] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 116117, 124, and 166, note 84.

[20] Anderson,Early Sources, pp. 358358 and 395; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 117118.

[21] On this, note Dumville's comments regarding damnatio memoriae, Dumville, "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", p. 75; see also Woolf,

Pictland to Alba, pp. 117121.

[22] Anderson,Kings and Kingship, pp. 251252, 254, 263, 267, 274, 283, and 288.

[23] Duncan, pp. 1116; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 117121, 137138, and 320322. For an alternative view of all this, see Smyth, Warlordsand Holy Men, pp. 215218.


[25] Anderson,Early Sources, pp. cxlix and 397398.

[26] Woolf, p. 125; Anderson,Early Sources, pp. 395398. The account of the conquest of the kingdom of Strathclyde in Domnall's time given

by, for example, Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp. 217218, is rejected by Duncan,Kingship of the Scots, p. 40, and Woolf,Pictland to

Alba, pp. 152157.

[27] Yorke, The Conversion of Britain, pp. 190191; Alcock,Kings and Warriors, pp. 327329; Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, p.136. See also

the Cathach of St. Columba, a 7th-century psalter to which similar powers were attributed.

[28] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 122126; Anderson,Early Sources, pp. 444446, where Albania is translated as Scotland; Broun, "Dunkeld".

[29] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 127128 and 130131; Anderson,Early Sources, pp. 398, 399, and 444446;Annals of Ulster, s.a. 902, 904;

Chronicon Scotorum, s.a. 902, 904;Fragmentary Annals, FA 429.

[30] After Anderson,Early Sources, p. 445.[31][31] Bannerman, "Scottish Takeover", p. 79.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psalterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathach_of_St._Columbahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Strathclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damnatio_memoriaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davidian_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davidian_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_III_of_Scotland


10/13


[32] Anderson,Early Sources, p. 445, note 1; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, p. 135. This version is followed by Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp.

188189.

[33] Driscoll, p. 37, translates the phrase in this way; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 135136.

[34] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, p. 136; see also Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, p. 188.

[35] Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp. 188189, writes that "it marks the final triumph of the Gaelic order over the old Pictish order".

[36] Driscoll,Alba, p. 37; Duncan,Kingship of the Scots, pp. 1516.


[38] Higham,Kingdom of Northumbria, pp. 1856;Fragmentary Annals of Ireland, FA 429;Annals of Ulster, s.a. 913.[39] TheAnnals of Ulsterstates that Cormac died on 908; Woolf, pp. 1279.

[40] Domnall's death is recorded by theAnnals of Ulster. For the re-reading by Benjamin Hudson, see Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 127129 and

152157; Dumville, "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", p. 77. Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp. 222223, is typical of the interpretation

found in older works. The phrase in question reads "et Dunenaldus filius Ede elig7".

[41] TheAnnals of Ulsterrecord the death of Flann on 916 and that of Niall on 919; Woolf, pp. 1279.

[42] Hart, "Sihtric Cech"; Hart "Ragnall"; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 138141;Annals of Ulster, s.a. 914917.

[43] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, p. 142;Annals of Ulster, s.a. 918.

[44] Higham,Kingdom of Northumbria, pp. 1868; Swanton,Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 105, Ms. C, s.a. 918, 919.

[45] Keynes, "Rulers of the English"; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 138141.

[46] There is disagreement as to whether there was one battle at Corbridge in the 910s or two. TheAnnals of Ulster, s.a. 918, theFragmentary

Annals of Ireland, and the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, report only one battle. The idea that there were two rests on theHistoria de Sancto

Cuthberto, for which see Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 64. The question is discussed by Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 142

144; Stenton,Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 332333.

[47] For Mormaers, see Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp 342350; Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp. 219220. For the later institutions of the

kingdom of Alba, see

[48] Stenton,Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 333335; Swanton,Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 104, Ms. A, s.a. 924; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp.

145147.

[49] Keynes, "Rulers of the English", p. 514; Miller, "thelstan"; Stenton,Anglo-Saxon England, p. 339.

[50] Higham,Kingdom of Northumbria, pp. 186190; Stenton,Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 339340; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp.148151;

Swanton,Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 105 and 107, Ms. D, s.a. 925, 926, Ms. E, F, s.a. 927.

[51] Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 6667; Swanton,Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p.107, Ms. D, s.a. 926; Stenton,Anglo-Saxon England, pp.

339340; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp 150152 and 192193; Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp. 201202; Miller, "thelstan".

[52] Stenton,Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 340341.

[53] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 161165. The previous year had seen the death of thelstan's brother Edwin, perhaps drowned on the king's

orders; Swanton,Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 107, Ms. E, s.a. 933 and note 11; Stenton,Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 355356. The following

year Gofraid died and was succeeded by his son Amlab, Constantine's son-in-law;Annals of Ulster, s.a. 934. Finally, theAnnals of

Clonmacnoise report the death of "Adulf mcEtulfe, king of the North Saxons" in the same year as thelstan's campaign; Woolf suggests that

this may represent Ealdred, or some other son of Eadulf, ruling in Northumbria.

[54] Swanton,Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, p. 107, Ms. D, s.a. 934; Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 6769; Miller, "thelstan"; Stenton,Anglo-Saxon

England, p. 342; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 160166; Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, p. 203.

[55] Anderson,Early Sources, p. 426; Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 6769; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 166168;

[56] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 166168; only a part of this charter survives, see


[58] Anderson,Early Sources, pp. 4289;Annals of Ulster, s.a. 937.

[59] Swanton,Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, pp. 10610, Ms. A, s.a. 937; Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 6973; Anderson,Early Sources, p. 429;

Woolf,Pictland to Alba, 16873; Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men, pp. 2034; Stenton,Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 3423; Scragg, "Battle of

Brunanburh".[60] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, p. 174; Stenton,Anglo-Saxon England, pp. 3569; Higham,Kingdom of Northumbria, p. 193; Blair,Anglo-Saxon

England, pp. 879.

[61] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 175, 2112.

[62] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, p. 175.

[63] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, p. 175; Anderson,Early Sources, pp. 444448; Broun, "Constantine II".

[64] Anderson,Early Sources, pp. 431444; Broun, "Constantine II"; Woolf,Pictland to Alba, p. 175; MacQuarrie, Saints of Scotland, pp.

199210. TheProphecy of Berchn describes Constantine's "fair, long reign" as a time "with fruit upon slender branches, with ale, with music,

with good cheer; with corn, with milk, with nimble cattle; with pride, with fortune, with [worth]"; Anderson,Early Sources, pp. 447448.

[65] Anderson,Early Sources, pp. 452453.


[67] Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 171, 175, and 177; Duncan,Kingship of the Scots, p. 345, table A; Anderson,Early Sources, p. 451.

[68] Broun, "Constantine II". The nature of that kingdom is, however, still a matter of debate, see Woolf,Pictland to Alba, pp. 342350; .
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin%2C_son_of_Edward_the_Elderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historia_de_Sancto_Cuthbertohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historia_de_Sancto_Cuthberto


11/13


References Annals of Ulster, ed. & tr. Sen Mac Airt and Gearid Mac Niocaill (1983). The Annals of Ulster (to AD 1131)

(http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001A). Dublin: DIAS.

Chronicon Scotorum (http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100016/), CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003,

retrieved 2007-10-29

"Constantine 2 (Male)" (http://www.pase. ac.uk/jsp/DisplayPerson.jsp?personKey=7690),Prosopography ofAnglo-Saxon England, retrieved 2011-12-13

Anderson, Alan Orr (1922),Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500 to 1286I (1990 revised & corrected ed.),

Stamford: Paul Watkins, ISBN 1-871615-03-8

Anderson, Alan Orr (1908), Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500 to 1286(http://www.archive.

org/details/scottishannalsfr00andeuoft), London: D. Nutt

Anderson, M. O. (1980),Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland(2nd ed.), Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press,

ISBN 0-7011-1604-8

Bannerman, John (1999), "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba", in Broun, Dauvit;

Clancy, Thomas Owen, Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland, Edinburgh: T. & T.

Clark, pp. 7194, ISBN 0-567-08682-8 Blair, Peter Hunter (1995),An introduction to Anglo-Saxon England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

ISBN 0-521-29219-0

Broun, Dauvit (2004), "Constantine II (Causantn mac eda) (d. 952)" (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/

article/6115), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, retrieved 2007-12-05

Broun, Dauvit (1999), "Dunkeld and the origins of Scottish Identity", in Broun, Dauvit; Clancy, Thomas Owen,

Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, pp. 96111,

ISBN 0-567-08682-8

Broun, Dauvit (1999), The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries,

Woodbridge: Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-375-5

Broun, Dauvit; Clancy, Thomas Owen (1999), Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland,Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, ISBN 0-567-08682-8

Crawford, Barbara (1987), Scandinavian Scotland, Leicester: Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1282-0

Driscoll, Stephen (2002),Alba: The Gaelic Kingdom of Scotland AD 8001124, The Making of Scotland,

Edinburgh: Birlinn, ISBN 1-84158-145-3

Dumville, David (2000), "The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", in Taylor, Simon,Kings, clerics and chronicles in

Scotland 5001297, Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 7386, ISBN 1-85182-516-9

Duncan, A. A. M. (2002), The Kingship of the Scots 8421292: Succession and Independence, Edinburgh:

Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-1626-8

Foster, Sally M. (2004),Picts, Gaels and Scots: Early Historic Scotland(2nd ed.), London: Batsford,

ISBN 0-7134-8874-3

Hart, Cyril (2004), "Ragnall (d. 920/21)" (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49264), Oxford Dictionary

of National Biography, retrieved 2007-10-25

Hart, Cyril (2004), "Sihtric Cech (d. 927)" (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25543), Oxford

Dictionary of National Biography, retrieved 2007-10-25

Herbert, Mire (2000), "Ri irenn, Ri Alban: kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries" (http://www.

ucc.ie/academic/smg/CDI/PDFs_articles/Herbert_RiAlban.pdf) (PDF), in Taylor, Simon,Kings, clerics and

chronicles in Scotland 5001297, Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 6272, ISBN 1-85182-516-9

Higham, N. J. (1993), The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 3501100, Stroud: Sutton, ISBN 0-86299-730-5

Keynes, Simon (1999), "Rulers of the English", in Lapidge, Michael, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon

England, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 500516, ISBN 0-631-22492-0
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-86299-730-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1-85182-516-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.ucc.ie/academic/smg/CDI/PDFs_articles/Herbert_RiAlban.pdfhttp://www.ucc.ie/academic/smg/CDI/PDFs_articles/Herbert_RiAlban.pdfhttp://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25543http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49264http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-7134-8874-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-7486-1626-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archie_Duncanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1-85182-516-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Dumvillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1-84158-145-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-7185-1282-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-567-08682-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Owen_Clancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dauvit_Brounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-85115-375-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dauvit_Brounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-567-08682-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Owen_Clancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dauvit_Brounhttp://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6115http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6115http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-521-29219-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Hunter_Blairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-567-08682-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Owen_Clancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dauvit_Brounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Bannerman_%28historian%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-7011-1604-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marjorie_Ogilvie_Andersonhttp://www.archive.org/details/scottishannalsfr00andeuofthttp://www.archive.org/details/scottishannalsfr00andeuofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1-871615-03-8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Orr_Andersonhttp://www.pase.ac.uk/jsp/DisplayPerson.jsp?personKey=7690http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100016/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studieshttp://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G100001Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gear%C3%B3id_Mac_Niocaillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annals_of_Ulster


12/13


Lapidge, Michael, ed. (1999), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: Blackwell,

pp. 500516, ISBN 0-631-22492-0

Hudson, Benjamin T. (2004), "lf Guthfrithson (d. 941)" (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20670),

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, retrieved 2007-10-25

MacQuarrie, Alan (1997), The Saints of Scotland: Essays in Scottish Church History AD 4501093, Edinburgh:

John Donald, ISBN 0-85976-446-X

Miller, Sean (1999), "thelstan", in Lapidge, Michael, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England,

Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 1617, ISBN 0-631-22492-0

Murphy, Dennis, ed. (1896), The Annals of Clonmacnoise, being annals of Ireland from the earliest period to

A.D. 1408 (http://www.archive.org/details/annalsofclonmacn00royauoft), Dublin: Royal Society of

Antiquaries of Ireland, retrieved 2007-12-01

Corrin, Donnchadh (1998), "The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century" (http://www.ucc.ie/

celt/Vikings in Scotland and Ireland. pdf) (PDF),Peritia12: 296339, retrieved 2007-12-01

Radner, Joan N., ed. (1975),Fragmentary Annals of Ireland(http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100017/

index.html), CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, retrieved 2007-02-10

Sawyer, Peter; Sawyer, Birgit (1993),Medieval Scandinavia: From Conversion to Reformation circa 800

1500,Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 0-8166-1739-2

Scragg, Donald (1999), "Battle of Brunanburh", in Lapidge, Michael, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of

Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 5455, ISBN 0-631-22492-0

Smyth, Alfred P. (1984), Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 801000, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University

Press, ISBN 0-7486-0100-7

Stenton, Frank M. (1971),Anglo-Saxon England(3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press,

ISBN 0-19-280139-2

Swanton, Michael (1996), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-92129-5

Taylor, Simon, ed. (2000),Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 5001297, Dublin: Four Courts Press,

ISBN 1-85182-516-9 Woolf, Alex (2007),From Pictland to Alba, 7891070, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh:

Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5

Constantine II of Scotland

House of Alpin

Born: before 879Died: 952

Regnal titles

Preceded byDonald II

King ofAlba

900943

Succeeded byMalcolm I
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_I_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Scottish_monarchshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Scottish_monarchshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_II_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=House_of_Alpinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1234-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Woolfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1-85182-516-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-415-92129-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-19-280139-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-7486-0100-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-8166-1739-2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100017/index.htmlhttp://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100017/index.htmlhttp://www.ucc.ie/celt/Vikings%20in%20Scotland%20and%20Ireland.pdfhttp://www.ucc.ie/celt/Vikings%20in%20Scotland%20and%20Ireland.pdfhttp://www.archive.org/details/annalsofclonmacn00royauofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-85976-446-Xhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20670http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-631-22492-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number


13/13

Article Sources and Contributors 13

Article Sources and ContributorsConstantine II of Scotland Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=553590072 Contributors: An Siarach, AndrewN, Angus Lepper, Angusmclellan, Archer3, Ardric47, Arno, ArtLaPella, Arthena, Astorknlam, Avicennasis, Bender235, Billreid, Bob247, Bongwarrior, Bons, Bryan Derksen, Carabinieri, CarolGray, Cavila, Circeus, Cnyborg, Connormah, Conversion script,Curps, DGJM, Dabomb87, Danbarnesdavies, Danny, Davehi1, Deacon of Pndapetzim, Derek Ross, Dimadick, Dougweller, DrKiernan, DuncanHill, English Bobby, Everyking, FeanorStar7,FeatherPluma, George Burgess, Gmh04, GrahamHardy, Haukurth, Hugo999, Ifdef, JaT, Jaraalbe, Jmlk17, Jnestorius, John of Lancaster, JorisvS, Jph, Keenan Pepper, KingTT, Ksnow, LKensington, Leandrod, Lightmouse, Lord Emsworth, MK8, Mais oui!, Michaelsanders, Mike Christie, Montrealais, Mouchoir le Souris, Nimetapoeg, Nora lives, Pharillon, Philip Stevens,Pieman123456654513841354651654, Piledhigheranddeeper, Plucas58, Reywas92, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Saforrest, Saga City, SandyGeorgia, Scarlet Lioness, ShelfSkewed, Srnec,

Steve2011, Tbarron, Tbhotch, Tcncv, The Emperor's New Spy, The Thing That Should Not Be, Tommy2010, TopherGrace, Trident13, Upperbylad, Vanished userewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, Veledan, Vortimer, WolfmanSF, Worobiew, 48 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Constantine II of Scotland.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Constantine_II_of_Scotland.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader wasBenson85 at en.wikipedia

Image:Early Alpinid kings.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Early_Alpinid_kings.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Angusmclellan

Image:Locations in north Britain in the early tenth century.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Locations_in_north_Britain_in_the_early_tenth_century.png License:GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: SFC9394

Image:Monymusk Reliquary.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Monymusk_Reliquary.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 UnportedContributors: User:Wangi

Image:Moot hill.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Moot_hill.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Calgacus

Image:Dere Street.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dere_Street.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Original

uploader was Neddyseagoon at en.wikipedia

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Constantine II of Scotland

Documents

Transcript of Constantine II of Scotland